哈萨克斯坦南图尔盖盆地构造特征及油气聚集规律

<正>南图尔盖盆地位于哈萨克斯坦中部,是哈萨克斯坦的主要含油气盆地之一,主要目的层为侏罗系和白垩系。构造上,南图尔盖盆地位于Karatau走滑断裂的最北端,该盆地的构造特征、沉积特征、油气聚集均受到Karatau走滑断裂的影响。在南图尔盖盆地,Karatau走滑断裂是由两组不同规模的断裂构成的断裂系:一组走向为北西—南东向,走滑断层性质为右旋走滑;另一组走向为北东—南西向,起到构造调节作     

宣郎地区基底构造特征

本文以宣城-郎溪地区的盆地为重点研究区,综合分析区域性重力、磁法资料,通过地面重力测量技术、高精度地面磁测,大地电磁测深等综合地球物理剖面,建立了宣城-郎溪地区基底构造格架,并探讨了其构造演化史。研究结果显示,宣城-郎溪地区基底构造格架主要呈北东向展布,研究区西部被江南深大断裂带所分割,断裂带北侧为北东向的古生界隆起,断裂带南侧为呈北东向展布的深厚断陷盆地,江南断裂带被一系列北西向断裂所切割,研究区南部主要受周王断裂带控制。此外,本次研究还认为,江南断裂带的北侧与北西断裂带的交汇处是找矿远景区。     

柴达木盆地北缘北西(西)向断裂及其油气地质意义

柴达木盆地的重力、地震等资料显示,柴达木盆地北缘发育众多的北西(西)向断裂构造带.平面上,这些断裂带自北向南成排成带展布,与重力异常反映的构造格局具有很好的对应关系,控制着褶皱带的走向和发育;剖面上,这些断裂表现为上、下"两层楼"式结构,分别控制着上、下第三系的沉积与演化.研究表明,北西(西)向断裂带对区内油气的聚集与成藏具有重要的控制作用:①烃源岩的展布明显受北西(西)向断裂的控制;②形成多种与断层有关的构造样式,圈闭类型以与逆断层有关的断背斜和断块型构造圈闭为主;③既可作为油气运移的通道,也可作为油气     

肯尼亚Anza盆地东南部重力场及构造特征

肯尼亚Anza盆地东南部地处东非裂谷系，发育了巨厚的中—新生界沉积盖层。然而，该区域勘探程度较低，制约了对其构造体系的认识及油气勘探潜力的评价。文章基于研究区的重力异常数据，针对其构造特征的认识进行了数据处理及解释。研究结果表明，受中非剪切带右旋剪切应力的影响，研究区发育规模较大的北西向基底断裂和规模较小的北东向盖层断裂，且北东向断裂切断北西向断裂；基底深度差异大，总体呈"两凹夹一隆"的特征，凹陷区沉积了巨厚的中—新生界盖层；受北西向拉张断裂和沿构造软弱带发育的北东向断裂的控制，研究区划分为东部凹陷、中部凸起、南部隆起和西部凹陷4个构造单元，呈现"东西分带、南北分块"的构造格局。      

额尔古纳地块中生代火山岩盆地基底构造特征:来自灵泉盆地的启示

灵泉盆地布格重力异常特征表明灵泉盆地两侧重力低异常区主要为侏罗-白垩系断陷区,中部主要为基底隆起区.对布格重力异常进行向上延拓处理,结果发现深部地质体具有"东、西深,中间浅"分布特征;剩余重力异常也说明中部局部重力高主要反映基底隆起,东部和西部局部重力低主要反映侏罗-白垩系断陷.灵泉盆地基底断裂早期以北东向为主,晚期发育北西向断裂,区内还有早期近南北向和东西向断裂存在.将灵泉盆地构造单元划分为西部断陷区、中部隆起区和东部断陷区之后发现,灵泉盆地实际上是个相对隆起而不是断陷盆地,这是盆地发生构造反转作用的结果,额尔古纳地块上的其他中生代火山岩盆地普遍具有这种模式,额尔古纳地块中生代盆地基底总体上具有"南深北浅"的特点.      

内蒙古西部银根一额济纳旗盆地重力场与断裂构造的特征

为了研究银根一额济纳旗盆地的构造特征,为该区油气资源远景调查评价提供依据,系统地收集、研究了已有的重力调查资料,分析了研究区重力场的特征及其成因,推断了研究区的断裂构造体系。研究区区域重力异常主要是由莫霍面起伏变化引起的,剩余重力异常重力高与重力低相间分布的特征,可能一方面反映了研究区凹陷与隆起分布的范围及展布特征,另一方面反映了凹陷与隆起之间发育非对称的断裂。研究区主要发育北东东向（北东向）、北西西向2组断裂,这2组断裂对基底结构、性质、隆坳格架及中生代盆地展布起重要的控制作用。基底断裂将研究区分割成多个块体,使盆地形成凹、凸相间的结构特征。     

内蒙古西部银根-额济纳旗盆地重力场与 断裂构造的特征

为了研究银根-额济纳旗盆地的构造特征,为该区油气资源远景调查评价提供依据,系统地收集、研究了已有的重力调查资料,分析了研究区重力场的特征及其成因,推断了研究区的断裂构造体系。研究区区域重力异常主要是由莫霍面起伏变化引起的,剩余重力异常重力高与重力低相间分布的特征,可能一方面反映了研究区凹陷与隆起分布的范围及展布特征,另一方面反映了凹陷与隆起之间发育非对称的断裂。研究区主要发育北东东向(北东向)、北西西向2组断裂,这2组断裂对基底结构、性质、隆坳格架及中生代盆地展布起重要的控制作用。基底断裂将研究区分割成多个块体,使盆地形成凹、凸相间的结构特征。     

鄂尔多斯盆地古峰庄地区断裂特征及油气地质意义

开展断裂研究对认识盆地构造特征及演化、分析其对油气成藏的控制作用具有重要意义.以三维地震资料为主,应用多种方法和资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地西部古峰庄地区的断裂特征进行了系统研究,并结合钻探结果分析断裂对油气运聚成藏的控制作用.研究表明:古峰庄地区共发育北东东、北西和近南北向3组近直立、断距小、隐蔽性强的断裂,在空间上具有"纵向分层,带状分布"的特点;各组断裂的平面展布特征和剖面构造组合样式存在较大差异;3组微小断裂依次形成于燕山期右旋张性走滑、印支期左旋张性走滑和加里东期拉张背景;北西向断裂有利于油气运聚成藏,在断裂伴生圈闭、断裂强活动带、裂缝发育处三者耦合的部位是油气成藏的有利区.     

渤海湾盆地与苏北-南黄海盆地构造特征和成因对比

渤海湾盆地和苏北-南黄海盆地为我国重要的含油气盆地,但由于所处的构造背景不同,导致石油地质条件相差很大,对比两者在构造特征和形成演化上的异同对于探讨两盆地的油气成藏条件具有重要意义。通过实际资料并分析大量研究成果认为:两盆地均为陆相断陷盆地,内部凹陷受生长断层控制而呈"箕状",在断裂特征、活动性等很多方面具有相似性,而在盆地结构、断裂展布等方面差异明显;盆地浅部构造的形成是深部物质活动的响应,深部热隆升对渤海湾盆地形成起到重要作用但不是引起苏北-南黄海盆地裂陷的原因,扬子板块与华北板块的碰撞对两盆地基底形成起到了决定作用,滨太平洋构造域板块多次转向、俯冲是两盆地裂陷和内部构造形成的重要原因之一,印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞导致大量深部物质向东、东南逃逸而影响两盆地的演化过程。结合盆地形成的影响因素,在区域动力学分析基础上,分六个阶段解释渤海湾盆地和苏北-南黄海盆地的形成演化。     

渤海西部海域新生代构造与演化及对油气聚集的控制

渤海西部处于渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷中北区,东与渤中坳陷衔接,周临多个新生代富(含)烃洼陷,该区具有较大的油气勘探潜力。本文利用区内现有的大量勘探资料对其基本构造特征、演化史及其对油气聚集的控制作用进行了详细的研究与探讨。认为研究区整体构造格架受近东西向、北东向、北西向3组基底断裂控制,近东西向和北西向断层控制古近纪断陷及区内整体构造格局,而北东向与北西向断层在新近纪发生较强烈的走滑活动; 研究区新生代经历了多阶段演化过程,同时又整体表现出具隆拗过渡、整体隆升的演化背景; 复杂多阶段的演化过程使得区内油气多层位复式成藏; 另外,新近纪晚期构造活跃使得区内油气多在新近系浅层晚期成藏,并沿北西向与北东向断层优势成藏展布。     

胜坨地区沙河街组沙四上亚段砂砾岩体沉积相与油气分布

摘 要 胜坨地区沙四上亚段发育了以砂砾岩扇体为主的沉积体系,在深水区存在各种浊积砂砾岩体。本文在岩心观察和描述的基础上,结合测井等资料,对胜坨地区沙四上亚段砂砾岩体的沉积特征进行了研究,并分析了其油气分布特征。结果表明胜坨地区沙四上亚段在同生断层的下降盘主要发育水进型扇三角洲沉积体系,同时还广泛发育了重力流水道和滑塌浊积扇等浊积砂砾岩体。该区各类砂砾岩油藏在平面上由洼陷中心向边缘相带依次分布岩性油气藏—构造油气藏—地层油气藏,油气分布明显受沉积相控制,不同的相带储层物性差异明显。扇三角洲扇中部位储集物性较好,为油气聚集有利相带;滑塌浊积扇和重力流水道等浊积岩体次之;扇三角洲扇根、扇端则因储集物性较差,含油气性较差。此外,继承性深洼陷与岩性的分区性对油气分布有较大的影响。     

尼日尔三角洲深水勘探研究面临的挑战及其对策

面对深水勘探开发钻井和工程难度大、经济投资成本高的特点,针对深水区复杂油气藏,本文首先在深水研究区从深水重力构造形成机制和深水沉积储层研究入手,创新了深水研究区成藏规律认识。在深水重力构造研究方面,发现其由陆向海的演化模式,按演化和特征分成3种类型,建立深水沉积和重力控制下的构造模式;在深水沉积研究方面,以刻画深水沉积特征为基础,分析了海平面升降影响和重力流密度对深水沉积的控制作用,建立了两种深水沉积模式;然后通过研究重力构造、深水沉积与油气成藏三者的关系,确立了重力构造对深水油气成藏的主控作用,以及深水沉积储层与油气富集规律的关系,建立了深水油气成藏模式。在此基础上,提出了以断层为线索,落实构造,追踪油气,以沉积为单元,计算储量和资源量,进行深水高效勘探评价的新方法。并将上述思路应用到深水复杂油气藏勘探研究中,取得了较好的实际效果。     

深部流体中氢的油气成藏效应初探

深部流体对含油气盆地内油气成藏的影响已不断得到认识 ,人们在越来越多的油气田中发现了深部流体参与油气成藏的证据。氢是深部流体中重要的还原组分 ,许多沉积盆地都有氢异常的报道。深部来源的氢至少可能通过两种途径进入沉积盆地内 :一种是地球深部的氢直接通过深部脱气进入沉积盆地 ,通道为切穿盆地基底的深大断裂或伴随的火山活动 ;另一种来源是超基性岩的次生蚀变 ,如橄榄岩的蛇纹石化也可以放出氢。氢与沉积盆地内的有机质发生作用将会大大提高烃类的产率。加氢反应和合成反应是两种不同的机制。模拟实验表明在沉积盆地中存在加氢反应的条件 ,加氢反应可能是含油气盆地中广泛存在的一种生烃机制。在中国东部地区裂谷型盆地广泛地分布 ,并具有众多切穿基底的深大断裂 ,研究证实存在相当多的无机成因天然气 ,这预示着研究深部流体中氢的成藏效应不仅具有理论意义 ,而且也具有重要的现实意义。     

Otway Continental Margin Transect: Crustal architecture from wide‐angle seismic profiling across Australia's southern margin

The Otway Basin in southeastern Australia formed on a triangular‐shaped area of extended continental lithosphere during two extensional episodes in Cretaceous to Miocene times. The extent of the offshore continental margin is highlighted by Seasat/Geosat satellite altimeter data. The crustal architecture and structural features across this southeast Australian margin have been interpreted from offshore‐onshore wide‐angle seismic profiling data along the Otway Continental Margin Transect extending from the onshore Lake Condah High, through the town of Portland, to the deep Southern Ocean. Along the Otway Continental Margin Transect, the onshore half‐graben geometry of Early Cretaceous deposition gives way offshore to a 5 km‐thick slope basin (P‐wave velocity 2.2–4.6 km/s) to at least 60 km from the shoreline. At 120 km from the nearest shore in a water depth of 4220 m, sonobuoy data indicate a 4–5 km sedimentary sequence overlying a 7 km thick basement above the Moho at 15 km depth. Major fault zones affect the thickness of basin sequences in the onshore area (Tartwaup Fault Zone and its southeast continuation) and at the seaward edge of the Mussel Platform (Mussel Fault). Upper crustal basement is interpreted to be attenuated and thinned Palaeozoic rocks of the Delamerian and Lachlan Orogens (intruded with Jurassic volcanics) that thin from 16 km onshore to about 3.5 km at 120 km from the nearest shore. Basement rocks comprise a 3 km section with velocity 5.5–5.7 km/s overlying a deeper basement unit with velocity 6.15–6.35 km/s. The Moho shallows from a depth of 30 km onshore to 15 km depth at 120 km from the nearest shore, and then to about 12 km in the deep ocean at the limits of the transect (water depth 5200 m). The continent‐ocean boundary is interpreted to be at a prominent topographic inflection point 170 km from shore at the bottom of the continental slope in 4800 m of water. P‐wave velocities in the lower crust are 6.4–6.8 km/s, overlying a thin transition zone to an upper mantle velocity of 8.05 km/s beneath the Moho. Outstandingly clear Moho reflections seen in deep‐marine profiling data at about 10.3 s two‐way time under the slope basin and continent‐ocean boundary place further strong controls on crustal thickness. There is no evidence of massive high velocity (>7 km/s) intrusives/underplate material in the lower crust nor any synrift or early post‐rift subaerial volcanics, indicating that the Otway continental margin can be considered a non‐volcanic margin, similar in many respects to some parts of the Atlantic Ocean margins e.g. the Nova Scotia ‐ Newfoundland margin off Canada and the Galicia Bank off the Iberian Peninsula. Using this analogue, the prominent gravity feature trending northwest‐southeast at the continent‐ocean boundary may indicate the presence of highly serpentinised mantle material beneath a thin crust, but this has yet to be tested by detailed work.     

Formation of diapiric structure in the deformation zone,central Indian Ocean: A model from gravity and seismic reflection data

Analyses of bathymetry, gravity and seismic reflection data of the diffusive plate boundary in the central Indian Ocean reveal a new kind of deformed structure besides the well-reported structures of long-wavelength anticlinal basement rises and high-angle reverse faults. The structure (basement trough) has a length of about 150 km and deepens by up to 1 km from its regional trend (northward dipping). The basement trough includes a rise at its center with a height of about 1.5km. The rise is about 10 km wide with rounded upper surface and bounded by vertical faults. A broad freeair gravity low of about 20 mGal and a local high of 8 mGal in its center are associated with the identified basement trough and rise structure respectively. Seismic results reveal that the horizontal crustal compression prevailing in the diffusive plate boundary might have formed the basement trough possibly in early Pliocene time. Differential loading stresses have been generated from unequal crust/sediment thickness on lower crustal and upper mantle rocks. A thin semi-ductile serpentinite layer existing near the base of the crust that is interpreted to have been formed at mid-ocean ridge and become part of the lithosphere, may have responded to the downward loading stresses generated by the sediments and crustal rocks to inject the serpentinites into the overlying strata to form a classic diapiric structure.     

孟加拉湾若开海域晚新生代构造变形及其对油气的控制作用

利用钻井、二维和三维地震资料,剖析了孟加拉湾若开海域晚新生代的构造变形特征,探讨了构造变形对油气的控制作用。区域深度地质剖面揭示,研究区南部仅发育底部滑脱层(深度10 km),而北部则发育底部滑脱层(深度12 km)和中部滑脱层(深度4 km);受滑脱层的控制,研究区南部仅发育一套构造层,而北部则发育变形不协调的上、下两套构造层;南部背斜的南北向延伸距离、波长及背斜间隔距离均明显大于北部。通过北部局部构造精细解析表明,研究区北部变形相对较复杂,上构造层主要发育近南北向的背斜和次级张扭性右旋走滑断层,二者形成时间分别为晚第四纪和晚第四纪末。若开海域晚新生代的构造变形对圈闭形成、油气运聚和保存条件具有重要的控制作用。指出研究区南部平缓褶皱带构造—岩性复合圈闭具备形成大油气田的条件,是下一步油气勘探的重要目标。     

琼东南盆地中央峡谷沉积充填特征及油气地质意义

综合利用地震、测井、岩芯、岩屑分析化验资料及古生物资料,研究了琼东南盆地中央峡谷形态、沉积充填特征及其油气地质意义。结果表明,位于琼东南盆地中央坳陷带的中央峡谷,西起始莺歌海盆地东部陆坡,东终止南海西北次海盆,整体呈SW—NE走向,平面上呈"S"形,剖面上呈对称或不对称"V"和"U"型,峡谷长、底宽、顶宽和谷深分别约为580km、1～3km、6～15km、400～600m;峡谷以溯源堆积方式充填了相互叠置的多期砂岩和泥岩,中、下部以近基浊积岩充填为主,向上逐渐过渡为远基浊积岩和深海相泥岩;峡谷沉积体系划分为峡谷中心、边缘和漫溢3个微相;峡谷不仅是碎屑物质的通道,也是碎屑物质卸载堆积和油气运移、富集的重要场所,发育隐蔽岩性和构造-岩性复合油气藏。     

重磁电综合地球物理探测河套盆地深部结构

从地球物理的角度出发,利用重力、磁法及电法勘探对河套盆地第四系深覆盖区展开深入研究,对河套断陷带南北边界断裂——鄂尔多斯北界断裂、色尔腾山前断裂的性质,河套盆地第四纪沉积物特征及厚度,河套沉积基底构造的探测进行了大量研究工作,并利用电法剖面对该区第四纪含水层分布规律进行了初步研究。通过重磁联合反演、天然地震数据,分析并推断了研究区由南向北的4条隐伏断层F₁-F₄及狼山-色尔腾山前大断裂F₅,同时揭露了该区结晶基底的起伏及埋深,研究区南部基底深度2.5~4.2 km,北部中心基底最大埋深可达6 km,北部色尔腾山前断裂带迅速升至0~1 km。      

Tectonic evolution of the triple junction off central Honshu for the past 1 million years

We discuss several models of the evolution of the trench-trench-trench triple junction off central Honshu during the past 1 m.y. on the basis of plate kinematics, morphology, gravity and seismic reflection profile data available for the area. The study area is characterized by large basins, 7–8 km deep on the inner lower trench slope on the Philippine Sea side and the deep (9 km) Izu-Bonin Trench to the east. Between the basins and the trench, there are 6–7 km-deep basement highs. The triple junction is unstable due to the movement of the Philippine Sea plate at a velocity of 3 cm/yr in WNW direction with respect to Eurasia (Northeast Japan), subparallel to the strike of the Sagami Trough. Generally we can expect the boundary area between the Philippine Sea and Pacific plates to be extended because the Pacific plate is unlikely to follow the retreating Philippine Sea plate due to the obstruction of the southeastern corner of Eurasia. The above peculiar morphology of the junction area could have resulted from this lack of stability. However, there are several possible ways to explain the above morphology.

Our gravity model across the trench-basement high-basin area shows that the basement highs are made of low-density materials (1.8–2 g/cm³). Thus we reject the mantle diapir model which proposes that the basement highs have been formed by diapiric injection of serpentinites between the retreating Philippine Sea plate and the Pacific plate.

The stretched basin model proposes that the basins have been formed by stretching of the Philippine Sea plate wedge. We estimated the extension to be about 10 km at the largest basin. We reconstructed the morphology at 1 Ma by moving the Philippine Sea plate 20 km farther to the east after closing the basins, and thus obtained 8 km depth of the 1 Ma trench, which is similar to that of the present Japan Trench to the north. Although this stretched basin model can explain the formation of the basins and the deep trench, other models are equally possible. For instance, the eduction model explains the origin of the basin by the eduction of the Philippine Sea basement from beneath the basement high, while the accretion model explains the basement highs by the accretion of the Izu-Bonin trench wedge sediments. In both of these models we can reconstruct the 1 Ma trench depth as about 8 km, similar to that of the stretched basin model.

The deformation of the basement of the basins constitutes the best criterion to differentiate between these models. The multi-channel seismic reflection profiles show that the basement of the largest basin is cut by normal faults, in particular at its eastern edge. This suggests that the stretched basin model is most likely. However, the upper part of the sediments shows that the basement high to the east has been recently uplifted. This uplift is probably due to the recent (0.5 Ma) start of accretion of the trench wedge sediments beneath this basement high.     

Gravity and magnetic data analysis of block-35, Jiza' basin,Eastern Yemen

The Jiza' basin is located in the eastern part of Yemen, trending generally in the E–W direction. It is filled with Middle Jurassic to recent sediments, which increase in thickness approximately from 3,000 m to more than 9,000 m. In this study, block-35 of this sedimentary basin is selected to detect the major subsurface geological and structural features characterizing this basin and controlling its hydrocarbon potentials. To achieve these goals, the available detailed gravity and magnetic data, scale 1:100,000, were intensively subjected to different kinds of processing and interpretation steps. Also, the available seismic reflection sections and deep wells data were used to confirm the interpretation. The results indicated three average depth levels; 12.5, 2.4, and 0.65 km for the deep, intermediate, and shallow gravity sources and 5.1 and 0.65 km for the deep and shallow magnetic sources. Accordingly, the residual and regional anomaly maps were constructed. These maps revealed a number of high and low structures (horsts and grabens and half grabens), ranging in depth from 0.5 km to less than 4.5 km and trending mainly in the ENE, NW, and NE directions. However, the analytical signal for both gravity and magnetic data also showed locations, dimensions, and approximate depths of the shallow and near surface anomaly sources. The interpretation of the gravity and magnetic anomalies in the area indicated that the NW, NNW, ENE, and NE trends characterize the shallow to deep gravity anomaly sources; however, the NE, NW, and NNE trends characterize the magnetic anomaly sources, mainly the basement. Two-dimensional geologic models were also constructed for three long gravity anomaly profiles that confirmed and tied with the available deep wells data and previously interpreted seismic sections. These models show the basement surface and the overlying sedimentary section as well as the associated faults.