Sulfide — carbonate relationships in the Navan (Tara) Zn-Pb deposit,Ireland

Samples from the mineralized micrite, the bottom part of the 1–5 lens were investigated. They contain Zn and Fe bearing low Mg-calcite, dolomite, Fedolomite, minrecordite-CaZn (CO₃)₂, sphalerite, pyrite, melnikovite and overgrown quartz. — Zn-dolomite consists probably of CaMg (CO₃)₂ and CaZn (CO₃)₂ domains about 10×35 nm in size. Zn-dolomite is sulfidized (replaced by ZnS) which is demonstrated by both reflected light and electron microscope methods. — CaZn (CO₃)₂ from the Navan ore has cell parameters: a₀=0.484±0.004 and c₀=1.608±0.012 nm and is rhombohedral. It forms close, tiny intergrowths with calcite. — Base metals at Navan were exhaled to form at least partly carbonate minerals which subsequently reverted to sulfides in the diagenetic environment. The reversion of base metals carbonates to sulfides is connected with reduction in volume. The reduction in volume allowed the ore zone to retain its permeability after lithification of the host rock. It allowed lateral flow of hydrothermal solutions, which deposited further generations of sulfides and increased the base metal content producing a high grade ore.     

滇东北铅锌矿集区昭通铅锌矿床成因的成矿流体证据

云南昭通铅锌矿床是铅锌多金属矿集区的典型代表之一。该矿床严格受NE向毛坪冲断褶皱构造控制,矿体分布于毛坪逆断层上盘的猫猫山倒转背斜西翼层间断裂带中,呈大脉状陡倾斜产出,其延深远远大于走向延长。主要矿石矿物由闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铁矿组成,脉石矿物主要为铁白云石、方解石、石英和重晶石。本文针对成矿流体研究的薄弱环节,进行了闪锌矿、脉石矿物(方解石、石英)流体包裹体成分研究,研究认为流体包裹体类型主要呈纯液相和液相,成矿热液属Na+-K+-Ca2+-Cl--F-型,与典型MVT矿床存在明显差异,为深化"会泽型"铅锌矿床"构造–流体‘贯入’成矿"模型提供了重要证据,而且该研究无疑对矿床深部及外围找矿具有指导意义。     

金川铜镍硫化物矿床亲铜元素全岩地球化学特征及其相关性分析

金川Cu-Ni硫化物矿床地处龙首山隆起带内,是中国最大、世界第三的Cu-Ni硫化物矿床。半金属元素（Te、As、Bi、Sb、Se,TABS）作为形成铂族元素矿物（PGM）的重要元素,其分布过程的控制以及对矿石成因的指示作用缺乏研究。采用全岩亲铜元素分析、背散射观测等实验方法,对各矿区不同类型的矿石进行研究。结果显示：可利用亲铜元素比值与R因子（硅酸盐岩浆/硫化物）模拟金川Cu-Ni硫化物矿床硫化物的熔离过程,定量模拟示踪金川矿石的成矿作用,Cu/Te-Te与Bi/Pd-Bi模拟结果与Cu/Pd-Pd模拟结果一致。半金属元素如Te、Bi等也可用于铜镍硫化物矿床硫化物熔离过程的模拟;半金属元素也可以指示矿石成因,R因子定量模拟分析发现浸染状矿石由硫化物熔体较快速冷凝形成,网状矿石的形成经历了硫化物深部部分熔离作用,富铜矿石由富Bi、Cu的残余硫化物熔体经冷凝结晶作用形成。     

Siderophile and chalcophile elemental constraints on the origin of the Jinchuan Ni-Cu-(PGE) sulfide deposit, NW China

The Jinchuan deposit, NW China, is one of the world’s most important Ni-Cu-(PGE) sulfide deposits related to a magma conduit system and is hosted in an ultramafic intrusion. The intrusion is composed of lherzolite and dunite with the two largest sulfide ore bodies (named as ore body 1 and 2) in its middle portion. The sulfide ores may be disseminated, net-textured, or massive. The disseminated and net-textured sulfide ores are characterized by variable but generally low PGE concentrations: 10-3200 ppb Pt, 240-9800 ppb Pd, 17-800 ppb Ir, 25-1500 ppb Ru, and 15-400 ppb Rh in 100% sulfides. The massive sulfide ores are extremely low in Pt (<30 ppb) on a 100% sulfides and have very high Cu/Pd ratios, ranging from 10⁴ to 4.5 × 10⁵. The low PGE contents suggest that the sulfide ores formed from the silicate magmas that had already experienced prior-sulfide separation.Our calculations indicate that if the first stage basaltic magmas had contained 6.3 ppb Pt, 6.2 ppb Pd, and 0.1 ppb Ir, 0.008% sulfide removal would result in PGE-depletion in the residual magma with 0.57 ppb Pt, 0.25 ppb Pd, and 0.009 ppb Ir. The Jinchuan sulfides were formed by a second stage of sulfide segregation from a PGE-depleted magma under silicate/sulfide liquid ratios (R-factor) ranging from 10³ to 10⁴ in a deep-seated staging chamber. The massive sulfide ores and some of the net-textured sulfide ores exhibit strong negative Pt-anomalies that cannot be explained by sulfide segregation under variable R-factors. Instead, the sulfide melts that formed the massive ores were segregated from magmas experienced prior fractionation of Pt-Fe alloy. Alternatively, the Pt may have been selectively leached by hydrothermal fluids during remobilization of the sulfide melts that produced the massive sulfides, which occur in cross-cutting veins. We propose that the Jinchuan intrusion and ore bodies were formed by injections of sulfide-free and sulfide-bearing olivine mushes from a deep-seated staging chamber.     

兰坪金顶铅锌矿方解石微量元素、流体包裹体和碳-氧同位素地球化学特征研究

金顶铅锌矿矿床成因一直受到广泛关注,但至今没有达成共识,其重要原因之一是对矿床成矿流体性质和来源认识的局限。本文以金顶铅锌矿床成矿早期脉状方解石和晚期结核状方解石为研究对象,系统开展了微量元素、流体包裹体和碳-氧同位素地球化学研究,在此基础上探讨了该矿床成矿流体的性质和可能的来源。研究发现,虽然2种产状方解石都以轻稀土富集、轻重稀土显著分异、配分模式向右陡倾为特征,并且具有相似的Mg、Fe和Mn含量,但它们在微量元素、流体包裹体和碳-氧同位素地球化学特征上亦存在显著差异。脉状方解石相对于结核状方解石稀土元素总量较高,富集Co、Ni、(W)、Mo、Bi;脉状方解石流体包裹体显示相对高温高盐度的特征(T_h>250℃,S>8.0% NaCleqv),而结核状方解石流体包裹体相对低温低盐度(T_h<200℃,S<8.0% NaCleqv); 脉状方解石的碳同位素组成(δ¹³C_PDB=-22.95‰~-2.56‰)较分散,具有多源性,而结核状方解石碳同位素组成(δ¹³C_PDB=-7.02‰~-6.18‰)相对集中,二者的氧同位素组成(δ¹⁸O_SMOW=20.16‰~23.49‰)与沉积岩类似。综合分析认为,金顶铅锌矿成矿期脉状和结核状方解石虽然均属热液成因,但它们分别代表了2类不同性质的热液体系,早期成矿流体为多源的混合流体,成矿过程中可能有深源组分的加入,而晚期成矿流体以大气降水为主。     

金川铜镍硫化物矿床2号矿体铂族及亲铜元素地球化学特征

系统分析了金川Ⅱ号岩体中2号矿体西端、中部和东端的硫化物矿石中的铂族元素(PGE)和亲铜元素地球化学特征,以期探讨这些元素的空间变化规律及其成因,以及对金川矿床成矿过程的指示意义。研究结果表明:100%硫化物中,PGE(Ir、Ru、Rh、Pt、Pd)总体从西端到东端逐渐降低,且浸染状矿石和海绵陨铁状矿石的100%硫化物中PGE和亲铜元素含量的变化特征相似。表明金川2号矿体硫化物矿石的PGE和亲铜元素的含量主要受硫化物熔离作用的约束,硫化物熔体分离结晶和后期热液蚀变影响不明显。2号矿体浸染状矿石的100%硫化物中,PGE和亲铜元素含量总体低于1号矿体浸染状矿石的含量,但是前者西端的样品与后者东端的样品,上述元素特征相似,暗示二者是同一岩浆通道系统中硫化物熔离的产物,并且硫化物熔离形成2号矿体时具有比1号矿体低的R值,这也暗示了含矿岩浆是自1号矿体向2号矿体流动的。     

Genesis of the Jinding Zn-Pb deposit,northwest Yunnan Province,China: Constraints from rare earth elements and noble gas isotopes

The giant sediment-hosted Jinding zinc-lead deposit is located in the Lanping Basin, northwestern Yunnan Province, China. The genesis of the deposit has long been debated and the sources of the ore-forming fluids and metals are controversial. This study presents rare earth element (REE) and noble gas isotope data that constrain the origins of the ore fluids and the heat source driving the hydrothermal circulation. The early-stage sulfides are enriched in light REEs and have high ∑REE values (30.8–94.8 ppm) and weakly negative Eu (δEu 0.85–0.89) and Ce anomalies (δCe 0.84–0.95), suggesting that the fluids were likely derived from dissolution of Upper Triassic marine carbonates with input of REEs from aluminosilicate rocks in the basin. In contrast, the late-stage sulfides have irregular REE patterns, generally low ∑REE values (0.24–10.8 ppm) and positive Eu (δEu 1.22–10.9) and weakly negative Ce anomalies (δCe 0.53–0.90), which suggest that the ore-forming fluids interacted with evaporite minerals. The ³He/⁴He (0.01–0.04 R_a) and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar values (301–340) of the ore-forming fluids indicate crustal and atmospheric origins for these noble gases. These findings are in agreement with the published fluid inclusion microthermometry data and the results of H, O, C, S, Pb and Sr isotope studies. Our data, in combination with published results, support a two-stage hydrothermal mineralization model, involving early-stage basinal brines and late-stage meteoric water that acquired metals and heat from crustal sources.     

Ore textures within the U lens of the Navan Zn-Pb deposit, Ireland

Recent exploration in the vicinity of the giant (>90 Mt) Navan orebody has resulted in the discovery of ore-grade mineralisation to the southwest of the deposit, much of which occurs within the Upper Pale Beds, a horizon that is only weakly mineralised above the main orebody. Within this new U lens, mineralisation preferentially occurs within bioclastic carbonate grainstones and calcareous quartz sandstones, and is dominated by sulphide replacement of the carbonate component of the host sequence. Much of the replacive mineralisation is spatially associated with hydrothermal cavities, which are filled by a variable mixture of brecciated replacement sulphide minerals, space-filling sulphide and gangue cements, and internal sediments. Mineralisation also occurs within veins and dissolution seams, and as disseminated sulphide minerals. Massive mineralisation is typically a complex, chaotic, combination of replacement, cavity, and fracture-filling sulphides. Fluid inclusion analyses of ore-stage saddle dolomite indicate temperatures at the time of sulphide precipitation of ~90–150 °C, with a maximum of 175 °C. These temperatures are lower than those typically proposed for Irish-type deposits.     

新疆乌恰县乌拉根铅锌矿床地质特征和S-Pb同位素组成

乌拉根矿床是喀什中新生界凹陷内新近勘查的具超大型远景的铅锌矿床。铅锌矿体呈板状,顺层分布于乌拉根向斜南、北两翼,容矿地层为下白垩统克孜勒苏群第五岩性段(K1kz5)褪色灰白色砂砾岩及古新统阿尔塔什组(E1a)泥质白云岩。矿石具块状、微细浸染状、细脉状、团斑状等构造及胶结结构、交代反映边结构等。乌拉根矿床硫化物δ34S值为-27.9‰~14.6‰,指示相邻层位中石膏、天青石等硫酸盐提供硫,同时有机物的热分解也可能作为硫的来源,硫的还原可能包括生物还原与有机质热化学还原两种模式。硫化物的206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb、208Pb/204Pb分别为18.528~18.663、15.611~15.669、38.616~38.839,极为均一,指示上地壳和造山带剥蚀区是成矿金属的来源。综合分析乌拉根铅锌矿床地质、地球化学特征,并与已有成因认识进行对比,判定乌拉根矿床是与盆地流体活动相关的砂岩型铅锌矿床。     

Geology,fluid inclusion and stable isotopes (O,S) of the Hetaoping distal skarn Zn-Pb deposit,northern Baoshan block,SW China

The Hetaoping zinc–lead deposit is located in the northern Baoshan block, Sanjiang region, SW China. The ore deposit comprises massive orebodies in the lower part and lenticular and vein-like orebodies in the upper part, both of which are hosted in the marbleized Upper Cambrian limestone and slate of the Hetaoping Formation. Three mineralization stages of Hetaoping skarn system have been recognized based on petrographic observation, which are pre-ore stage (pyroxene–garnet–actinolite–epidote–magnetite), syn-ore stage (sulfides–quartz–calcite–fluorite), and post-ore stage (calcite–quartz–chlorite). Andradite and hedenbergite are dominant in pre-ore garnet and pyroxene, respectively. Ore minerals consist of mainly pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, bornite and galena. Three types of fluid inclusions have been identified in Hetaoping, including primary two-phase (A type), primary three-phase (B type) and secondary two-phase (C type) inclusions. Based on fluid inclusion microthermometric study, the fluids forming the Hetaoping skarn minerals and sulfides evolved from high-moderate temperature (255–498 °C) and low-moderate salinity (5.0–18.0 wt.% NaCl equiv) in pre-ore stage, through moderate-low temperature (152–325 °C) and low salinity (0.4–14.2 wt.% NaCl equiv) in syn-ore stage, to low temperature (109–205 °C) and low salinity (0.9–10.0 wt.% NaCl equiv) in post-ore stage. The sulfide δ³⁴S values range from 3.7 to 7.1‰ (mean = 5.2‰, n = 29), indicative of a dominantly magmatic sulfur origin. Silicate and carbonate oxygen isotopes give calculated δ¹⁸O_H2O ranges of 3.9–11.1‰ in prograde stage, − 0.9 to 4.6‰ in early retrograde stage, and − 1.3 to 2.9‰ in late retrograde stage (syn-ore stage), The oxygen isotope data reveal that the prograde fluid in Hetaoping could be primarily magmatic, which has been mixed significantly with meteoric water in the late retrograde stage. Such a fluid mixing process is considered to be a key factor controlling ore precipitation.     

新疆西南天山霍什布拉克铅锌矿床地质、地球化学及成因

霍什布拉克铅锌矿是西南天山地区的典型矿床。矿床以晚古生代碳酸盐岩-碎屑岩为容矿岩石,矿体呈板状、层状、似层状产于上泥盆统坦盖塔尔组上岩性段灰岩层位中,宏观及微观现象均显示后生成矿特点,围岩蚀变较弱。矿石矿物主要为方铅矿、闪锌矿,少量黄铜矿,脉石矿物以黄铁矿、方解石、白云石、石英为主。黄铁矿Co/Ni比值<1,指示其成因与盆地流体相关,闪锌矿浅色、贫铁〔w(Fe) 0.652%～1.797%〕,反映中低温成矿。矿石中热液方解石、白云石δ13CV-PDB＝-1.9‰～2.6‰,δ18OV-SMOW＝22.41‰～24.67‰,流体包裹体δDV-SMOW＝-102‰ ～ -77‰,平衡流体δ18OH2O V-SMOW＝9.97‰～13.35‰,反映成矿流体主要为盆地中的封存水,而其中的碳主要来源于围岩碳酸盐岩。矿石中硫化物δ34S值多数集中于16‰～24‰,指示硫来源于海相硫酸盐的热化学还原。矿石铅同位素206Pb／204Pb、207Pb／204Pb、208Pb／204Pb变化范围分别为17.847～18.173、15.586～15.873、37.997～38.905,与围岩碳酸盐岩地层具有可比性,而明显不同于矿床附近二叠纪侵入岩体,指示围岩提供了成矿物质。铅同位素组成和相关参数指示成矿物质主要来源于上地壳。综合地质、地球化学特征,作者认为霍什布拉克铅锌矿床是造山期逆冲推覆作用使盆地流体大规模活化、运移形成的MVT型矿床。     

Cadmium isotopic constraints on metal sources in the Huize Zn-Pb deposit,SW China

The Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou(SYG)Zn-Pb metallogenic zone in SW China contains＞400 carbonate-hosted hydrothermal Zn-Pb deposits.Some of these,such as the Huize,Tianbaoshan,and Daliangzi deposits,are super-large deposits with significant reserves of Cd,Ge,and Ag.However,the sources of these metals remain controversial.This study investigated the Cd isotopic geochemistry of the Huize deposit,the largest Zn-Pb deposit in the SYG area.Sphalerites formed at three stages in the deposit have different colors:black or dark brown(Stage Ⅰ),red(Stage Ⅱ),and light-yellow(Stage Ⅲ).The δ114/110Cd values of the sphalerites are in the order Stage Ⅲ＜Stage Ⅰ＜Stage Ⅱ.Kinetic isotopic fractionation is likely the key factor causing the lower δ114/110Cd values in the early formed Stage Ⅰ sphalerites than in later-formed Stage Ⅱ sphalerites,with cooling of ore-forming fluids being responsible for the still lower values of the Stage Ⅲ sphalerites.In galena,the δ114/110Cd values are inversely correlated with Cd contents and tend to be higher in high-Zn galena.We speculate that Cd isotopic fractionation was significant during the precipitation of sphalerite and galena,with light Cd isotopes being enriched in galena rather than sphalerite.Comparison of the Cd isotopic signatures and Zn/Cd ratios of different endmembers suggests that the δ114/110Cd values and Zn/Cd ratios of sphalerite from the Huize deposit,as well as other large-scale deposits from the SYG area,are lie in those range of Emeishan basalts and sedimentary rocks and the mean δ114/110Cd values of these deposits show good negative correlation with 1/Cd,suggesting that the ore-forming materials of these deposits were derived from the mixing of Emeishan basalts and sed-imentary rocks.This study demonstrates that Cd isotopes can be useful proxies in elucidating ore genesis in large Zn-Pb deposits.     

Geochemical structure of the Kivakka layered olivinite-norite-gabbronorite intrusion,North Karelia: Distribution of chalcophile elements

The distribution of elements and their correlations were analyzed throughout the section of the Kivakka intrusion to formulate the geochemical tendencies in the behavior of elements of different groups during formation of layered basic-ultrabasic complexes. (1) It was shown that the distribution of trace elements in the layered series is controlled by their ability or inability to enter isomorphically the cumulus minerals. The distribution of trace elements that occur as isomorphic admixtures in cumulus minerals (Cr, Mn, Zn, Co, Ni, and Ti), regardless of their geochemical type, is correlated with the crystallization order and distribution of minerals in the silicate matrix of the rocks. Elements that practically are not involved into silicates (S, Cu, Ag) show no any systematic variations; i.e., they are not controlled by fractionation of major rock-forming mineral. Their behavior is driven by the appearance of individual phase—sulfide melt, whose localization, formation time, and scales of fractionation are determined by saturation of parental melt in sulfide sulfur and general degree of its fractionation. (2) The comparison of cross-section variations of elements that isomorphically substitute for major elements in the Fe-Mg silicates, but differ in chalcophile affinity (in order of increase of chalcophile affinity: Mn → Zn → Co → Ni) reflects the contribution of unmixing and fractionation of sulfide melt during intrusion solidification. This is quantitatively defined primarily by partitioning coefficients of elements between cumulus silicates and magmatic melt, on the one hand, and between magmatic and sulfide melts, on the other hand. (3) The absence of simple correlation between local sulfide-rich horizons and silicate matrix of the rocks and signs of independent fractionation of sulfide melt prevent any attempts to predict the localization and scales of local sulfide mineralization within the layered series on the basis of petrochemical and related criteria. Only tendencies in the distribution of ore elements and sulfur across the section can be used for these purposes.     

内蒙古金厂沟梁金(铜)矿床的PGE、铁族和亲硫元素的地球化学特征与物质来源、形成环境

首次采用盐酸-过氧化氢封闭熔矿与ICP-MS相结合的方法,对金厂沟梁金(铜)矿床东、西两矿区典型矿石的铂族元素(PGE)、亲铁以及亲硫元素的含量进行了系统测定,结果显示矿石中上述元素的含量均高于实验的检测限;地球化学演化特征显示含矿流体具有岩浆性质,PGE对原始地幔/球粒陨石标准化后的配分曲线均呈强烈左倾斜的分馏模式,其配分曲线和与幔源岩浆有关的富铜硫化物和富铜镍硫化物熔体的形式相似,并与幔源玄武岩、碳酸盐熔体的配分模式基本一致,反映含矿流体具有幔源岩浆属性;从区域构造、岩浆热事件角度出发,结合典型斑岩铜(钼)矿床的PGE特征,初步确定其含矿流体形成于中生代大陆边缘环境,其直接的热动源是中生代底侵的玄武岩浆。成矿阶段富含金、铜矿石的Pd/Pt、Pd/Ir比值接近低钛玄武岩浆以及玄武安山岩,而成矿早阶段贫金、铜样品的Pd/Pt、Pd/Ir比值接近地幔;反映早期含矿流体可能是直接来自中生代幔源玄武质岩浆结晶分异,而富金(铜)流体的形成可能是玄武质岩浆演化晚期被地壳物质强烈混染后的富超临界流体岩浆(低钛熔体)发生岩浆与流体分离而产生;含矿流体演化过程的PGE地球化学行为与Cu或S(As)的饱和度有关,即主要受亲硫(铜)元素或结晶分异的硫化物矿物相所制约。     

青海祁漫塔格虎头崖铅锌矿床流体包裹体、 同位素地球化学及矿床成因

青海虎头崖铅锌矿床位于东昆仑祁漫塔格地区西段,铅锌矿体受蓟县纪狼牙山组控制,矿体多呈层状、似层状产出,部分为透镜状、脉状,成矿分为2个阶段。金属硫化物电子探针分析表明,闪锌矿中Fe含量为2.255%~5.579%,贫Ga、Ge,Zn/Cd值为146~198,方铅矿中Ag含量为0.015%~0.038%,具有岩浆热液有关金属硫化物的特征。方解石内流体包裹体δD值为-92.7‰~-76‰,δ18OH2O值为-11.58‰~-2.27‰,多数位于大气降水范围,但部分位于大气降水和岩浆水之间,且早阶段成矿流体含有CO2、CH4、N2、H2等地幔流体或岩浆流体成分,表明早期成矿流体为岩浆热液,后期不断加入大气降水。早阶段成矿流体具中低温、高盐度、中等密度的特征,晚阶段随着大气降水的不断混入,盐度和密度显著降低。金属硫化物的δ34SV-CDT值为1.6‰~9.9‰,具有岩浆硫与围岩硫混合来源特征;金属硫化物的206Pb/204Pb值为18.533~18.580,207Pb/204Pb值 为15.606~15.669,208Pb/204Pb 值为38.344~38.522,主要来源于区内深源岩浆活动,有部分地壳铅的混染。综合分析认为,虎头崖铅锌矿床为与印支期岩浆作用有关的层控夕卡岩型铅锌矿床。     

The role of sulphide and carbonate minerals in the concentration of chalcophile elements in the bituminous coal seams of a paralic series (Upper Carboniferous) in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB), Poland

Sulphide and carbonate minerals from nine bituminous coal seams of a Paralic Series were investigated by means of polished-section microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and absorption spectral analyses. In addition to syngenetic accumulations of kaolinite, illite and quartz, diagenetic veinlets of subhedral pyrite and marcasite most often occur in vitrinite clast fissures and in post-tectonic fissures, nests and lenses with fusinite. Epigenetic anhedral and subhedral grains of ankerite, dolomite, siderite and calcite are also frequently found in post-tectonic veins. Pyrite replaced some of the marcasite grains and it dominates in older coal seams in the Flora Beds as compared with the Grodziec Beds. Occasionally there are anhedral and subhedral galena, sphalerite and chalcopyrite grains among coal macerals as well as cerussite among post-tectonic carbonate veins. They all represent the only minerals that are abundant in definite chalcophile elements (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn). In addition to the minerals just mentioned, the elements occurred in pyrite and ankerite grains, which contained inclusions of fusinite and other minerals (among others, clay and carbonate minerals in pyrite, pyrite in carbonates). Although there is a low content of minerals accumulating Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, the minerals significantly influence the average concentration of elements in the coal seams. In the Grodziec Beds, mineral matter, especially carbonates and sulphides, determines (>50%) the concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in coal. The basic part of Cd, Co and Ni in the coal seams of the Grodziec Beds and of Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in coal seams of the Flora Beds originates from organic matter. These regularities can be important, from an ecological perspective, in stating whether the coals investigated are useful for combustion and in chemical processing.     

新疆喀什凹陷乌拉根铅锌矿床有机质特征及其地质意义

乌拉根铅锌矿床位于新疆喀什凹陷北部,矿区及外围发育大量有机物质,有机质与铅锌成矿的关系备受关注。文中采用有机质抽提、族组分分离、定量及饱和烃色谱-质谱等实验分析方法对铅锌矿区有机物质及外围油砂中氯仿沥青"A"和生物标志物进行分析,研究铅锌矿区及外围有机质特征及其地质意义,并对有机质与铅锌矿化的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,近矿围岩和外围油砂中氯仿沥青"A"族组成及其饱和烃的主要生物标志物特征均较相似,CPI=1.11～1.17,Pr/Ph=0.68～1.08,C27、C28、C29规则甾烷具有C27>C28相似文献   

Biogenic and non-biogenic concentration of sulphur and metals in the carbonate-hosted ballinalack Zn-Pb deposit,Ireland

Summary The Zn-Pb deposit of Ballinalack, Ireland, is hosted within a stomatactis cavity system in the Waulsortian Limestones. Earlier sulphides contain fossil bacteria suggesting a direct bacterial reduction of sulphur at the place of the mineralization. Later sulphides contain relics of thiosulphates and sulphites suggesting abiotic sulphur reduction. Part of the metals was temporarily introduced into the carbonates, which subsequently have been heavily replaced by sulphides.Sulphur was derived from the sea-water and metals from a deep-seated source. To explain the mineralization two separate convection cells are proposed: shallow cold with sulphur and deep hot with metals. Fluids derived from these two cells were subjected to dynamic mixing within a highly permeable stromatactis cavity system.To study small relics of thiosulphates and sulphites, sulphur valence was measured by microprobe. The method is based on the valence related shift of the SK and SK_ß lines measured with microprobe spectrometers.

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Biogene und nicht-Biogene Konzentration von Schwefel und Metallen in der Blei-Zink Lagerstätte Ballinalack, Irland

Zusammenfassung Die Zn-Pb-Lagerstätte von Ballinalack, Irland tritt in stromataktischen Hohlraumsysteme des Waulsortian Limestone auf. Die primären Sulfide enthalten fossile Bakterien, die auf eine direkte bakterielle Reduktion des Schwefels in situ deuten. Spätere Sulfide enthalten Relikte von Thiosulfaten und Sulfiten und lassen abiogene Schwefelreduktion vermuten. Ein Teil der Metalle ist zeitweise an Karbonate gebunden gewesen, die in der Folge weitgehend in Sulfide umgewandelt worden sind. Der Schwefel stammt aus dem Seewasser und die Metalle kommen aus einer tiefer gelegenen Quelle. Zur Deutung der Mineralisation werden zwei getrennte Konvektionszellen angenommen: eine flache und kalte mit Schwefel sowie eine tiefe und heiße mit Metallen. Die aus den Zellen stammenden Lösungen wurden innerhalb eines hochpermeablen stromataktischen Hohlraumsystems einem dynamischen Mischungsprozeß unterworfen.Um kleine Relikte der Thiosulfate und Sulfite zu studieren, wurde die Schwefelvalenz mittels der Mikrosonde ermittelt. Die Methode basiert auf der valenzbedingten Wellenlängenverschiebung der SK ^– und SKß-Linien, die mit den Mikrosondenspektrometern gemessen werden.