藏北双湖地区早侏罗世油页岩剖面有机地球化学与早Toarcian期大洋缺氧事件

藏北羌塘盆地双湖地区发育一套以灰黑色油页岩、泥岩、泥灰岩互层为特征的岩相组合,含有丰富的菊石化石。该层位发现早侏罗世早Toarcian期Har poceras sp．菊石,它与欧洲广泛出现的早Toarcian期大洋缺氧事件的地层相当。通过分析,有机碳含量最高可达26．1％,有机碳同位素组成从-26．22％。变化到-23．53％0(PDB)。在地层剖面上,油页岩的8℃干酪根变化曲线显示明显的正偏移,偏移量接近2．17‰,与欧洲早Toarcian期缺氧事件地层同位素异常有很好的可对比性。     

昂达尔错地区布曲组碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素特征及意义

碳酸盐岩碳、氧同位素对古气候、古环境及成岩流体示踪具重要的指示意义。通过对羌塘盆地南部昂达尔错地区QZ-11井、QZ-12井布曲组岩心观察、薄片鉴定及碳氧同位素分析,结果表明:研究区布曲组是在炎热、半干旱-半潮湿古气候条件下,在台地边缘礁滩环境发育的一套碳酸盐岩沉积;岩性包括灰岩,白云岩及过渡性岩类,白云岩主要发育在高位体系域晚期台缘浅滩微相中,白云岩包括保留先驱灰岩原始组构的颗粒白云岩、泥微晶白云岩及先驱灰岩原始组构不可见的晶粒白云岩;研究区内的碳酸盐岩δ~(13)C_(PDB)分布范围为1.5‰~4‰,δ18OPDB分布范围为-7.6‰~-12.1‰,其中灰岩的δ~(13)C_(PDB)分布范围为1.5‰~2.9‰,普遍高于同期全球海水碳同位素值,推测可能与高位体系域晚期强蒸发及生物繁盛有关,白云岩和过渡性岩类中δ~(13)C_(PDB)分布范围为1.4‰~4‰,说明为继承先驱灰岩中碳同位素组成,局部可能受到白云石化流体的改造;氧同位素组成虽然普遍低于同期海水值,但白云岩中保留先驱灰岩原始组构的颗粒白云岩氧同位素值仍高于灰岩,表明其形成与蒸发环境有关,而细晶白云岩、中粗晶白云岩氧同位素组成呈逐步降低趋势,表明可能受埋藏阶段温度升高的影响。     

桂江流域河流有机碳特征

通过对桂江流域内植物、土壤碳同位素、河流有机碳含量及同位素进行系统取样测试分析发现,桂江流域C3植物的δ13C范围为-37.89‰~-23.27‰,C4植物δ13 C范围为-14.49‰~-12.00‰。土壤碳库的δ13 C范围为-30.43‰~-11.56‰,平均值为-24.32‰。土壤碳库主要受C3途径植物控制,C4途径植物对土壤碳库的δ13 C影响有限,植物残体转化成土壤有机质的过程中产生有机碳同位素分馏效应,造成土壤有机碳同位素比植物碳库偏重4.42‰。桂江河流DOC分布范围0.68~2.16mg/L,平均值为1.39mg/L。ρ(POC)分布范围0.11~1.14mg/L,平均值为0.37mg/L,DOC/POC的范围1.31~9.04,ρ(DOC)ρ(POC),成为水体有机碳的主要形式。流域水体中δ13CDOC值的范围为-29.682‰~-15.377‰,平均值为-24.810‰;δ13CPOC值的范围为-27.886‰~-24.271‰,平均值为-25.868‰;两者均位于土壤有机碳库同位素范围内,说明河流有机碳主要来源于土壤的机械侵蚀和土壤有机质的降解,受人类生产生活有机废弃物和河流自生浮游植物的代谢分泌物影响小。     

渝东南地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气地球化学特征及其成因分析

在对渝东南地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩现场解吸气样的气体组分和稳定碳同位素分析的基础上,对页岩气的成因类型和烷烃碳同位素倒转原因进行了探讨。渝东南地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气的甲烷含量高(94.33%~98.96%),非烃组分(主要包括N_2、CO_2)含量较少,干燥系数大于0.98,为典型的干气。甲烷、乙烷碳同位素值的范围分别为-49‰~-24.4‰、-39.4‰~-29‰,含气性较好的武隆地区Y1井气样烷烃气体呈现δ~(13)C_1δ~(13)C_2δ~(13)C_3的碳同位素"完全倒转"特征,含气性较差的酉阳地区Y2井气样烷烃气体基本具正碳同位素系列特征。天然气成因类型判识标志和图版分析表明,渝东南地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气为有机质高温裂解的油型气,是早期生成的干酪根裂解气和后期原油裂解气的混合气,这也是引起武隆地区Y1井气样碳同位素倒转的主要原因,同时这也可能与页岩气高产有关。     

湘西花垣地区铅锌矿床C、H、O同位素特征及其对成矿流体来源的指示

湘西花垣地区铅锌矿床是铅锌矿资源储量超过千万吨的世界级超大型矿床之一。对该矿床主矿化期的方解石和闪锌矿进行了系统的C、H、O同位素研究。分析结果显示,花垣地区铅锌矿床主成矿期方解石样品的δ~(13)C_(PDB)值范围为-2.71‰~1.21‰,δ~(18)OSMOW值范围为16.09‰~22.48‰,团结、李梅、土地坪、蜂塘和大石沟各铅锌矿床中主成矿期方解石的13C、18O同位素依次表现出逐渐降低的特征,在δ~(18)O_(SMOW)-δ~(13)C_(PDB)图上主要介于原生碳酸盐岩与海相碳酸盐岩之间,该地区铅锌矿床成矿流体中的碳主要来源于海相碳酸盐岩的溶解作用。花垣矿区围岩的δ~(13)C_(PDB)值范围为0.15‰~1.17‰,δ~(18)O_(SMOW)值范围为19.79‰~23.89‰,指示沉积成因海相碳酸盐岩的特征。方解石和闪锌矿样品中流体的δD_(SMOW)变化于-91.1‰~-15‰之间,δ18Ofluid变化范围为-4.1‰~9.25‰,在矿区范围内流体的迁移方向是由北向南,δ~(18)O_(fluid)-δD_(SMOW)图显示,矿床成矿流体的主要来源是建造水和大气降水。成矿流体与围岩间的水-岩反应是导致湘西花垣地区铅锌矿床中方解石和闪锌矿矿物发生沉淀的主要机制。     

滇东北巧家茂租铅锌矿成矿流体中的碳来源及矿床成因浅析

巧家茂租铅锌矿是滇东北赋存于上震旦统灯影组白云岩地层中的代表性铅锌矿床之一,通过对5件不同产状矿体中与成矿有关的热液成因碳酸盐矿物白云石和方解石样品的C-O同位素示踪分析,发现成矿流体中的碳主要有3种来源:(1)白云石的δ~(13)C_(V-PDB)值介于0.6‰～3.5‰,δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)值介于17.9‰～18.5‰,具有明显的海相碳酸盐岩去碳酸盐化来源特征;(2)方解石的δ~(13)C_(V-PDB)值主要集中于-5.7‰～-1.95‰,δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)值介于13.80‰～17.5‰,来自碳酸盐岩的溶解作用;(3)下层矿的方解石δ~(13)C_(V-PDB)值出现了较大负值(δ~(13)C_(V-PDB)=-28.9‰),同时较高的氧同位素值(δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)=17.6‰)显示有机物氧化来源的有机碳同位素组成特征。综合前人的研究成果,认为茂租铅锌矿的形成与二叠纪峨眉山玄武岩浆热液无关,成矿物质除了前人认为的来源于基底地层和赋矿地层,区域上泥盆系碳酸盐岩也是重要的铅锌源。     

14kaB.P.以来巴里坤湖区有机碳同位素记录及古气候变化研究

通过有机碳同位素(δ~(13)C_(crg)),磁化率和粒度的测定和分析,结合光释光年龄标定,对新疆巴里坤湖区滨湖相沉积物14ka B.P.以来δ~(13)C_(crg)值变化的影响因素及其反映的气候特征进行了研究。结果表明:在巴里坤湖区植被类型主要以C_3植被为主,干湿变化是导致δ~(13)C_(crg)值波动的主要因素,在末次冰消期至早全新世阶段(14.0~8.4ka B.P.),巴里坤湖区周围冰川尚未融化,剖面δ~(13)C_(crg)值最为偏正,在-22‰到-21‰之间变化,暗示剖面处在干-旱的气候条件下;进入全新世后,随着巴里坤山冰川的融化,湖区湿度增加,同位素值持续偏负,达到23.5‰,同时中值粒径和磁化率同步降低;在中全新世阶段(7.2~5.0ka B.P.)出现高湖面,同位素值达到-24‰左右,为剖面同位素值最低阶段;中晚全新世阶段(5.0~1.5ka B.P.)δ~(13)C_(crg)值开始逐渐偏正,表明气候开始变干;1.5ka B.P.至今的δ~(13)C_(crg)值则是在-24‰~-23‰间频繁波动,反映了该时段气候的不稳定性。     

熊耳地体南侧中晚元古代地层碳氧同位素组成：CMF模式的证据

前人运用 CMF 模式(碰撞造山成岩成矿与流体作用模式)推断熊耳地体金银矿床的成矿流体主要来自其南侧中晚元古代地层(官道口群和栾川群)的陆内俯冲变质脱水作用,并推测该套地层富放射成因铅和锶,δ~(13)C 和δ~(18)O 值较高。为检验该推论和 CMF 模式正确与否,作者对该套地层开展了研究,本文报道了碳氧同位素研究结果。13件岩石样品δ~(18)O 值变化于9.1‰～16.7‰,平均13.3‰;4件δ~(13)C_(CaCO_3)值为-2.8‰～0.8‰,平均-0.9‰,计算表明,该套地层在320～373℃(熊耳地体多数矿床早阶段成矿温度范围)变质脱水所形成流体的δ~(18)O值为2.6‰～14.6‰,与推测结果一致,覆盖了熊耳地体已有早阶段成矿流体的δ~(18)O值(5.1‰～12.6‰),计算的中晚元古代地层变质流体的δ~(13)C_(CO_2)随介于-0.7‰～4‰,也与熊耳地体成矿流体的δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值(-2.1‰～4‰,成矿早阶段一般δ~(13)C_(CO_2)>0)一致。如此以来,我们的研究结果证明了前人的推论和 CMF 模式的科学性与实用性,CMF 模式可以用于指导熊耳地体或类似构造环境的矿床勘查和地质研究。     

塔深1井寒武系白云岩储层同位素流体地球化学示踪

通过对塔里木盆地沙雅隆起阿克库勒凸起东部塔深1井寒武系白云岩岩石学特征及成岩成因分析,影响塔深1井寒武系地层流体改变主要成岩有准同生期、埋藏期和后期热液改造期等.塔深1井寒武系白云岩及充填孔、洞、缝内方解石的氧、碳、锶同位素地球化学特征表明:准生期白云岩δ~(13)C_(PDB)值(0.9‰～1.8‰)偏正、δ~(18)C_(PDB)值(-10.1‰～-4.2‰)偏负反映准同生期泥微晶白云石成因属于高盐度的海水使得碳酸盐泥发生白云石化;埋藏期白云岩碳、氧随重结晶作用加强,白云岩晶粒由细向粗变化值随埋深增加,由于同位素分馏作用而偏负,δ~(18)C_(PDB)值(-10.02‰～-5.7‰)呈明显的下降,但δ~(13)C_(PDB)值(-1.4‰～0‰)组成变化不大;后期热液白云岩在热液作用下δ~(18)C_(PDB)值普遍低于-10‰(δ~(18)C_(PDB)/‰-13.1～-9.4,δ~(13)C_(PDB)/‰-2～-0.647);基质方解石δ~(18)C_(PDB)值为-10.1‰～-10.13‰,δ~(13)C_(PDB)值为-1.48‰～-1.62‰;充填孔洞缝粗-巨晶方解石δ~(18)C_(PDB)值为-10.89‰～-14.28‰,δ~(13)C_(PDB)值为-2‰～-3.09‰,反映准同生期→埋藏期→后期热液晶粒大小由泥微晶→细晶→中晶→粗晶氧碳同位素值逐渐变小偏负,据~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(0.707 284～0.746 888)值均远高于现今海洋中海水的锶同位素组成(0.708)及围岩的锶同位素(0.707 284),说明鞍形白云石以及方解石结晶时的孔隙流体不是残余在岩石孔隙中的同生期海水,而是外来的富含锶的流体,也就是深部热液流体.渗透回流白云石化、埋藏白云石化和高温热液白云石化等特征表明白云岩形成于超盐度、埋藏和高温热液等3种不同的环境,因此影响储层形成与分布,从而影响对白云岩的勘探.     

四川盆地下奥陶统碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素特征及其地质意义北大核心CSCD

四川盆地古生代海相地层沉积厚度巨大。奥陶系碳酸盐岩的碳氧同位素组成受后期成岩作用影响较小,基本保留了原始海洋的同位素组成:δ^(13)C_(PDB)值分布区间为0.17‰~-6.20‰,δ^(18)O_(PDB)值分布区间为-4.98‰~-11.07‰,δ^(18)O_(PDB)与δ^(13)C_(PDB)两者不存在明显的线性关系。碳氧同位素对比表明,四川盆地下奥陶统碳氧同位素值与全球下奥陶统的碳氧同位素分布区间基本一致,并且碳同位素值曲线识别了具有全球对比特征的TSICE正漂事件,显示奥陶系碳同位素曲线具有全球可对比性。同时,四川盆地奥陶系桐梓组中期δ^(13)C_(PDB)平均值从-1.62‰负漂为-4.87‰,发生了显著的负漂移事件,分析认为在四川盆地早奥陶世早期由西向东的海退事件导致海洋生产力急速下降是造成δ^(13)C_(PDB)值的负漂移主要原因。桐梓组中上部δ^(18)O_(PDB)大幅度负向偏移,表明桐梓组中期有一个短时期温度升高、盐度降低的过程。研究揭示奥陶系碳氧同位素可以有效的辅助该区的地层划分对比,并且四川盆地早奥陶世发生过显著的海退事件。     

Columbus,the discovery of America,and Russia

The discovery of a new continent that was later called America by Christopher Columbus some five hundred years ago, has in one way or another, influenced people the World over. The extraordinary significance of this event for mankind is displayed by the dimension of the consequences and the variety of reactions among nations and communities of the “Old World”.     

Text, talk, things, and the subpolitics of performing place

This article tells the story of how a group of Dutch and Belgian citizens organized themselves to promote an area that they valued, to put it on the map, to raise awareness about its qualities, and to protect it from urban and industrial development. Our theoretical perspective focuses on the performative and political aspects of this place-making process and the discursive and material practices involved. We connect this to Beck’s concept of subpolitics.Our findings show how the group performed this place not only through text and talk - giving the area a name, using their knowledge and expertise to raise awareness about its values, lobbying and cooperating with decision-makers -, but also through things - installing art objects and information signs that articulate certain characteristics and values of the area. Our findings demonstrate the struggles involved in these performances. The group involved multiple perspectives on what the important values and characteristics of the area are and on what strategies would work best in trying to influence decision-making and protect the area. However, the use of expertise as the main strategy to gain influence excluded the more critical and activist strategies and privileging archaeological and historical values and characteristics came at the expense of attention on agricultural and natural values.Our findings make clear that performing place cannot be taken to be homogeneous and that it inevitably involves multiple perspectives and demands. The struggles, power relations and dynamics of inclusion and exclusion that this multiplicity implicates reveal a form of sub-politics that involves both politicization and depoliticization. Also, it is a form of subpolitics that is more diverse and ambiguous than Beck’s conceptualization presupposes by its emphasis on the role of outsiders as a homogeneous group.     

Dielectric constants of apatite,epidote, vesuvianite,and zoisite,and the oxide additivity rule

The dielectric constants and dielectric loss values of 4 Ca-containing minerals were determined at 1 MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are: vesuvianitel κ′ _a=9.93 tan δ=0.006 κ′ _c=9.79 tan δ=0.005 vesuvianitel κ′ _a=10.02 tan δ=0.002 κ′ _c=9.85 tan δ=0.003 zoisite1 κ′ _a =10.49 tan δ=0.0006 κ′ _b =15.31 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ _c=9.51 tan δ=0.0008 zoisite2 κ′ _a =10.55 tan δ=0.0011 κ′ _b =15.45 tan δ=0.0013 κ′ _c=9.39 tan δ=0.0008 epidote κ′ ₁₁= 9.52 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ ₂₂=17.1 tan δ=0.0009 κ′ ₃₃= 9.37 tan δ=0.0006 fluorapatite1 κ′ _a =10.48 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ _c = 8.72 tan δ=0.0114 fluorapatite2 κ′ _a =10.40 tan δ=0.0010 κ′ _c=8.26 tan δ=0.0178 The deviation (δ) between measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined from the Clausius-Mosotti equation and those calculated from the sum of oxide polarizabilities according to α _D (mineral)=∑ α _D (oxides) for vesuvianite is ～ 0.5%. The large deviations of epidote and zoisite from the additivity rule with Δ=+ 10.1 and + 11.7%, respectively, are attributed to “rattling” Ca ions. The combined effects of both a large F thermal parameter and possible F-ion conductivity in fluorapatite are believed to be responsible for Δ=+2–3%. Although variation of oxygen polarizability with oxygen molar volume (V_o) is believed to affect the total polarizabilities, the variation of V_o in these Ca minerals is too small to observe the effect.     

Climate,disasters, wars and the collapse of the Ming Dynasty

Based on the historical records of natural disasters and human wars of the final 35 years in the late Ming Dynasty (1610–1644 AD) obtained using different spatial scales, a set of grading systems were established to classify, grade and present these records and their spatiotemporal characteristics. From natural and human perspectives to quantitative analyses of the direct causes of the collapse of the Ming Dynasty, the author draws conclusion regarding a total of six immediate factors, which were, according to the rate of contribution from high to low, internal rebellions, drought, inter-ethnic conflicts, locust, flood and external wars. Among these causes, human factors accounted for approximately 47%, while natural factors accounted for approximately 53%. Attribution analysis indicated that the basin areas in east China were sensitive to climate change during the Ming Dynasty. Severe drought and locusts in a cooling environment were the main natural causes, while frequent internal rebellions and inter-ethnic conflicts influenced by financial crisis were the major human factors. Although natural factors accounted for a greater percentage than human factors in the rate of contribution to the collapse of the Ming Dynasty, they were the only external factors impacting social development and changes.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Boiling,colloid nucleation and aggregation,and the genesis of bonanza Au-Ag ores of the sleeper deposit,Nevada

A deep “parent” composition for bonanza oreforming fluids at the Sleeper deposit was calculated by the computer program SOLVEQ using fluid-inclusion microthermometric and gas data, and by assuming equilibrium with the following minerals present in vein samples below the bonanza zones: gold, chalcedony, adularia, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and acanthite. The calculated dissolved gold content of 295 ppb is approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher than that assumed for typical geothermal systems. Thus, a gold-enriched fluid appears to have been a principal factor in the genesis of bonanza Au-Ag ores at the Sleeper deposit. Geochemical modelling of possible ore-forming processes using the computer program CHILLER, with the reconstructed ore-forming solution as a starting composition, indicates that boiling most closely reproduces observed minerals and their relative abundances in bonanza ores. The constraint imposed by the association of amorphous silica with gold precludes all of the mixing scenarios modelled, such as mixing with cold and steam-heated groundwaters (acid-sulfate, CO₂-rich). Modelling indicates that boiling of a gold-rich deep solution leads to rapid gold precipitation, and that the amount of gold precipitated initially is large relative to other minerals. These factors apparently led to nucleation of colloidal gold particles instead of in-situ gold deposition or coprecipitation with other phases. Gold colloids apparently were entrained in the upward-flowing hydrothermal solutions and grew as they travelled. Upon reaching a critical size (10–100 nm?), they were deposited due to orthokinetic aggregation at an elevation and temperature at which amorphous silica was nucleating and aggregating.