Monitoring of Air Pollution in Latvia Between 1990 and 2000 Using Moss

The concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, V, Zn) in feather moss were estimated in national surveys in Latvia in 1990, 1995 and 2000. Hylocomium splendens was used as a biomonitor in 1990 and Pleurozium schreberi in the latter two years. Maps of the distributions of the metals in Latvia have been produced. The paper discusses the reasons underlying the distributions and also the temporal trends during the last ten years.     

Air Pollution Studies in Central Russia (Tver and Yaroslavl Regions) Using the Moss Biomonitoring Technique and Neutron Activation Analysis

Data of 34 elements, including heavy metals, halogens, rare earth elements, U, and Th in 139 moss samples, collected in Central Russia in 2000–2002 in the Tver and Yaroslavl regions and in the northern part of the Moscow region, are presented. Factor analysis with VARIMAX rotation was applied to identify possible sources of the elements determined in the mosses. The seven resulting factors represent crust, vegetation and anthropogenic components. Some of the factors were interpreted as being associated with ferrous smelters (Fe, Zn, Sb, Ta); combination of non-ferrous smelters and other industries (Mn, Co, Mo, Cr, Ni, W); an oil-refining plant, and oil combustion at the thermal power plant (V, Ni). The geographical distribution patterns of the factor scores are also presented. Dependency equations of elemental content in mosses versus distance from the source were derived.     

Atmospheric Deposition of Trace Elements in Romania Studied by the Moss Biomonitoring Technique

The first systematic study in Romania of atmospheric pollution from heavy metals and other toxic elements based on moss analysis was undertaken as a Romanian–Russian–Norwegian collaboration, primarily in order to assess the general state of heavy metal pollution in Romania. An additional goal was to contribute to the European heavy metals in mosses survey, conducted under the auspices UNECE ICP Vegetation which reports to the Working Group of Effects of the Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution Convention. Samples of the moss species Hypnum cupressiforme, Hylocomium splendens and Brachytechium salebrosum and B. rutabulum were collected during the period 1995–2001. A total of 40 elements were determined using NAA and AAS. The total concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, nickel, vanadium and zinc are presented in the form of contour maps. Generally, the observed concentrations in Romania are markedly higher than those observed in most other countries of Europe using the moss technique.     

Current Atmospheric Deposition Loads and Their Trends in the Czech Republic Determined by Mapping the Distribution of Moss Element Contents

Biomonitoring of atmospheric deposition loads of 13, 14 and 35 elements and their compounds through moss analysis was carried out in the Czech Republic (CZ) in 1991, 1995 and 2000, respectively. The last biomonitoring campaign revealed very high contents of typical soil elements and lanthanides in southern Moravia. The variations in current element contents in moss, which can be explained by the action of six factors, were correlated with altitude, with total biennial precipitation, and with the bedrock types in the sampling plots. The element contents in moss samples repeatedly collected from the identical plots showed a steady decrease in atmospheric deposition loads in the CZ in the last decade of the 20th century. The main reasons for this phenomenon are listed. The results of cluster analyses and PCAs have found no substantial changes in the qualitative element composition of atmospheric deposition in CZ in recent years. Isoline maps are presented, which document changes in the distribution of Cd, Pb and S contents in moss in 1995 and 2000. An estimate of absolute deposition loads (g m^–2 year^–1) for given areas of the CZ can be made, using the list of bulk deposition indices.     

江汉平原地表风场对几种典型低空流场的响应

本文用改进的Mass-Dempsey一层中尺度模式,模拟江汉平原附近梅雨期4种典型低空流型影响下的地表流场,发现低空流型对地表风场有重要影响.当低空切变线控制时平原地表有辐合系统新生发展,而其它流型控制时地表只维持辐散流场,模拟结果还表明该地地面风场有明显的日变化.     

Biomonitoring of Element Deposition Using Mosses in the 2000 French Survey: Identifying Sources and Spatial Trends

In the year 2000, the elemental composition of mosses collected from 528 French sites has been studied as part of the 2000 European Moss Survey. Five moss species were collected: Scleropodium purum (56%), Pleurozium schreberi (18%), Hypnum cupressiforme (18%), Thuidium tamariscinum (4.5%.) and Hylocomium splendens (3.5%). Mosses were kept whole for analysis, including green and brownish parts. Summary statistics on element concentrations (Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr, V and Zn), and comparisons made with data from the other 27 participating European countries are shown here. The sources of these elements are identified using calculations of enrichment factors (EF) and principal component analysis (PCA). Finally, the spatial distribution in France of 10 elements is also shown, using maps underscoring areas showing highest concentration levels for each metal.     

南京江北地区菜地土壤重金属污染特征及评价

在南京市浦口和大厂的五大主要功能区（工业区、交通干线、居民区、蔬菜生产基地和风景区）分别布置采样点,共采集了75个菜地耕层土壤样品,以Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn等典型污染重金属元素的全量数据为基础,运用经典统计分析、综合污染指数和地统计分析相结合的方法对土壤重金属污染进行评价。结果表明,Cd、Cu和Zn分别超出其南京地区土壤背景值的5．42、1．84和1．14倍,Pb未超出。不同功能区菜地土壤的重金属全量水平存在明显差异,其中工业区菜地土壤的重金属污染较为严重。对于Cd和Cu,单因子污染指数大于1的样点数达100％,Zn为52％,Pb为2．67％。研究区内菜地土壤重金属的综合污染指数为4．12,属于中度污染。Cu的空间相关性很弱,Cd、Pb和Zn具有中等的空间结构性;四种重金属的空间相关尺度较为接近。Cd、Cu和Zn的单因子污染指数具有相似的空间分布,总体呈现出南高北低的带状递减趋势,且高峰值具有空间分布的趋同性,而Pb的单因子污染指数分布呈现西北和东南两端高,中间较低的趋势。综合污染指数的空间分布显示,研究区大部分菜地土壤处于中度重金属污染水平,钢铁生产厂周边的斑块状区域重金属污染更加严重。     

华北东部强降水天气低层风场分型及降水落区

利用 1 992～ 2 0 0 1年 1～ 1 2月数值预报、天气图、卫星云图、渤海 4个测站及本区域 4个测站自记雨量、风向、风速等同步资料 ,对秦皇岛市出现的 1 8次暴雨、8次大雪天气过程进行综合对比分析 ,探讨了海区风向变化对降水落区的影响。通过 2 0 0 2～ 2 0 0 3年试报Ts值为 53%。