中国海岛港口现状特征与类型划分

我国海岛众多,具有丰富港口资源,其中一些港口深水岸线逼近岛岸,适宜发展大型深水集装箱港。目前海岛港口资源开发程度较低,在海岛上已开发的大型港口仅有上海洋山港,多数海岛县为规模不大的地方小港。对中国海岛县的港口吞吐量、港口用地等应用洛伦兹曲线(基尼系数)分析集聚状况,并用回归分析方法,分析港口发展与经济增长的关系。根据海岛港口规模、区位、腹地、港口“代际”以及海岛与大陆连通等指标,对中国海岛港口进行类型划分,并对划分的洋山港、舟山港以及地方小港等三种不同类型的港口特征进行了分析。进而结合当前国际海运业的要求与建造大船舶以适应大型深水港的发展趋势,提出了今后发展海岛深水港的方向。     

长山群岛水环境基本特征与水资源开发研究

长山群岛特有的地质，地理环境肽其气候条件决定其水环境容量水，水资源有限。海岛区域开发协调发展的道路，水资源开发不应以损害水环境炒代价，必须走水资源持续利用的开发模式     

西南喀斯特山区三水转化与水资源过程及合理利用

中国西南喀斯特山区由于地质背景和地貌结构的特殊性,致使三水转化与水资源形成过程不同于非喀斯特山区。文章探讨该区三水转化机理、水资源补给方式和形成过程,得出喀斯特流域对于相同或相似降雨过程的响应,不同的流域结构决定了补给方式、三水转化、径流调蓄和输移特征。提出喀斯特山区水资源合理利用模式应按照因地制宜、因土制宜、因水制宜及因需制宜原则,采用以小微型为主的水资源开发利用模式,实施分散拦蓄、分散供水,以化整为零方式解决喀斯特山区的整体性干旱缺水。     

广东省海岛资源开发与相关产业选择

本文对广东海岛优势资源及开发条件进行综合评价，依据产业的科学性提出建立以港口为中心的交通运输业，以基础工业为主体的港口工业，以及海洋水产业、海洋生物工程和旅游业。     

海岛(县)主体功能区划分的研究——以浙江省玉环县、洞头县为例

海岛是海中陆地,一个海岛包括岛陆、岛基、岛滩和海岛周围的海域。地域主体功能区划主要强调国土空间开发的分工和布局,要求做到国土的全覆盖。海岛县是海陆国土空间复合系统,同陆域县区一样,根据资源环境承载能力、现有开发密度和发展潜力,统筹考虑未来人口分布、经济布局、国土利用和城镇化格局,将国土空间划分为优化开发、重点开发、限制开发和禁止开发四类主体功能区。在已有陆域主体功能区划和海洋功能区划等理论的基础上,考虑陆域要素与海域要素,应用层次分析、多指标综合加权评价法和主成分-聚类分析等主要量化方法,把地理空间思想融入分析框架中,做到定性与定量相结合,从而划分出玉环和洞头二个海岛县海陆国土空间复盖的主体功能区划。陆域主体功能区与海洋主体功能区要相互衔接,主体功能定位相互协调。     

Sediment Facies of a Low-Energy, Meso-Tidal, Fringing Reef, Singapore

Pulau (P.) Semakau comprises a narrow, low-lying island, surrounded by a wide fringing coral reef of late-Holocene age. The modern reef flat comprises a gently sloping surface related to modern mean low water neap tide level. Six sediment facies are recognised below the line of high water of which three, adjacent to the island, are composed of terrigenous minerals and rock fragments and three are autochthonous carbonates sediments developed since local sea-level still stand (c. 6,500 years BP). The fringing reefs of P. Semakau and Singapore differ from many of the reef forms recorded from Peninsular Malaysia waters and the Gulf of Thailand. The Singapore reefs have wide, well-developed intertidal reef flats, lack lagoons and reef crests, and have a very steep reef slope. In contrast to most other fringing reefs of the region, the Singapore reefs have developed in a low wave energy, meso-tidal environment lacking strong environmental gradients.     

Natural Environmental Hazards and Their Management: A Case Study of Sagar Island, India

The reclamation of Sagar island from the Sundarban mangrove wetlands of the western Ganga Brahmaputra delta was initiated in 1811. At present the island is almost wholly settled. The major natural environmental hazards (NEH) that affect the island are tropical cyclones, coastal erosion, tidal ingression and dunal encroachment. Human adjustments to these problems include acceptance, technological control, relocation, regulation and emergency measures. Seven different agencies manage the existing NEH-prevention projects of the island, often with little coordination. Important schemes managed by these agencies include coastal and interior embankments, mangrove plantations, storm refuges, resettlement projects and vegetation wind-breaks. Their efficiency ranges from excellent to very poor. Since a large outlay is inconceivable, the island's hazard prevention projects should mobilise existing resources in a more rational and coordinated manner. The long-term solution to the problems, however, lies in an accelerated socio-economic development of the region.     

Food,Morality and Identity: mobility,remittances and the translocal community in Paama,Vanuatu

Migration and remittances characterise many small Pacific islands, where local livelihoods are limited, and the need for money has increased. A majority of Paamese have left the island of Paama, in the central island chain of Vanuatu, and more now live in the capital city, Port Vila, than on Paama. Remittances are bidirectional, between the island and Vila, a duality that has rarely been discussed in Melanesia. Almost every household on Paama and in Vila is involved in sending and receiving remittances. Remittances usually involve food: ‘modern’ foods (such as rice) flowing from Vila, and island foods (yams and laplap) travelling to Vila. While such transfers make little formal economic sense, they emphasise a constant process of negotiating and manipulating social relationships. Food, as an expression of identity and locality, is a powerful and repetitive reminder of moral obligations and rural–urban kinship connections. The material significance of exchange is thus less than its affective significance, within the field of reciprocity that structures kin relationships. Food and remittances have become metaphors for defining the experience of migration, as their meaning and function are more than to merely provide a source of nutrition. They have also become the means of structuring a translocal moral economy.     

湘江橘子洲防洪工程配置与景观塑造的构想

橘子洲位于长沙市境的湘江之中,自然-人文复合型旅游资源丰富,具有良好的开发前景,但丰水期江心洲淹没机率大,枯水期河滩显露时间长,在一定程度上制约了旅游业的发展.为此,在分析本洲旅游资源潜力和洪水风险性的基础上,提出了"堤-路-景"一体化防洪工程的建设构想和"一环、四轴、七区、八景"的景观布置,并从以下几方面展开思路:(1)协调好防洪占地与景观用地之间的矛盾;(2)选择防洪堤形形态,在确保防洪功能的同时,强化其"景"的功能,保证亲水性,堤形的设计与布设力求既有利于挡水、隔水,又有利于亲水.     

西沙群岛海岛旅游资源综合评价

以旅游资源系统田野调查成果为基础,运用李悦铮等建立的海岛旅游资源综合评价体系,结合南海岛屿实际情况,对西沙群岛海岛旅游资源进行综合评价。在总目标层、评价综合层、评价项目层和评价因子层4个评价层次选取58项指标;采用李克特五级量表法对评价指标进行标准量化;用准主成分分析法为各指标赋予权重;并通过制定评分等级标准与确定评价指标权重以建立综合评价模型。结果显示,西沙群岛海岛旅游资源评价体系总目标层指标得分为3.088分,表明西沙群岛海岛旅游资源整体评价为中等。同时显示,西沙群岛海岛旅游资源之资源条件好、区域条件中等、区位特征条件差;其自然资源条件良好,热带海岛特征突出;其环境条件制约明显;西沙群岛旅游资源优势和劣势并存,且都很突出。     

Kadavu Island, Fiji: Fluvial Studies of a Volcanic Island in the Humid Tropical South Pacific

This paper examines features of drainage and stream channel form and process on the mountainous volcanic island of Kadavu in the humid tropical South Pacific, and interprets the findings in relation to island environmental characteristics such as geology, regolith soils, topography, vegetation and climate. At island and sub-island scales, drainage patterns are linked to the geographical arrangement and topography of the late Cenozoic volcanoes. Stream channel and bedload characteristics demonstrate the importance of both deep saprolite weathering profiles for supplying sediment into the fluvial system, and the high energy nature of the fluvial transport regimes. Landscape chemical denudation is estimated at 50-85 mm per 1,000 years from baseflow solute concentrations converted from water conductivity readings.
Relative tectonic and sea-level stability during the late Holocene and the largely undisturbed rainforest and savanna vegetation on the island suggest that climatic factors control rates of fluvial processes on Kadavu. Streamflow records show particularly that tropical storms can have a big impact. The effects of possible increasing numbers of cyclones in the South Pacific and human vegetation disturbance on Kadavu are considered.     

北京城区的降水与湿度分析

本文通过对1963—1987年北京城、郊区测点的降水和相对湿度资料的对比分析,发现北京城区夏、秋季存在“干岛”现象,而冬、春季却存在明显的“湿岛”现象。城区四季都存在雨岛,雨岛现象夏季最明显。     

民勤县2000-2009年来水资源生态环境压力分析

 民勤县面临的水资源危机已经受到人们的普遍关注。水资源生态环境压力是指为了保护人类生存发展的生态环境、以维持整个社会经济活动的正常运行,而对水资源造成的数量和质量上的压力,简称水资源压力。通过从人口、经济和生态3个方面选取多个指标建立水资源压力指数,对民勤近10 a来水资源压力问题进行分析。结果表明,民勤水资源压力较高,属于重度缺水,人口和经济发展挤占生态需水,引起生态环境恶化。多年来通过采取节水、调水、分水等措施,水资源压力指数由2000年的0.627降到2009年0.329,虽然水资源压力有所减缓,但地下水超采和生态环境缺水严重、水资源短缺问题仍未缓解。     

基于主成分分析的甘肃省水资源承载力评价

以甘肃省水资源承载力为研究对象,运用主成分分析法对甘肃省水资源承载力从时间和空间两个角度进行了综合评价。研究表明：影响水资源承载力的因子主要包括经济发展因子、人口因子、水资源供需平衡因子、农业生产用水因子;2006-2015年,甘肃省水资源承载力整体呈现下降趋势;甘肃省水资源承载力存在显著的地区差异,甘南等地区水资源承载力较大,白银等地区居中,张掖等地区较小,兰州等地区最小,这主要是受水资源供需不平衡、农业生产用水差异较大和经济发展及人口因素的影响。     

中国东南部丹霞地貌区小尺度植被分异结构研究

陡崖坡广泛发育是丹霞地貌的基本形态特征。典型的丹霞地貌山块往往四面陡崖,山块之间也因此形成被陡崖围合的沟谷。特殊的地貌造就了许多特殊的小生境,产生了特殊的植被分异现象。本文梳理了山地自然分异和丹霞地貌生态与植被分异方面的研究文献,发现人们对于丹霞地貌区小尺度植被分异的关注不足。为此,针对丹霞地貌区小尺度植被分异这个最具有个性化的自然分异现象与本质进行了初步探讨,得到主要结论：丹霞地貌区小尺度的自然生态分异不符合一般意义上山地自然带分异规律,其根本原因在于地貌所引起的生境差异;丹霞地貌区的山顶效应实质上是“干岛”效应,其沟谷效应实质上是一种“热岛+湿岛”效应;孤立山顶的边缘形成生态结构“突变带”,使得山顶形成孤立的“环状生态圈层”;因地貌差异形成的小生境差异,决定了丹霞地貌区的植被分异图谱。这种小尺度植被分异研究能够丰富中国山地科学研究,并为丹霞地貌区植被生态环境保护提供一定的参考。     

Exploitation,Utilization Status,and Development Prospects of Water Resources in Ningbo City

Water resources insufficiency is one of the bottlenecks that restrict sustainable socio-economic development in Ningbo city. Good handling of the relationship between water resources utilization and development is of great significance for the realization of continuous economic growth and sustainable socio-economic development. This study systematically evaluated water resources utilization with respect to water supply and demand. Water resources development and utilization prospects and regional differences were then assessed at multiple scales, at both county/district and city level in Ningbo city, using the water resources carrying index. Results showed that: (1) The volume of water resources supply and consumption gradually rose each year, with surface water as the primary source and groundwater as the secondary source. Regarding consumption, industrial water consumption was the primary element, and domestic and environmental water consumption were the secondary elements. Even though the use of water resources for irrigation, secondary and, tertiary industry were becoming more efficient, comprehensive per capita water consumption was gradually increasing. (2) The water resources carrying index for Ningbo city fluctuated in the range of 4.51-23.35 during 2001-2015; the degree of water resource utilization and potential exploitation evaluation of water resources were not stable. The average value of the water resources carrying index was 11.68; the degree of utilization of water resources was very high, and the introduction of water from external water bodies was necessary, to the extent external source were available. (3) Future water resources exploitation will be quite difficult in Ningbo city, especially in Cixi county, Ningbo municipal district and Yuyao county. So the introduction of external water as a supplemental source will be required.     

Channel and island change in the lower Platte River, Eastern Nebraska, USA: 1855–2005

The lower Platte River has undergone considerable change in channel and bar characteristics since the mid-1850s in four 20–25 km-long study stretches. The same net effect of historical channel shrinkage that was detected upstream from Grand Island, Nebraska, can also be detected in the lower river but differences in the behaviors of study stretches upstream and downstream from major tributaries are striking. The least relative decrease occurred downstream from the Loup River confluence, and the stretch downstream from the Elkhorn River confluence actually showed an increase in channel area during the 1940s. Bank erosion was also greater downstream of the tributaries between ca. 1860 and 1938/1941, particularly in stretch RG, which showed more lateral migration. The cumulative island area and the ratio of island area to channel area relative to the 1938/1941 baseline data showed comparatively great fluctuations in median island size in both downstream stretches. The erratic behavior of island size distributions over time indicates that large islands were accreted to the banks at different times, and that some small, newly-stabilized islands were episodically “flushed” out of the system. In the upstream stretches the stabilization of mobile bars to create new, small islands had a more consistent impact over time. Channel decrease by the abandonment of large, long-lived anabranches and by the in-place narrowing resulting from island accretion were more prominent in these upstream stretches. Across all of the study area, channel area appears to be stabilizing gradually as the rate of decrease lessens. This trend began earliest in stretch RG in the late 1950s and was accompanied by shifts in the size distributions of stabilized islands in that stretch into the 1960s. Elsewhere, even in the easternmost study stretch, stabilizing was occurring by the late 1960s, the same time frame documented by investigations of the Platte system upstream of the study area. Comprehensive management plans for the lower Platte River should account, at least in theory, for the observed differences in stream behavior upstream and downstream of the major eastern tributaries.     

河北省缺水状况、问题及对策

该文阐述河北省水资源由于自产地表水、入境水量减少 ,工农业用水量增加 ,缺水状况日益严重 ,生态环境恶化等问题。并提出加强水资源管理 ,利用经济杠杆 ,促进节水 ,南水北调 ,污水资源化 ,海水淡化等解决河北省水危机的对策措施     

Problems with water use in countries of East,South and Central Asia

The role of East, South and Central Asia in the world development is shown. The current per capita availability of water resources is calculated for the countries of the region. It is found that on the whole for the territory under investigation the availability of water resources is more than twice as small as the world’s average indicator and that more than 1.5 billion people live in conditions of water stress and deficit. It is pointed out that by the year 2010 more than 70% of the population lived in conditions of high pressure on water resources, and 225 million people lived under very high and critical water stress conditions. The current pattern of water use in the countries of Asia is calculated, the dominant role of the agrarian sector is identified. An analysis is made of the measures for increasing the water availability level of the population and the economy: an increase in agricultural productivity of water resources, waste water reuse, use of saline waters, and the construction of reservoirs. Attention is given to an active construction of dams by China in the upper reaches of the Mekong which is causing distrust and tension in downstream countries. Statistical data on cooperation and conflicts in international basins of Asia is reported. It is shown that in the 20 th century the basins of the Indus and Ganges rivers experienced the largest number of water conflicts as compared to all the international basins of the world; information regarding an acute struggle for water resources in Central Asia is also provided. It is concluded that in view of an ever increasing deficit of water resources, cooperation is the only alternative for Asian countries.     

兰州秦王川灌区水资源配置分析

水资源是干旱区社会经济发展的重要支撑。通过对秦王川区内、区际科学、合理配置水资源措施和手段的分析,以达到使水资源流向合理、流量优化,最大发挥其价值的目的,从而为确保秦王川经济社会的可持续发展奠定了良好的基础。