海原构造区及其周缘上部地壳结构研究

基于甘肃省夏河县—陕西省靖边县剖面的8次人工地震初至波数据, 利用有限差分走时方法反演得到了沿该剖面长约650 km的上部地壳速度结构和结晶基底的深度分布． 反演结果显示: 海原构造区西侧的西秦岭—祁连山褶皱区上部地壳的横向非均匀性明显, 基底深度从1 km到5 km不等, 反映了褶皱区改造变形强烈的构造特征; 其东侧的鄂尔多斯盆地基底深度约为5—6 km, 其速度均匀、 稳定, 上地壳呈弱速度梯度特征; 海原构造区及海原弧形断裂带附近上部地壳的破坏变形最严重, 区内横向高低速相间分布． 综上可知, 海原构造区东西两侧上地壳结构的显著差异揭示了其结构复杂性的成因及其与地震活动性的关系．      

北京西北地区壳幔结构的非均匀性特征与地震活动

利用在北京西北部地区穿过张家口——渤海地震带北西段地震测深剖面进行了综合解释和研究, 揭示了延庆——怀来、 张北——尚义地震活动区异常的深浅地壳结构特征. 结果表明: 研究区基底结构具有明显的起伏变化, 不同的地质构造单元基底埋深存在着较大差异. 基底埋深在局部地段呈现出的急剧变化可视其为基底断裂存在的一种标志, 基底断裂与地壳深断裂的存在为岩浆的上溢提供了条件, 从而导致了地壳结构强烈的非均匀性. 延怀地区壳内复杂反射波组序列和局部强弱不连续反射带现象的出现, 表明该地区地壳结构发生了强烈的挤压变形, 从而构成了该地区复杂的地壳结构, 为该地区地震的发生提供了动力来源; 张北——尚义地区壳内不同深度范围低速异常体和局部的C1界面的存在, 可以认为是岩浆多期活动的产物, 在区域构造活动的作用下脆性的上地壳内, 当局部应力积聚到一定的程度从而引发了地震的发生.      

The heterogeneous characteristics of crust-mantle structures and the seismic activities in the northwest Beijing region

Introduction Zhangjiakou-Bohai seismic zone is a major active seismic zone that passes through the north-ern part of North China. Zhangjiakou-Beijing area, the northwest part of North China, is located at the intersection position of Yanshan, Taihangshan uplift, and Shanxi down-faulted zone, and the geological structures in this area are extremely complicated. Many researchers in the geoscience circle always pay close attention to this region because Yanqing-Huailai region is located in th…     

1985年乌恰7.4级地震形变带

1985年乌恰7.4级地震在克孜勒苏河谷阶地上出现地表形变带,主要由地震陡坎、地震断层、地裂缝与挤压脊等形迹组成。长约15公里,最宽达800米。分布形态为一向东北突出的弧形形变带。逆断层走向近东西,倾向160°—210°,倾角30°左右,最大水平倾向断距约2米。正走滑断层走向340°—350°,倾向北东,倾角80°—88°,最大右旋水平位错为1.55米。走滑逆断层走向为280°—305°。倾向西南,倾角30°左右,最大右旋水平位移1.25米。挤压脊多呈东西向分布,最大缩短距离为0.4米     

Velocity structure and active fault of Yanyuan-Mabian seismic zone―The result of high-resolution seismic refraction experiment

The authors processed the seismic refraction Pg-wave travel time data with finite difference tomography method and revealed velocity structure of the upper crust on active block boundaries and deep features of the active faults in western Sichuan Province. The following are the results of our investigation. The upper crust of Yanyuan basin and the Houlong Mountains consists of the superficial low-velocity layer and the deep uniform high-velocity layer, and between the two layers, there is a distinct, and gently west-dipping structural plane. Between model coordinates 180-240 km, P-wave velocity distribution features steeply inclined strip-like structure with strongly non-uniform high and low velocities alternately. Xichang Mesozoic basin between 240 and 300 km consists of a thick low-velocity upper layer and a high-velocity lower layer, where lateral and vertical velocity variations are very strong and the interface between the two layers fluctuates a lot. The Daliang Mountains to the east of the 300 km coordinate is a non-uniform high-velocity zone, with a superficial velocity of approximately 5 km/s. From 130 to 150 km and from 280 to 310 km, there are extremely distinct deep anomalous high-velocity bodies, which are supposed to be related with Permian magmatic activity. The Yanyuan nappe structure is composed of the superficial low-velocity nappe, the gently west-dipping detachment surface and the deep high-velocity basement, with Jinhe-Qinghe fault zone as the nappe front. Mopanshan fault is a west-dipping low-velocity zone, which extends to the top surface of the basement. Anninghe fault and Zemuhe fault are east-dipping, tabular-like, and low-velocity zones, which extend deep into the base-ment. At a great depth, Daliangshan fault separates into two segments, which are represented by drastic variation of velocity structures in a narrow strip: the west segment dips westward and the east segment dips eastward, both stretching into the basement. The east margin fault of Xichang Mesozoic basin features a strong velocity gradient zone, dipping southwestward and stretching to the top surface of the basement. The west-dipping, tabular-like, and low-velocity zone at the easternmost segment of the profile is a branch of Mabian fault, but the reliability of the supposition still needs to be confirmed by further study. Anninghe, Zemuhe and Daliangshan faults are large active faults stretching deep into the basement, which dominate strong seismic activities of the area.     

Velocity structure and active fault of Yanyuan-Mabian seismic zone—The result of high-resolution seismic refraction experiment

The authors processed the seismic refraction Pg-wave travel time data with finite difference tomography method and revealed velocity structure of the upper crust on active block boundaries and deep features of the active faults in western Sichuan Province. The following are the results of our investigation. The upper crust of Yanyuan basin and the Houlong Mountains consists of the superficial low-velocity layer and the deep uniform high-velocity layer, and between the two layers, there is a distinct, and gently west-dipping structural plane. Between model coordinates 180–240 km, P-wave velocity distribution features steeply inclined strip-like structure with strongly non-uniform high and low velocities alternately. Xichang Mesozoic basin between 240 and 300 km consists of a thick low-velocity upper layer and a high-velocity lower layer, where lateral and vertical velocity variations are very strong and the interface between the two layers fluctuates a lot. The Daliang Mountains to the east of the 300 km coordinate is a non-uniform high-velocity zone, with a superficial velocity of approximately 5 km/s. From 130 to 150 km and from 280 to 310 km, there are extremely distinct deep anomalous high-velocity bodies, which are supposed to be related with Permian magmatic activity. The Yanyuan nappe structure is composed of the superficial low-velocity nappe, the gently west-dipping detachment surface and the deep high-velocity basement, with Jinhe-Qinghe fault zone as the nappe front. Mopanshan fault is a west-dipping low-velocity zone, which extends to the top surface of the basement. Anninghe fault and Zemuhe fault are east-dipping, tabular-like, and low-velocity zones, which extend deep into the basement. At a great depth, Daliangshan fault separates into two segments, which are represented by drastic variation of velocity structures in a narrow strip: the west segment dips westward and the east segment dips eastward, both stretching into the basement. The east margin fault of Xichang Mesozoic basin features a strong velocity gradient zone, dipping southwestward and stretching to the top surface of the basement. The west-dipping, tabular-like, and low-velocity zone at the easternmost segment of the profile is a branch of Mabian fault, but the reliability of the supposition still needs to be confirmed by further study. Anninghe, Zemuhe and Daliangshan faults are large active faults stretching deep into the basement, which dominate strong seismic activities of the area. Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2004CB428400)     

Ray hit analysis method and its application to complex upper crustal structure survey

Introduction In the beginning of this century, along with the fast progress of seismic observation instru- ments in active source deep seismic sounding, the capability and efficiency for seismic data gath- ering has been greatly improved in China. In some key prospecting region, it takes comparatively short period today to collect artificial earthquake data with high densely covered receivers and shots, which makes it very practicable to probe into the fine crustal structures in complicated te…     

关于黄海深部构造的地球物理认识

利用黄海海区重磁观测数据,以最新的地震层析成像和浅层反射地震探测结果作为约束,并利用小波分解、纹理特征图像处理等手段,对研究区进行了地球物理场特征分析、岩石物性总结、断裂信息提取和磁性基底埋深反演计算,同时对南黄海海域三条剖面进行了广义逆重磁数据拟合反演和地震P波速度成像.根据地球物理数据的各种处理结果,提出在南黄海西部存在一条串珠状地球物理线性构造带,并将这条NNW向断续延伸的构造带称之为南黄海西缘断裂带.该断裂带延伸长,断裂两侧前新生代地层差异较大,有可能是造成陆区和南黄海南部盆地区前新生代油气远景差异的原因之一.文中得到南黄海磁性基底埋藏分布具有“中间浅四周深”的分布特征,与地震层析成像结果相吻合.磁性基底的局部起伏和局部构造的边界断层共同控制了前新生代残留盆地的格架和残余厚度分布,反映出“区域控制局部,深层约束浅层”的规律.     

利用地震走时反演阿尼玛卿缝合带东段及两侧基底结构

对11炮宽角地震反射/折射的Pg波走时数据进行了反演,结果表明:阿尼玛卿缝合带东段基底速度结构整体呈低速带分布,两侧的速度分布相对均匀;缝合带内基底界面剧烈下凹,最深达5.5 km,不存在稳定的基底界面;松潘-甘孜微块体基底界面整体埋深达3.5 km,相对平坦,其中部略微下凹;从缝合带过渡到西秦岭褶皱带,基底界面急剧抬升至1.8 km,之后迅速下降至4.7 km,然后趋于平坦;缝合带的地壳变形存在挤压和走滑两种形式,在缝合带及邻近地区,上部地壳物质曾有过向北方向逃逸的迹象.     

A Geophysical Study of the Carcavai Fault Zone, Portugal

The Algarve province is located a few hundred kilometres north of the crossing of the E–W Eurasia–Africa plate boundary in an area of diffuse seismicity and broad deformation. It is characterised by a moderate seismicity, with some important historical and instrumental earthquakes causing loss of lives and significant material damages. The area is affected not only by plate boundary earthquakes but also by moderate to large events generated by local sources. The assessment of onshore local sources is, therefore, of vital importance for an evaluation of the regional seismic hazard. This paper discusses the application of geophysical data to the study of the Carcavai fault zone, an outcropping structure more than 20?km long which is seen to deform sediments of the Plio-Quaternary age. The location of some sectors of the fault zone, as well as the vertical offsets of the structure, are still to be confirmed. In order to estimate these and to study the geometry of the fault zone at depth, geophysical data were acquired together with new geological data. Where the location of the fault was less certain, EM and seismic reflection profiles with coarse spatial sampling were carried out. After the detailed location of the fault zone, seismic reflection profiles with a more dense spatial resolution were acquired. The integrated interpretation of the geological and geophysical data confirmed the presence of a large fault zone. The total fault length is still unknown as its extension offshore is still being studied. Together with estimated values of the throw obtained, this data set has improved understanding the seismic hazard in the area by providing more refined estimates of co-seismic rupture, maximum expected earthquake and return periods.     

利用地震走时层析成像方法确定西昌地区断裂带深部几何形态

断裂深部产状和空间几何关系是研究地壳运动变形、动力作用及其地表响应的基础,也是模拟发震断裂与强震关系的基础。为了研究川西南地区强震活动与安宁河、则木河和金河断裂的关系,对盐源-西昌-雷波高分辨地震折射剖面初至Pg波走时和断层面反射波走时进行模拟,获得了川滇活动地块东边界带安宁河、则木河和金河断裂的深部形态。结果表明:在上地壳内,安宁河断裂和则木河断裂东倾32°～35°,其速度结构为舌状低速带,二者规模较大,延伸到了基底。金河断裂东倾约30°,向下延伸至少5km。     

甘肃天水地区地壳上部二维速度结构成像研究

利用有限差分和不规则网格最小二乘正反演算法,对青藏高原东北缘暨西秦岭天水－武都地区两条高分辨人工地震测深剖面的Pg波走时进行层析成像反演,结果显示该区基底界面起伏较大,构造复杂,断裂丰富、较陡且延伸较大,多数断层切割基底.礼县-西和之间的低速异常反映了沉积盆地的结构特征,结晶基底深度在5 km左右.武山以东速度等值线横向变化明显,表现为褶皱.成县盆地速度变化平缓且速度值相对较高,基底埋深较浅,深度不到3 km.礼县附近存在一条近南北断裂,5 km深度以下有明显的上涌低速异常,可能为青藏高原深部幔源物质上升的通道.     

琼西北地区的基底速度图象

利用人工地震测深纵剖面和非纵剖面的资料,对琼西北地区P_g波的走时进行了层析反演,对比了代数重建法和同时迭代重建法的效果.综合了纵剖面的模型后,在三维弯曲界面上重建了基底速度图象,探讨了用射线椭圆评价分辨的途径. 层析成象结果给出了许多有价值的信息,揭示琼西北的结晶基底存在三条北东向断裂和两条北西向断裂,后者是继承性的活动断裂,控制着新生代次级断块的发展与火山活动.地表所推断的东西向王五-文教深大断裂,在该处只呈断续隐伏状显示.该区的基底存在儋县、临高和光村三个高速区,主要反映着基性岩体或花岗侵入体.基底整体性最好的是在儋县-王五地区,破碎程度最严重的是在王五-中和-光村以西的地区.     

利用地震折射和反射波资料研究银川盆地浅部结构和隐伏断裂

银川盆地是华北克拉通西部构造活动较为强烈的一个新生代断陷盆地.为了研究银川盆地的地壳浅部结构和活动断裂特征,我们利用2014年在银川盆地完成的深地震反射剖面数据,采用初至波层析成像方法得到了银川盆地高精度的基底P波速度结构和构造形态;考虑到仅根据速度结构剖面还难以确定断裂的准确位置、断层上断点埋深、断层的近地表构造组合样式等特征,研究中还采用浅层地震反射波勘探方法对银川盆地内的隐伏断裂和1739年平罗8.0级地震的地表破裂带浅部结构进行了高分辨率成像.研究结果表明:银川盆地与两侧地块的浅层P波速度结构和沉积盖层厚度差异较大,银川盆地总体呈现出明显的低速结构特征,盆地基底面起伏变化较大,基底最深处位于芦花台断裂和银川断裂之间的银川市下方,其深度约为7000~7200 m;贺兰山隆起区显示为明显的高速特征,地表出露中-古生代基岩地层,缺失新生代地层;鄂尔多斯地块西缘的浅层P波速度明显高于银川盆地,基底埋深相对较浅,推测其新生界地层厚度小于2500 m.浅层地震反射剖面揭示的地层反射界面形态和断裂的浅部构造特征非常清楚,黄河断裂、贺兰山东麓断裂、银川断裂和芦花台断裂不仅是错断盆地基底的断裂,而且还是第四纪以来的隐伏活动断裂,这些断裂的交替活动形成了"堑中堑"的盆地结构,并对银川盆地的形成、盆地内的新生代地层厚度和第四纪沉降中心具有重要的控制作用;在近地表这些断裂表现为由2~3条断层组成的"Y字形"断裂构造,且主断裂的最新活动可追踪至晚更新世末期或全新世,是构造继承性活动的结果.本文的研究结果不仅可为进一步分析银川盆地的基底结构、隐伏断裂特征和活动构造研究等提供新的地震学证据,而且还可为该区城市规划中避让活动断层提供科学依据.     

山西高原北部地壳上地幔地震波速结构与深部构造

对自河北文安经山西大同至内蒙古岱海的宽角反射／折射地震剖面资料进行了详细的研究。结果表明，地壳厚度由太行山山前地带的３６．０ｋｍ向山西高原增厚至４４．０ｋｍ。在太行山山前基底断裂、紫荆关断裂的下方和大同盆地的东侧存在着延伸至莫霍面的断裂带；太行山隆起区上地幔顶部的速度偏高，太行山山前地带和大同震区上地壳的下部有强烈的速度反转，大同地震与这里的异常的壳幔构造有关，太行山山前地带存在着发生潜在地震的深部构造条件     

利用GPS观测研究山西断陷带现今构造应力场变化与地震活动

基于1999—2007年山西断陷带GPS站点位移速率,采用格林函数法计算了山西断陷带地壳10 km深处的最大主应力和最大剪应力变化,并与区域地质构造、中强地震活动及其震源机制解等对比分析,结果表明:山西断陷带中强地震活动受区域构造应力场的控制,现今应力场变化强烈的区域,地震活动水平相对较高,地震震源机制与构造应力场变化...     

利用爆破地震揭示华北克拉通基底的高分辨速度结构——大丰—包头折射剖面的探测结果

大丰—包头剖面以"高密度观测点距与炮距"为特点,我们在1334 km测线上获得了21炮高信噪比的地震资料.在对Pg波震相特点分析基础上利用反演方法处理、构建了基底的精细结构图像,揭示了沿剖面不同构造地块基底结构的差异.苏北盆地基底埋深4.5~9.0 km、苏鲁隆起1.5~2.0 km,基底埋深与速度结构的强烈起伏变化可视其为华北与扬子板块碰撞、挤压构造环境下形成复杂的构造格局在地震学上的体现;鲁西隆起区基底埋深浅、速度高,结构稳定;华北盆地Pg波到时滞后、视速度低,基底埋深7.0~10.km,速度结构与基底面存在局部的起伏变化.诸多现象揭示出该区为新生代沉积巨厚、规模较大的基底坳陷区.同时在盆地内不同构造单元基底结构呈局部分块、凹陷与凸起并存的构造格局,显示出新生代沉积活动显著、变化强烈、结构不稳定的构造特点;太行山前断裂、聊兰断裂是具有显著地震学标志的断裂构造带,断裂两侧基底界面呈现出"断崖式塌陷"和速度结构的强烈横向非均匀性.综合研究认为,太行山前断裂是华北地区一条重要的构造带,它的复杂性不仅体现在两侧地形地貌、地层介质的截然不同,其基底埋深及速度结构、地壳及地幔岩石圈结构均存在显著的差异,其重要的标志是太行山以东不仅地壳厚度发生了相当规模的减薄,岩石圈的厚度也明显减薄,亦即形成了华北克拉.通破坏在东西部其基底一地壳一岩石圈的结构在空间上具有明显的差异性及强烈的横向非均匀性.     

Lateral Inhomogeneity of Basement Layer in Three Gorges Region of Changjiang River (Yangtze River)

Seismic tomography from the Pg wave data along the non-longitudinal profile in the Three Gorges Region is presented in this paper.The seismic tomography method,and the acquisition and analysis of seismic travel time are broadly outlined.The tomography of basement reveals a great amount of significant information and shows that the low-velocity zone is due to the lithologic difference and the fault fracture zone.It also demonstrates that there exist three high-velocity zones with v>6.4 km/s at the basement; the largest of zones which strikes north-south is located at the southwestern side of Huangling Anticlinorium and extends into the anticlinorium northward.The other two high-velocity zones are,respectively,situated at the eastern side of the anticlinorium and the western side of the profile.The high-velocity zones are inferred to originate from the upwelling of material with high-velocity from deep crust.     

山东中部一条明显的北西向中强地震带

长清－临沂地震带是山东中部一条明显的北西向中强地震带,由９次中强地震组成。这些地震沿北西向展布,主要分布在四个震源区,大致呈５０￣５５ｋｍ等间距分布。除１６６８年郯城地震与北北东向的郯庐断裂带有关外,其它地震受北西向蒙山断裂控制,是该断裂各为层段新活动的结果。另外,该地城带内地震的发生还有一定深部构造背景。未来应注意研究该带内再次发生中强地震的可能。     

渤海海域主要新构造活动断裂带

渤海位于渤海湾盆地的东部,是我国华北地区新构造活动最强烈的地区之一,盆地内的沉积盖层(N-Q)中断裂极为发育。许多研究者从不同角度对渤海新构造进行过研究,但认识不一。笔者基于以往的工作,对该区新构造作了较深入的分析,确定渤海新构造运动起始于中新世晚期(12~10Ma BP)。从三维空间分析盖层断裂,并按其与盆地基底断裂的成因关系,将新构造活动的断裂分为继续活动断裂和新生断裂,并划分出3条主要的新构造活动断裂带:北东(偏北)向营口-潍坊断裂带北段是继续活动构造带,右旋逆平移活动,活动性弱;北西西向北京-蓬莱断裂带亦为继续活动构造带,左旋正平移活动,活动性较强;北东向庙西北-黄河口断裂带为新生构造带,右旋平移活动,活动性强。后两者组成一对以庙西北-黄河口断裂带为主的偏共轭活动构造带,该区域地震活动与之关系密切。最后探讨了渤海地区新构造期北东东-南西西至近东西向水平挤压的构造应力场及其与新构造活动断裂带发育的关系。提出新构造应力场与古近纪盆地裂陷阶段的应力场截然不同,新构造为地壳共轭剪切破裂系统,古近纪盆地构造是发育于地壳上部的伸展构造系统,这是两期不同体制的构造系统。