页岩气水平井含气性定量评价方法研究 ——以涪陵页岩气田为例

页岩气水平井含气性评价是页岩气开发评价的难点之一。以四川盆地涪陵页岩气田奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组页岩为主要研究对象,依据大量页岩气水平井钻井及生产数据,结合研究区探井含气性主控因素的分析结果,优选出4项有效评价页岩气水平井含气性的参数:全烃校正值、孔隙压力系数、测井解释孔隙度及测井解释含气量。选取涪陵页岩气田焦石坝区块的压裂施工参数相当的53口水平井作为样本井,采用赋值法和极大值法对各项参数值统一量纲,再通过灰色关联系数方法计算各项参数的权重,最终建立水平井含气性计算方程。基于计算结果的概率累积曲线,建立了页岩气水平井含气性分级模型。整体上形成了一套能够定量评价页岩气水平井含气性的方法体系。对研究区样本井之外的页岩气水平井进行含气性定量评价,结果与实际生产数据吻合度较高,证实该方法能较好地反映页岩气水平井的含气能力,可以有效预测气井测试产量。     

涪陵气田焦石坝区块页岩气储层储集空间特征及其定量评价

四川盆地涪陵气田焦石坝区块上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组一段海相页岩气储层是由孔隙和裂隙组成的双孔隙岩层。为确定储层的含气量和产出能力,应用页岩气测井评价技术对储层的孔隙度和渗透率进行了定性认识,并提出了定量评价方法。认为用"经验统计法"可以有效计算出页岩气储层的孔隙度,但由目前的测井评价技术所得到的渗透率仅能反映储层渗透率的变化趋势。     

定测录导一体化技术在涪陵页岩气田的应用

为满足涪陵二期复杂构造条件下钻井的提速增效,引入了旋转导向工具,应用定测录导一体化工作模式,通过旋转导向工具选型、地层特性与钻头匹配性、优化轨迹控制方法、完善现有信息平台和导向软件,形成了定测录导一体化技术。经过涪陵页岩气田8口井的现场应用试验,储层钻遇率明显提高,轨迹控制圆滑,钻井提速明显,达到了“跨界组合、创新发展”的目的,具有较强的推广性和适用性。     

自生黏土矿物与甜点储层的关系——以涠西南凹陷和文昌A凹陷为例

黏土矿物是碎屑岩储层中胶结物的重要组成部分,其类型、含量对储层的质量有较大的影响.以涠西南凹陷和文昌A凹陷的黏土矿物为研究对象,开展了薄片观察、阴极发光、压汞测试、扫描电镜、X衍射、物性分析等研究.结果表明:甜点储层发育与黏土矿物的关系密切,低孔渗背景下发育2类相对优质储层的黏土矿物组合.涠西南凹陷流沙港组甜点储层多发育于中粗砂岩与含砾粗砂岩中,储层酸性流体活动强度大,溶蚀作用强烈,高岭石相对含量较高,孔隙类型以溶蚀孔、粒间孔为主.高岭石存在早期大气淡水淋滤型和后期有机酸溶蚀型2种成因.文昌A凹陷珠海组优质储层多位于扇三角洲砂体前缘,受阵发性水流与海水改造,绿泥石相对含量高,孔隙类型以残余粒间孔为主.绿泥石以颗粒包膜和孔隙衬里型为主,粒间充填的团簇状绿泥石为辅.黏土矿物的分析对寻找甜点储层和指导油气勘探具有重要的意义.     

地质流体对砂岩储层黏土矿物的影响——以渤海海域古近系为例

根据偏光显微镜、扫描电镜和X-衍射等分析手段获取的数据和资料,分析对比了早期沉积水介质、幔源CO2流体、大气水、超压流体和充注烃类等对储层黏土矿物的控制作用。研究表明,早期沉积水介质是储层黏土矿物的决定性因素,微咸水-半咸水湖盆储层黏土矿物以伊利石为主,淡水湖盆储层黏土矿物以高岭石为主;幔源CO2流体侵位后带来明显的储层改造和热波动效应,储层中I/S中S%含量低于同深度泥岩,储层中高岭石含量明显偏高。欠压实超压储层中黏土演化明显滞后,表现在I/S中S%含量低于同深度泥岩和常压储层。油气层高岭石含量往往远高于相近深度的水层,可能与充注烃类携带的有机酸的溶蚀作用有关,另外,烃类充注后形成的惰性成岩环境也有利于高岭石的保存,高岭石的高含量带常与油层及高渗层相对应;受大气水淋滤的储层,以长石大量溶蚀,富含高岭石为特征,储层孔隙度一般较高。     

涪陵江东区块三维水平井优快钻井技术 ——以焦页91平台为例

涪陵二期建产区地质构造比一期更加复杂,目的层埋深更深,水平段倾角变化较大,这些客观因素造成钻井施工困难,钻井周期普遍延长。焦页91平台是部署在二期江东区块西南部的边缘井,地质条件复杂,钻井工程施工难度大。本文深入分析了该平台的第1口井焦页912HF井施工过程中遇到的复杂情况以及造成钻井周期长的主要原因,在后续2口井的施工过程中,针对第1口井出现的问题,采取改进堵漏措施,钻头、螺杆优选,优化井眼轨道,配套提速工具,提高钻井液性能,使用旋转导向工具等技术措施,精细施工,取得了良好的效果,钻头行程和机械钻速大幅提升,钻井周期大大缩短,为涪陵二期江东区块钻井施工提供了经验。     

自生黏土矿物与甜点储层的关系——以涠西南凹陷和文昌A凹陷为例

黏土矿物是碎屑岩储层中胶结物的重要组成部分,其类型、含量对储层的质量有较大的影响。以涠西南凹陷和文昌A凹陷的黏土矿物为研究对象,开展了薄片观察、阴极发光、压汞测试、扫描电镜、X衍射、物性分析等研究。结果表明: 甜点储层发育与黏土矿物的关系密切,低孔渗背景下发育2类相对优质储层的黏土矿物组合。涠西南凹陷流沙港组甜点储层多发育于中粗砂岩与含砾粗砂岩中,储层酸性流体活动强度大,溶蚀作用强烈,高岭石相对含量较高,孔隙类型以溶蚀孔、粒间孔为主。高岭石存在早期大气淡水淋滤型和后期有机酸溶蚀型2种成因。文昌A凹陷珠海组优质储层多位于扇三角洲砂体前缘,受阵发性水流与海水改造,绿泥石相对含量高,孔隙类型以残余粒间孔为主。绿泥石以颗粒包膜和孔隙衬里型为主,粒间充填的团簇状绿泥石为辅。黏土矿物的分析对寻找甜点储层和指导油气勘探具有重要的意义。     

沉积环境对页岩气储层的控制作用——以渝东北地区五峰组-龙马溪组为例

以"沉积控相,相控储层"为研究思路,基于野外露头剖面实测与室内实验测试,以及前人的研究成果,探讨渝东北地区上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组沉积环境对页岩气储层的控制作用。研究表明,渝东北地区五峰组-龙马溪组富有机质泥页岩主要发育于滞留浅海陆棚相中,沉积中心页岩厚度可达70~80m,有机碳含量(TOC)最高可达7.56%,平均3.09%。静水缺氧还原沉积环境岩石类型主要以富含有机质的含碳质含粉砂泥(页)岩、含碳质含硅质泥(页)岩、含硅质泥(页)岩、含碳质泥(页)岩、含粉砂泥(页)岩及硅质泥(页)岩为主。页岩矿物成分以石英(平均达62.76%)和黏土矿物(平均达22.61%)为主。缺氧还原环境下沉积的大量黄铁矿形成的黄铁矿晶间孔、黏土矿物层间微孔隙、有机质生烃形成的微孔隙以及脆性矿物控制形成的微裂缝为页岩气提供了良好的储集空间。沉积环境控制的储层发育特征的研究可为页岩展布、有机质丰度、储集空间及其之后有利区评价等研究提供基础。     

页岩气储层孔隙发育特征及主控因素分析:以上扬子地区龙马溪组为例

运用扫描电镜、氩离子抛光场发射电子扫描显微成像与核磁共振测试技术,对渝东南地区Y1井龙马溪组页岩的微米级孔隙、纳米级孔隙和微裂缝发育特征3个层面分别进行定量表征。结合总有机碳含量、有机质显微组分及成熟度、黏土矿物及全岩X射线衍射分析等测试数据,对孔隙发育特征主控因素进行分析。对页岩微米级孔隙发育有促进作用的因素有石英含量和伊利石含量,具有抑制作用的因素有碳酸盐含量和埋藏深度;对有机质纳米级孔隙发育有促进作用的因素有有机质成熟度和伊蒙混层含量,具有抑制作用的因素为方解石含量;对微裂缝发育有促进作用的因素有石英含量、有机质成熟度和总有机碳含量,具有抑制作用的因素是碳酸盐含量。     

矩形断裂石香肠矿物成分体积分数与其流变学意义研究——以湖北铁山为例

以湖北大冶铁山地区发育的矩形断裂石香肠为例,从地质研究的角度探索了矩形断裂石香肠体的黏度与其矿物组成和体积分数之间的关系。结果表明,当矩形断裂石香肠体中透辉石的体积分数越大,则石英、绢云母和方解石等矿物的体积分数越小,对应的石香肠体的黏度就越大;它们的能干性排序依次为：透辉石〉石英和绢云母〉方解石。     

滇黔北坳陷及邻区下志留统龙马溪组页岩气储层特征

基于8口钻井、2个剖面点的岩样观察和测试分析,滇黔北坳陷及邻区下志留统龙马溪组下段是富有机质泥页岩发育的层段,有机质演化达到过成熟阶段。X衍射全岩分析表明,龙马溪组泥页岩由黏土矿物、石英、碳酸盐、长石、黄铁矿等矿物组成,黏土矿物则以伊利石为主。泥页岩的平均脆性指数56.11%~73.21%,压裂时易于形成网络裂缝;常规物性测试,孔隙度、渗透率很低,扫描电镜观察,纳米级孔隙和裂缝发育。     

四川盆地长宁—威远页岩气示范区下志留统龙马溪组泥页岩吸附特征及影响因素分析

针对四川盆地长宁—威远页岩气示范区志留系龙马溪组泥页岩吸附气量大(70%~80%)的特性,对该页岩气区11口井龙马溪组优质页岩段的岩心样品作X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜和等温吸附分析测试,结合大量泥页岩含气量实测数据,统计分析及评价表明:研究区地层因素中,生烃条件如总有机碳含量(0.17%~4.3%)、有机质类型(Ⅰ、Ⅱ1型)和成熟度(2.4%~3.0%),以及储层条件如矿物成分、孔隙体积(3%~6%)、孔隙结构(中孔为主)和湿度,主要是通过改变页岩气生成量和吸附活性表面的大小而产生影响;外部因素如温度和压力主要是通过改变气体分子的活化能和结合能而对泥页岩吸附能力产生一定的影响。     

混合钻头在涪陵页岩气田的应用

涪陵页岩气田是中国第一个正式投入商业开采的海相页岩气田,历经2013年的开发评价试验阶段及2014-2015年的一期产能建设阶段,通过攻关研究与现场试验应用,创新形成了适合涪陵页岩气田勘探开发的钻完井技术系列,二期产建推进以来,由于埋深的增加、地层的不确定性,对钻井提速提效造成了巨大的阻碍,其中部分复杂层系的钻头选型显得尤为困难,主要体现在常规钻头行程钻速低、起下钻趟次多、定向困难等几个方面。通过对岩石可钻性及定向难点分析,针对平桥区块小河坝组地层研磨性强、砂泥岩交错的特点,优选了121/4 in高研磨性混合钻头;针对二开深层大三维井定向托压严重的问题,优选了121/4 in高效定向混合钻头;针对三开龙马溪组（含浊积砂岩）定向段高造斜率及研磨性强的特点,优选了81/2 in硬地层定向混合钻头。截止2019年2月,3种型号混合钻头在涪陵工区累计使用200余井次,平均减少起下钻4～5趟次,缩短钻井周期6～7 d。混合钻头的优选应用,为二期产建的钻井提速提效提供了技术保障,为下步页岩气田的高效开发提供了钻头选型方案。     

涪陵页岩气田加密井轨道优化设计技术

为了进一步降低涪陵页岩气田加密调整井的施工难度,提高钻井速度,针对涪陵工区的地质特点,开展加密井轨道优化设计技术研究。页岩气三维轨道设计主要有五点六段制、斜面圆弧六段制、双二维等三种类型,本文通过定向段长、摩阻、扭矩等指标对比优选,得出斜面圆弧三维轨道设计更适合涪陵工区加密井轨道设计。为了优化斜面圆弧三维轨道设计参数,本文以一口三维水平井为例进行轨道优化,通过对比不同造斜点、造斜率情况下摩阻和扭矩的变化规律,以摩阻扭矩最小为优化目标,优选造斜点和造斜率,为涪陵页岩气田加密井轨道优化设计提供借鉴。     

A Strain Rate Dependent Constitutive Model for the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation Shale in the Fuling Gas Field of the Sichuan Basin,China

Shale, as a kind of brittle rock, often exhibits different nonlinear stress-strain behavior, failure and time-dependent behavior under different strain rates. To capture these features, this work conducted triaxial compression tests under axial strain rates ranging from 5×10?6 s?1 to 1×10?3 s?1. The results show that both elastic modulus and peak strength have a positive correlation relationship with strain rates. These strain rate-dependent mechanical behaviors of shale are originated from damage growth, which is described by a damage parameter. When axial strain is the same, the damage parameter is positively correlated with strain rate. When strain rate is the same, with an increase of axial strain, the damage parameter decreases firstly from an initial value (about 0.1 to 0.2), soon reaches its minimum (about 0.1), and then increases to an asymptotic value of 0.8. Based on the experimental results, taking yield stress as the cut-off point and considering damage variable evolution, a new measure of micro-mechanical strength is proposed. Based on the Lemaitre’s equivalent strain assumption and the new measure of micro-mechanical strength, a statistical strain-rate dependent damage constitutive model for shale that couples physically meaningful model parameters was established. Numerical back-calculations of these triaxial compression tests results demonstrate the ability of the model to reproduce the primary features of the strain rate dependent mechanical behavior of shale.     

A Quantitative Evaluation of Shale Gas Content in Different Occurrence States of the Longmaxi Formation: A New Insight from Well JY-A in the Fuling Shale Gas Field,Sichuan Basin

Comprehensive quantitative evaluation of shale gas content and the controlling factors in different occurrence states is of great significance for accurately assessing gas-bearing capacity and providing effective well-production strategies. A total of 122 core samples from well JY-A in the Fuling shale gas field were studied to reveal the characteristics of S_1 l shale,15 of which were selected to further predict the shale gas content in different occurrence states, which are dependent on geological factors in the thermal evolution process. Geological parameters were researched by a number of laboratory programs, and the factors influential in controlling shale gas content were extracted by both PCA and GRA methods and prediction models were confirmed by the BE method using SPSS software. Results reveal that the adsorbed gas content is mainly controlled by TOC, Ro, SSA, PD and pyrite content, and the free gas content is mainly controlled by S_2, quartz content, gas saturation and formation pressure for S_1 l in well JY-A. Three methods, including the on-site gas desorption method, the empirical formula method, and the multiple regression analysis method were used in combination to evaluate the shale gas capacity of well JY-A, all of which show that the overall shale gas content of well JY-A is in the range of 2.0–5.0 m~3/t and that the free gas ratio is about 50%, lower than that of well JY-1. Cause analysis further confirms the tectonics and preservation conditions of S_1 l in the geological processes, especially the influence of eastern boundary faults on well JY-A, as the fundamental reasons for the differences in shale gas enrichment in the Jiaoshiba area.     

Types and Characteristics of the Lower Silurian Shale Gas Reservoirs in and Around the Sichuan Basin

This study analyzed the characteristics and types of the Lower Silurian shale gas reservoirs in and around Sichuan Basin through field observations, slices, Ar-ion-beam milling, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction analysis of 25 black shale outcrops and samples. Two main types of shale gas reservoirs were determined, i.e., fractures and pores. Fractures were classified into five categories, i.e., giant, large, medium, small, and micro, according to the features of the shale gas reservoirs, effect of fracture on gas accumulation, and fracture nature. Pore types include organic matter pores, mineral pores (mineral surface, intraparticle, interparticle, and corrosional pore), and nanofractures. The various fracture types, fracture scales, pore types, and pore sizes exert different controls over the gas storage and production capacity. Pores serve as a reservoir for gas storage and, the gas storage capacity can be determined using pores; fractures serve as pathways for gas migration, and gas production capacity can be determined using them.     

确定储集层物性参数下限的一种新方法及其应用--以鄂尔多斯盆地中部气田为例

分布函数曲线法是一种确定储集层物性参数下限的新方法。该方法从统计学角度出发,通过有效含气层与非有效含气层样本分布函数曲线之间的关系确定储集层物性参数下限值,在鄂尔多斯盆地中部气田的实际应用中,效果较好,与采用产能系数法、经验统计法及油田实验测试相比较,得到的结果基本一致,表明这一方法值得进一步推广使用。