贵阳站气温均一性检验与订正

基于贵阳市辖区8个气象观测站近50a月平均气温资料,结合标准正态检验(SNHT)方法,判断出贵阳站气温存在非均一性.借助参考站历史资料序列,对贵阳站气温非均一性断点后的资料采用多元线性回归进行拟合订正,结果表明:贵阳站自2000年迁站后,气温观测值比迁站前低约1.4℃,该成果有助于在今后的气候业务及科研中更好的沿用贵阳站气温历史序列,也将使贵阳站气象要素资料能够在以后的年代里继续保持连续性.     

地面气象站环境变化对气温序列均一性影响

为研究浙江省地面气象站环境变化对气温序列均一性的影响程度,采用测站历史沿革资料,对全省测站环境的时空演变进行了分析。采用距平累加、偏差界限值、F值检验法,对36个代表站的年平均气温序列进行均一性检验,并对非均一性产生的原因进行分析。结果表明:1971~2004年,浙江省测站的地理环境有显著改变;36站中有39%的测站为非均一性,产生非均一性的测站中,迁站原因占57%,环境恶化占36%;测站迁站引起的非均一性多发生在1980年以后;测站迁站时,新旧站址海拔高度差大且地理环境差异显著是造成气温序列非均一性的主要原因,迁站后气温序列较旧址存在偏高或偏低现象,其值对累年平均值有影响。指出了测站在迁移或环境变化过程中应注意的事项,以助于减少气温序列非均一性。     

互助站迁站前后气温序列均一性检验及订正

气象台站的迁移常导致气候序列的非均一性。本文对互助站迁站前后气温序列作均一性检验及订正。采用t检验和SNHT法,对互助站迁站前后的气温序列进行均一性检验,结果表明站址迁移对互助站温度序列均一性的影响非常显著。对差值法、一元线性回归、逐步多元线性回归以及确立订正方程式的参考站平行资料年限对互助站气温序列订正效果进行分析,结果表明用参考站15年平行观测资料建立的逐步多元线性回归订正效果较好。用逐步多元线性回归法对互助站迁站前的气温序列进行订正,经订正后互助站气候倾向率为0.31℃/10a,消除了序列的不均一现象。     

兰州站气候资料序列均一性的初步分析

气候资料的均一性是研究气候变化的前提条件。以兰州站为例,应用SNHT方法对该站的气候资料序列进行均一性检验,首先对降水、平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、平均风速和日照时数几个气象要素进行非均一性检验,然后根据历史台站沿革等元数据信息进行原因分析。结果表明,兰州站平均风速资料与其邻站相关系数低,未通过显著性检验。降水、气温、最高气温、最低气温、日照与邻站的相关系数都达到99％的显著水平,且都存在不均一性,其原因主要有台站的迁移、仪器的更换、统计方法的变化以及城市热岛效应等,完整详细的元数据信息是均一性研究的重要基础。     

气温序列非均一性检验方法的研究

采用距平累加法、连续t-检验及回归检验法对分布於25个省(区)31个站的气温序列进行了非均一性检验。结果表明这3种方法在显著性水平α=0.01时，能有效地检验气温序列的非均一性，其结论适用於全国。     

利用台站元数据及卫星遥感资料分析影响气温序列均一性的原因

为了减少均一性检测结果的不确定性,提高均一性检测结论的可信度,基于可靠证据探讨影响气温序列均一性的可能原因,用3种均一性检测方法对陕西77个台站月平均气温序列进行检测,同时引入台站元数据及卫星遥感影像数据对其结果进行判别,并分析影响气温序列均一性的原因。结果表明:2种及其以上方法检测出的非均一断点36个(占78%)有台站元数据支持,台站站址迁移、观测仪器变更和日平均计算方法改变造成气温序列非均一断点的百分率分别为66.7%、22.2%和11.1%。利用以气象站为中心的缓冲区内土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)的卫星遥感影像和台站元数据中的图像文件综合分析认为,台站探测环境的变化是影响潼关站气温序列均一性的重要原因。建议将卫星遥感影像作为台站元数据的补充,以便更加直观、客观地定量描述台站探测环境。     

台站迁移对陕西省气温资料均一性的影响及其偏差订正

利用陕西省74个台站1961-2008年气温资料和台站沿革资料,采用二相回归法进行均一性检测和订正。结果发现台站迁移对气温资料的均一性有明显的影响,陕北台站迁移较少,关中和陕南迁站较多,全省74个台站中有24个台站资料的非均一性是因为台站迁移而引起的,对其中的12个台站进行了调整,使得全省气温序列从南至北分布具有较好的‘均一性’。     

山东省观测资料的均一性检验

气象台站历史沿革信息包含了可能影响气候资料序列均一性的重要信息,是分析、检验、订正气候资料序列的科学参考依据。通过对站点资料进行均一性检验,再对比台站历史沿革资料,分析了资料非均一性的可能原因。采用山东省123个站建站起至2007年的气温、降水资料,筛选出49个站分别进行4种方法的均一性检验,最终确定22个台站通过检验。对未通过检验的台站,查找沿革,发现迁站是导致非资料均一的主要原因,另外,还有仪器更换、台站加高等原因以及不明原因,需进一步研究。     

近60年中国探空观测气温变化趋势及不确定性研究

基于118站探空资料研究了近60年中国850—100 hPa气温变化趋势及季节和区域特征,并通过与1979—2017年卫星微波气温的对比研究了中国探空气温均一化的不确定性。研究表明,1958—2017年中国平均对流层气温呈上升趋势,300 hPa升温最为显著,平流层下层（100 hPa）为降温趋势。冬季对流层上层升温趋势和夏季平流层下层降温趋势较强。1979—2017年较整个时段对流层升温趋势较强,平流层下层降温趋势较弱。青藏高原和西北地区对流层上层升温趋势较强。通过与卫星微波气温和邻近探空站探空气温的对比以及均一化前后日夜气温差值检测出中国探空均一化气温仍残存非均一性问题。由于参照序列的局限性,均一化未能完全去除21世纪最初10年中国探空系统变化造成的对流层中、上层至平流层下层气温系统性下降的影响,导致中国对流层上层升温趋势被低估和平流层下层降温趋势被高估。未来可通过参考卫星微波气温和邻近探空站序列调整非均一性订正顺序并增加合理性检验等方法改进中国探空气温均一化方案。      

四川省平均气温序列的均一性检验及其分析

本文应用标准正态检验(SNHT)技术,对四川省161个台站自建站以来~2005年的长序列气温资料进行了一个普查性的检验,发现四川161个台站中有64.6%的台站存在气温资料的不均一现象,盆地内站点的不均一现象略高于高原三州台站,60年代以前和2000年以后不均一的台站比其他年代少;并且结合四川省台站历史沿革资料分析发现,有21.2%的台站的不均一问题是由迁站引起的。进一步以松潘和中江站为例,初步分析了不均一性产生的原因。      

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.