黔东南隔槽式褶皱成因分析

隔槽式褶皱与隔档式褶皱构成侏罗山式褶皱。传统观点认为,侏罗山式褶皱是滑脱作用所形成,其典型实例是在刚性岩体(基底)之上有一层软弱岩层,在软弱层之上的岩层发生“台布式”滑动而形成隔档隔槽式褶皱。黔东南地区隔槽式褶皱实地调查发现：（1）隔槽式向斜核部的地层比两翼和背斜核部的地层厚;（2）沿隔槽式向斜核部发育多期次活动的纵向断层,断层走向与褶皱枢纽一致;（3）背斜产状平缓变形弱而向斜产状急变变形强,背斜与向斜相间出露构成典型的强弱应变域,复杂变形发生在向斜核部。在湘黔交界处的寒武系内发育了典型的露头尺度隔槽式褶皱。通过隔槽式褶皱的露头尺度解析与宏观变形分析,认为黔东南隔槽式褶皱的形成受多期活动的断层控制,早期沉积阶段的正断层,控制了隔槽式褶皱紧闭向斜的发育位置,构造反转之后,先期断层是应力集中区,正断层转为平移或逆冲断层,在隔槽式褶皱向斜核部发育复杂变形。其次,正断层对隔槽式褶皱发育与逆断层对断弯褶皱发育的控制不同,前者断层发育早,后者断层发育晚。     

四川盆地富顺-永川地区五峰组—龙马溪组应力场模拟及裂缝发育区预测

岩石中构造裂缝主要受控于地层所处的区域构造应力场,地应力对油气的运移、成藏和分布有着重要的作用。通过应用ANSYS有限元数值模拟方法对四川盆地富顺-永川区块的五峰组-龙马溪组进行应力场模拟及分析研究、应用构造曲率法中的三点法对该层段页岩进行张裂缝发育情况预测研究、综合模拟结果与曲率计算数据对目的区域目的层段进行裂缝发育强度综合预测研究,结果表明富顺-永川区块五峰组-龙马溪组应力高值沿背斜走向分布的规律明显,研究区的东部及西南部的背斜应力值较其他区域背斜高;曲率高值沿背斜走向分布的规律明显,研究区东部及西南部背斜曲率值较其他区域背斜高;在现今应力的作用下,研究区背斜处裂缝发育程度较高,向斜处裂缝发育程度较低,研究区东部及西南部背斜裂缝发育程度较其他区域高。      

川东“侏罗山式”褶皱的数值模拟及成因探讨

本文通过采用有限差分法（FLAC）对“侏罗山式”褶皱进行数值模拟发现,层间粘聚力差异和上覆压力是控制隔档式褶皱、隔槽式褶皱样式的主要因素,即层间的能干性差异和埋深的控制。当地层在埋深较浅时,层间能干性差异对褶皱样式起主控作用,能干性差异小时出现隔槽式褶皱,差异大时出现隔档式褶皱。随着埋深加大,压力逐渐起主要作用,这时仅出现隔槽式褶皱。川东东带褶皱地层总体上层间能干性差异小,因而盖层的深部与浅部皆出现隔槽式褶皱,与模拟结果一致。西带褶皱地层总体层间能干性差异大,因而浅部出现隔档式褶皱。而其深部的下古生界地层主要受上覆压力控制,根据模拟推测应为隔槽式褶皱。     

贵州水城-纳雍一带中二叠世茅口组顶部锰矿沉积及矿床成因分析

研究区位于扬子准地台黔西北台隆六盘水断陷,威宁北西向构造变形区北段.区内褶皱、断裂构造发育.自东向西主要褶皱有北北西向的百兴向斜、堕却背斜、白泥滥坝向斜和北西向的威水背斜、沟木底向斜、布坑底背斜,锰矿层产出于前述各褶皱构造之翼部.锰矿产于中二叠统峨眉山玄武岩组之下,茅口组顶部的含锰岩系中,锰矿层与硅质岩和含锰灰岩关系密切.     

南盘江盆地赖子山穹隆构造样式及沙箱模拟研究

贵州南盘江盆地发育一系列不同样式的穹隆状构造,其控制着低温矿床的分布,位于黔西南控制烂泥沟超大型金矿床的赖子山穹隆是其典型代表。在统计赖子山穹隆地层产状的基础上,通过π圆图解确定出轴迹分别为NW和NE向的稳定变形亚区,并依据亚区构造横剖面和几何投影解析得到亚区褶皱位态类型均为直立水平背斜。通过统计分析区内劈理并依据劈理与亚区褶皱轴面的平行关系筛选出轴面劈理,基于轴面劈理的切割关系、卷入变形的地层及前人获得的相关构造岩浆岩年代推断出组成赖子山穹隆亚区褶皱的发育时序,即NWSE向背斜发育于燕山早期,NNESSW向背斜发育于燕山晚期。基于地质构造分析,结合该地区地层岩石能干性强弱、地层缩短量和变形边界条件建立两个沙箱模型进行4组实验,通过改变软弱层材料、变形同时性模拟构造复合叠加和构造联合叠加的变形过程及样式,讨论影响叠加变形的因素。根据模拟结果,我们认为赖子山穹隆是NW向和NNE向纵弯直立水平褶皱经移褶性复合叠加形成的穹隆状构造,两期褶皱分别对应燕山早期雪峰山隆起对南盘江盆地的侧向挤压作用和燕山晚期黔西南由NW向SE的大型逆冲推覆作用;岩层能干性差异和构造变形的强弱是影响叠加褶皱构造样式和叠加类型的关键因素,当岩层能干性差异较大时,相对软弱的岩层起到分层变形作用,使得软弱层上下强硬层构造样式不同;后期变形较弱时,形成限制性、移褶性叠加褶皱,后期变形较强时,形成斜跨、横跨式叠加褶皱,分阶段变形形成复合叠加构造,同时变形或变形速度差较小时,形成弧形的联合叠加构造。     

中国南方侏罗山式褶皱及其形成机制

侏罗山式褶皱起源于欧洲侏罗山区的褶皱,以背斜紧闭向斜开阔和向斜紧闭背斜开阔为特征。这类褶皱在形态上与褶皱造山带的强烈紧闭褶皱和地台盖层的极其平缓开阔的褶皱明显不同。所以本世纪初的阿尔卑斯构造研究者就注意到这类构造,布克斯多夫(Buxtorf1916)进行了研究并提出了侏罗山式褶皱,认为这类褶皱是盖层在海西基底上剪切滑动的结果。别洛马索夫和张文佑以区域构造为基础的褶皱分类中,都把侏罗山式褶皱与阿尔卑斯式褶皱(地槽型全形褶皱)和日尔曼式褶皱(地台型断续褶皱)并列为三大褶皱类型。 株罗山式褶皱两种基本型式:隔档式褶皱和隔槽式褶皱。区域构造研究确定,在地质背景、形成机制和形态特证上与这两种基本型式相同和近似的褶皱广泛发育。一些学者据其     

断层转折褶皱剪切裂缝发育模式探讨

围绕库车前陆盆地内某典型断层转折褶皱剖面,实测统计该剖面不同构造部位的剪切裂缝,分析断层转折褶皱中剪切裂缝的发育规律,进而建立断层转折褶皱剪切裂缝的发育模式。统计结果表明,研究区剪切裂缝有2种类型,一类是与岩层面高角度相交的高角度缝,广泛发育在构造各个部位;另一类是与层面近于平行的顺层裂缝,主要发育在断层面附近,并随岩层的变形,产状发生改变。远离断层面,剪切裂缝发育程度整体上呈减小趋势,下盘裂缝发育强度的减小大于上盘,上盘裂缝发育强度整体大于下盘。褶皱内层剪切裂缝较外层发育,褶皱两翼裂缝发育强度大于褶皱枢纽。断层产状的改变,会引起上盘运动状态的改变,使得在上盘活动轴面附近出现应力集中,局部剪切裂缝发育强度出现增大现象。断层转折褶皱剪切裂缝的发育模式可以分为3个阶段,断层形成前主要发育与层面高角度相交的区域性剪切裂缝;断层形成初期,断层面附近两盘牵引变形不明显,上盘穿过断坡下部破折点处活动轴面的部分会产生新的剪切裂缝,即与岩层高角度相交剪切缝和与断层面低角度相交剪切缝;牵引构造明显时,断层面附近两盘弯曲部位会产生顺层剪切裂缝,两翼的裂缝发育强度大于枢纽。      

从区域地震探讨贵州南部构造特征

根据大量的地面地质资料,石油深井及区域地震资料,分析燕山运动以来影响剥蚀速度的诸多因素,得出控制经向构造及地层展布特点的机理是应力影响深度及褶皱幅度,形成黔南隔槽式箱状复式背斜,北盘江隔档式复式向斜。都匀(宜昌)运动为断块式升降性质运动,形成黔南断陷。雪峰运动形成之不整合面经燕山运动的改造,与地表构造轮廓基本一致。加里东褶皱(地槽)是在雪峰运动形成基底的基础上发展形成的。提出上扬子褶皱区与华南褶皱区在黔南的划分方案。     

川东南泸州地区多滑脱层构造特征及变形机制

近年来川东南地区页岩气勘探开发逐步向深层领域拓展，尤其是泸州地区显示出3500 m以深页岩气勘探开发的巨大潜力。为了进一步明确泸州地区构造特征及变形机制，依据地震资料对该地区进行了构造解析，采用离散元数值模拟探究了其构造变形的主控因素，恢复了泸州地区中新生代构造演化过程。研究表明：多滑脱层和区域构造挤压是泸州地区构造变形的主要控制因素。受膏盐岩影响，泸州地区发育低陡的盖层滑脱构造，垂向分层明显，形成断展褶皱、滑脱褶皱和滑脱层间隐伏褶皱、双重构造等复合的构造。该区域构造变形主要受下寒武统膏盐岩滑脱作用控制，膏盐岩和页岩滑脱层协调变形向低陡背斜核部聚集。燕山晚期以来，泸州地区多滑脱层沉积伴随区域挤压，发育盖层滑脱的隔档式褶皱；喜山期褶皱带再次隆生，原有的断层和剪切带位移量增大，滑脱层间形成一系列次生断层和隐伏褶皱。背斜处油气藏容易受到破坏，向斜处是页岩气勘探的有利地区，其中对冲型向斜结构相对简单，内部应力相对稳定。     

褶皱相关断裂构造形成条件与发育机制:燕山中部露头尺度变形研究为例

总结了褶皱相关断裂发育机制的3个构造几何学模型:同心圆褶皱模型、膝折带褶皱模型和弯流褶皱模型。基于燕山中部中、新元古界地层中发育的5个露头尺度褶皱及其中、小型断裂构造的实例剖析,探讨了收缩变形过程中褶皱与断裂构造发育时序与褶皱相关断裂构造的产生机制。研究指出,规模与所在褶皱构造相当或略小的断裂构造当中,既有形成时间早于褶皱变形的断层,也有在褶皱变形过程中调节褶皱不同部位应变差异的褶皱相关断裂构造,而且卷入后期变形的早期断裂可能成为制约褶皱成核位置的影响因素,以及成为枢纽叠覆楔构造的形成方式之一。断层位移-距离曲线特征和断层与褶皱变形几何学、运动学关系分析,可用来判断断层、褶皱变形发生相对时序。认为影响褶皱相关断裂构造发育的机制主要有3种:(1)纵弯滑褶皱作用中,翼部顺层滑动受到限制而无法持续时,将通过断层向上切层的方式予以调节,从而形成翼部或转折端揳入逆冲断裂以及背离向斜和指向背斜逆冲断层;(2)各种因素导致的褶皱曲率变化是褶皱相关断裂产生的重要机制之一,褶皱曲率变化可由褶皱轴面的合并和新生直观反映,轴面合并引起褶皱曲率变化的层位,可能是诱发褶皱相关断裂,如背离向斜和指向背斜逆冲构造开始产生的重要部位;(3)能干性差异和强硬层之间距离较大的岩层组合发生纵弯褶皱变形时,软弱岩系在褶皱核部的聚集和逃逸,是迫使递进收缩的强硬层产生褶皱相关断裂构造的重要机制。     

川东多套滑脱层褶皱构造带形成物理模拟

川东地区发育典型的"侏罗山式"褶皱构造带,以北东走向的齐岳山断裂为界,南东侧为隔槽式褶皱,北西侧为隔挡式褶皱.中生代川东地区经历了自南东向北西的陆内递进变形,受多套滑脱层（基底拆离面、下寒武统页岩、志留系泥页岩和三叠系膏盐）的共同控制.但是,关于川东褶皱带的形成机制及其整体和分段形成时间仍存在较大争议.应用构造物理模拟方法,再现了川东"侏罗山式"褶皱带的形成过程,并分析了先存断裂及其倾角对川东褶皱构造变形的影响.模拟结果表明,川东褶皱带是齐岳山断裂、华蓥山断裂、志留系滑脱层和基底拆离面组成的阶梯状体系在构造挤压下发生断层相关褶皱作用的结果.基底拆离面（深度约16 km）控制隔槽式褶皱的发育,志留系页岩主要控制隔挡式褶皱的形成.中生代（165~75 Ma）川东地区的构造缩短率约为32%.齐岳山断裂是隔槽式褶皱向隔挡式褶皱过渡的重要枢纽,是先存高角度断裂浅部向北西迁移后的产物.华蓥山断裂的倾角控制着隔挡式褶皱的波长,当倾角较陡时（45°）更有利于发育典型的隔挡式褶皱.      

川东侏罗山式褶皱构造带的物理模拟研究

川东地区发育一系列NE走向的侏罗山式褶皱构造,按照褶皱的组合形态,自东向西发育隔槽式褶皱和隔档式褶皱,齐岳山断裂是二者的分界线。本文采取物理模拟手段对川东侏罗山式褶皱形成的控制因素进行实验研究,选取硅树脂模拟滑脱层,石英砂和微玻璃珠模拟沉积盖层,改变盖层与基底之间摩擦力、盖层的物性、滑脱层的埋藏深度等因素。模拟实验研究表明,滑脱层的深度和盖层性质是川东侏罗山式褶皱形成的主要控制因素。齐岳山断裂以东地区主要是下寒武统膏页岩充当滑脱层,滑脱层埋深较大,地表构造形态表现为隔槽式褶皱;齐岳山断裂以西地区,下二叠统泥质灰岩充当滑脱层,埋深较浅,盖层表现为隔档式褶皱。微玻璃珠是模拟侏罗山式褶皱较好的实验材料,推测川东薄皮构造带形成时候以塑形变形为主。     

Structural characterization of the fracture systems in the porcelanites: Comparing data from the Monterey Formation in California USA and the Sap Bon Formation in Central Thailand

The fractures in the porcelanites from the Monterey Formation in California USA and the Sap Bon Formation in Central Thailand were documented for a comparative study of their modes, distribution, and their relationship to other structures such as folds and bedding planes. Both formations consist in thinly bedded stiff units that are prone to folding, flexural slip, and cross-bedding brittle fracturing under compression. There are two assemblages in the porcelanites. The first assemblage includes commonly vertical high-angle opening mode fractures, left-lateral strike-slip faults, normal faults, and thrust faults. The second one is sub-horizontal fractures which are associated with folds, bedding slip, and thrusts faults in both Monterey and Sap Bon formations. The structural architectures of these rocks and the associated groups of structures are remarkably similar in terms of both opening and shearing modes and their relationships with the bedding due to their depositional architecture and the compressional tectonic regimes, in spite of the fact that the two locations are more than ten thousand kilometers apart and have very different ages of deformation.     

Fracture development in Paleozoic shale of Chongqing area (South China). Part two: Numerical simulation of tectonic stress field and prediction of fractures distribution

A tectonics sedimentation evolution has been researched in Southeast Chongqing, and the reasonable Longmaxi shale highstand system tract (HST) and transgressive system tract (TST) geological model were built respectively based on the rock mechanical test and acoustic emission experiment which the samples are from field outcrop and the Yuye-1 well. The Longmaxi shale two-dimension tectonic stress field during the Cenozoic was simulated by the finite element method, and the distribution of fractures was predicted. The research results show that the tectonic stress field and the distribution of fractures were controlled by lithology and structure. As a result of Cretaceous movement, there are trough-like folds (wide spaced synclines), battlement-like folds (similar spaces between synclines and anticlines) and ejective folds (wide spaced anticlines), which are regularly distributed from southeast to northwest in the study area. Since the strain rate and other physical factors such as the viscosity are not taken into account, and the stress intensity is the main factor that determines the tectonic strength. Therefore, the stronger tectonic strength leads the higher stress intensity in the eastern and southeastern study area than in the northwest. The fracture zones are mainly concentrated in the fold axis, transition locations of faults and folds, the regions where are adjacent to faults. The fragile mineral contents (such as siliceous rock, carbonate rock and feldspar) in the shelf facies shale from south of the study area are higher than in the bathyal facies and abyssal facies shale from center of the study area. The shales characterized by low Poisson’s ratio and high elastic modulus from south of the study area are easily broken during Cenozoic orogenic movement.     

柴达木盆地西部新生界磁组构特征及其构造意义

柴达木盆地西部狮子沟一带新生代沉积岩磁组构分析结果显示, 岩石磁组构具有磁面理发育、磁线理不发育、磁化率量值椭球呈压扁状的特点; 磁化率各向异性度P值不大, 反映总体构造变形相对较弱。岩石磁组构反映的应力状态总体为以NE向挤压为主, 与轴向NW的背斜构造发育相一致。该区岩石磁组构大多具有原始沉积磁组构特征, 磁面理产状大体上反映沉积岩层的层理, 同时也记录了受NE向挤压作用的痕迹。根据岩石磁组构与地层层理之间的关系分析, 柴西地区两翼不对称的狮子沟背斜具有断展褶皱性质, 其形成与下部的花土沟逆冲断层向南西方向的仰冲有关。      

Mapping folds and fractures in basement and cover rocks using UAV photogrammetry,Cape Liptrap and Cape Paterson,Victoria, Australia

Brittle and ductile deformation of alternating layers of Devonian sandstone and mudstone at Cape Liptrap, Victoria, Australia, resulted in upright folds with associated fold accommodation faults and multiple fracture sets. Structures were mapped at the Fold Stack locality at Cape Liptrap using high-resolution aerial photographs acquired by a digital camera mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Subsequent photogrammetric modelling resulted in georeferenced spatial datasets (point cloud, digital elevation model and orthophotograph) with sub-cm resolution and cm accuracy, which were used to extract brittle and ductile structure orientation data. An extensive dataset of bedding measurements derived from the dense point cloud was used to compute a 3D implicit structural trend model to visualise along-strike changes of Devonian (Tabberabberan) folds at the Fold Stack locality and to estimate bulk shortening strain. This model and newly collected data indicate that first generation shallowly south-southwest plunging upright folds were gently refolded about a steeply plunging/subvertical fold axis during a Devonian low-strain north–south shortening event. This also led to the local tightening of first generation folds and possibly strike-slip movement along regional scale faults. In order to distinguish fractures associated with Devonian compression from those that formed during Cretaceous extension and later inversion, we compared the five fracture sets defined at Cape Liptrap to previously mapped joints and faults within the overlying sedimentary cover rocks of the Cretaceous Strzelecki Group (Gippsland Basin), which crop out nearby. An east-southeast trending fracture set that is not evident in the Strzelecki Group can be linked to the formation of Devonian folds. Additionally, hinge line traces extracted from the Fold Stack dataset are aligned parallel to a dominant fracture set within the overlying cover sediments. This suggests that basement structures (folds and coeval parallel faults) have an important influence on fault and joint orientations within Cretaceous cover rocks.     

内蒙古大青山高级变质岩韧性剪切带及其流变机制

大青山高级变质岩不仅记录华北克拉通早期大陆形成演化历史,也保留了中下部地壳岩石流变信息,它们经历了下部地壳构造层次高角闪岩相-麻粒岩相条件变质变形、深熔作用改造,形成了复杂构造样式和构造要素组合.韧性剪切带是高级变质岩中主要构造形迹,控制着早前寒武纪高级变质岩主体构造格架.依据野外地质产状、变形特征与构造要素叠加改造关系,韧性剪切带划分为早期近水平顺层伸展型和晚期陡倾韧性剪切带.近水平顺层伸展韧性剪切带呈残留状保留在后期变形改造较弱部位上,主要沿着不同地质单元或者岩性层界面上发育,是在伸展变形体制下形成的.晚期陡倾韧性剪切带呈近东西方向展布,规模较大,叠加和改造早期构造形迹,形成于晚期造山挤压构造环境中,以左行滑移为主.这两种韧性剪切带都形成于地壳中深部构造层次高角闪岩相-麻粒岩相条件下,变形机制主要为熔体增强颗粒边界扩散和颗粒流动,使岩石发生大规模的塑性流动.在宏观上形成了不对称流动组构、条纹条带构造、熔融线理、层内流动褶皱等构造形迹,在微观上矿物晶体没有发生明显塑性变形,均匀消光,晶体为三边平衡结构,与静态变质结构相似,形成了地壳深部构造层次上变质构造岩-构造片麻岩.      

吉林临江地区早元古代老岭群叠加变形作用研究

早元古代老岭群经历了三期构造变形，分别形成了三个特征各异的构造形迹组合。Ⅰ世代为层理榴皱组合，由斜卧诏皱、轴面片理和韧性剪切变形带组成；Ⅱ和Ⅲ世代为片理相皱组合，分别由各种位态的片理诏皱和轴面招劈理、膝折面理组合。Ⅰ、Ⅱ世代的原始构造线方位均为近南北向，为近共轴叠加，但固Ⅲ世代构造的改造，现今多变位为北东东向。Ⅰ世代构造形迹组合的特征显示老岭群的早期构造环境具有构造层次较深、以近水平韧性剪切变形作用为主导的特点。     

川东南构造变形特征及其对页岩气保存的影响

川东南地区构造变形复杂,二叠系和志留系含有丰富的页岩气资源。依据岩性和地震资料的解释,寒武系膏盐层与中-下三叠统膏盐层对构造变形有重要控制作用,多数断层沿膏盐层滑脱。研究区包括盆内和盆缘两部分,盆内发育形态对称的盖层滑脱式褶皱;盆缘发育基底卷入式褶皱冲断构造,分为山前推覆带和山前转换带,前者发育高陡的三角楔构造,后者由冲断带、褶皱带和斜坡带组成。构造演化分析表明:晚侏罗世齐岳山断层开始发育,盆内地层发生挠曲变形;白垩纪盆缘形成三角楔构造,盆内主要构造和断裂已经发育;新生代齐岳山褶皱隆升,盆内寒武系之上沉积盖层褶皱形成多个背斜和向斜。山前推覆带构造高陡、变形强烈,页岩气保存条件差;山前转换带构造变形程度适中,其褶皱带背斜完整,页岩气保存条件好;盆内中-下三叠统膏盐层封盖性好,埋深适中的背斜为页岩气有利勘探目标区。      

Syntectonic vein development in a thrust sheet from the external French Alps

The geometry and age relations of syntectonic veins within calcareous rocks of one imbricate sheet within a thrust belt in the external French Alps, are described.The earliest veins developed during the main ductile deformation by cleavage-parallel extension. The majority of the syntectonic veins developed towards the end of the deformation, and after the formation of second folds. They include a conjugate set of normal shears, an abundant set of upright extension veins, and en echelon sets.The dominantly simple shear strain making up the main ductile phase of deformation occurred by a mechanism of grain to grain pressure solution. The stretching lineation records the overall direction of thrust sheet movement. A change in the microchemical mechanism of pressure solution is thought to have caused the change from first to second phase deformation as recorded by slaty cleavage and crenulation folds in the field. From the shear and vein geometries, directions of principal stress have been inferred. The directions rotated throughout the deformation, the maximum principal stress being inclined to bedding during simple shear strain, becoming normal to bedding during the phase of abundant vein growth, and becoming vertical at the very end of the deformation.