镉、铜、铅、镍、铬在毛蚶体内积累、分布和排出的实验研究

环境中的污染物，极少单一存在，往往是多种并存。因此，它们对生物的影响是综合性的，可能产生拮抗(Antagonism)或协同作用(Synergism)。然而，以实验的方法研究多种重金属对海洋动物的效应的报道目前还不多见。已有的多为单种元素的实验研究，如Cunningham和Tripp，对汞在美洲牡蛎体内的积累、排出以及用同位素标记其在组织中的分布做了不少工作； Eisler等做了镉对海洋动物影响的研究；Phillipst近几年来做了监测重金属污染物的生物指标种的探讨。 毛蚶Arca (Anadara) subcrenata Lischke，在我国沿海均有分布，大量产于渤海，是沿海地区的重要食用贝类。作者以毛蚶为实验材料，探讨镉、铜、铅、镍、铬等五种混合的重金属在其体内的积累、排出和在器官组织中的分布，以及盐度变化对其积累的影响。这对于了解重金属对海洋生物的影响，进行环境质量的综合评价是很必要的，尤其在环境条件较为复杂的河口和海湾区域更具有重要意义。     

浙江沿岸贝类生物体中Hg、Cd、Pd、As含量的分析

运用冷原子荧光法、无火焰原子吸收分光光度法及分光光度法对1998年5－6月所采集的浙江沿岸14个测站23个贝类生物样品中的重金属Hg,Cd,Pb,As含量进行了分析。结果表明：贝类生物样品中重金属平均含量，Hg为0．020×20^-6，Cd为1．54×10^-6，Pb为0．49×10^-6，As为1．73×10^-4，贝类不同科间重金属含量存在明显差异，蚶科含Cd量最高，帘蛤科含As量最高，同时对不同海区的贝类生物体中重金属含量进行了比较。     

渤、黄、东海海流和潮汐共同作用下的悬浮物输运、沉积及其季节变化

渤、黄、东海是一个水动力状况相当复杂的半封闭宽陆架海，本海区悬浮颗粒物含量高，季节变化明显，影响范围广，是世界上悬浮物含量最高的海域之一。对于该海域悬浮物的输运沉积过程、分布规律以及底质分布等中外学者均进行过比较深入的研究(秦蕴珊，1963； Honjo et al.，1974；Milliman et al.，1985，1986；秦蕴珊等，1987，1989；杨作升等，1992；Li et al.，1997；孙效功等，2000；雷坤等，2001)。然而，以往的研究大都基于实际海洋调查资料，由于受实测资料在时间和空间覆盖范围上的限制，很难从整体上把握渤、黄、东海陆架区悬浮物输运的时间和空间变化规律。数值模拟的方法能很好地克服上述局限，已有学者从不同角度对渤、黄、东海的某些海域的悬浮物进行了模拟研究。 董礼先等(1989)首先模拟了在二维潮流场作用下，黄、渤海推移质和悬移质的输运状况，得出潮流作用下海底的冲淤状况。Graber等(1989)利用有限水深的风浪模型、模拟了风浪对悬浮物输运、沉积的作用。Yanagi等(1995)用拉格朗日粒子追踪方法对整个东中国海冬季悬浮物的输运、沉积过程进行了计算。江文胜等(2000，2001)考虑了风等气象要素、外海传入的潮波的作用、悬浮物的沉降及再悬浮机制，对渤海中悬浮物的浓度进行了数值模拟。 海洋环流、潮汐、潮流和波浪均对悬浮物的输运与沉积产生影响，尤其在中陆架和外陆架地区，环流对悬浮物的长期输运起决定性作用，因此以往仅针对潮流、风浪作用的模拟很不完整，其结果与实际情况的差别也会较大。其次，海水的流动处在不断变化之中，小到日变化、月变化，大到季节变化、年际变化，因此定常风场、定常温盐场的环流模拟，即诊断流场并不符合实际情形。本文将首先对渤、黄、东海月平均风场、温盐场作用下的环流场进行模拟，进而探讨环流以及潮汐、潮流共同作用下的悬浮物输运过程及其季节变化规律。     

台湾地区湖泊水库悬浮颗粒有机质之碳、氢、氧、氮、硫元素计量分析

对台湾地区１８个湖泊水库水体中悬浮颗粒有机质之碳，氢，氧，氮，硫和叶绿素α的含量进行了分析，其中ＰＯＯ乃首度以元素分析仪直接测量。结果为，ＰＯＣ，ＰＯＨ，ＰＯＯ，ＰＯＮ，ＰＯＳ含量分别介于１３８－８３７０μｇ／Ｌ，１３．７－９２６．１μｇ／Ｌ，３１－２６２３μｍ／Ｌ，１４－１２６５μｇ／Ｌ，１．９－４９．７μｇ／Ｌ之间，Ｃｈ１．ａ含量则介于０．３１－９６．７５μｇ／Ｌ之间，ＰＯＭ元素间原子数关系为     

东亚、东南亚地学图数字化编绘

地理信息系统（GIS）技术作为一种利用计算机对地球空间数据进行采集、存储、检索、查询、分析、建模和表示的有效工具，不仅能够管理数字、文字（属性）和空间（图形、图象）信息，而且能够提供各种空间分析的方法对多种不同的空间信息进行综合分析解释，灵活精美地制作多种成果图件，为地学家提供了在计算机辅助下对地理、地质、地球物理、地球化学等多源地学信息进行对比、综合、分析和解释的有力手段．因而，随着地球科学的不断发展，GIS技术已成为其不可缺少的组成部分，在各个领域发挥愈来愈重要的作用一“东亚、东南亚地学图数字…     

南海海水中溶解态铜、铅、锌、镉环境背景值的初步研究

本文通过对南海海域自然环境中表层海水溶解态Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的分析，讨论了南海表层海水中重金属含量的分布。根据地理环境特征及表层环流结构将南海表层水域分成北部和南部两个重金属背景值海区，并采用统计学方法对海水中重金属的分布类型进行了态性检验，按分布类型分别确定了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的环境背景值。     

渤、黄、东海夏季环流的三维斜压模型

基于拉格朗日时均观点描述环流，建立起潮流与准定常流共同占优势系统中的陆浅海环流模型，并诊断计算了夏季渤、黄、东海的三维环流图。模拟结果较好地再现了渤、黄、东海主要流系的特征。对照冬季结果，对渤、黄、东海环流的季节变化做了阐述。从环流垂向分量的分布图上，可发现渐闽近海、长江口外存在较明显的上升流区。另外，对夏季渤、黄、东海的热盐环流和潮致余流分别进行了模拟，发现它们均能在黄海构成一逆时针向的五流系统，这对形成和维持夏季黄海冷水团的存在有重要作用。热盐环流的模拟结果表明，黄海冷水团环流含有“热成流”的成分；通过Lagrange余流的计算发现环绕黄河冷水团的环流还含有“潮成流”的成分。     

生长素、细胞激动素对海藻细胞内氢离子、钙离子的作用

通过使用荧光扫描显微镜，对海藻条斑紫菜丝状体细胞内氢离子、钙离子进行观察，并测定了生长素、细胞激动素对其作用。结果表明，外源生长素、细胞激动素能引起氢离子、钙离子信号的迅速反应。用ＢＣＥＣＦ染色，结合５３０ｕｍ波长激发，测定出藻类细胞内氢离子浓度下降，证明细胞壁酸化。用Ｆｌｕｏ－３染色，结合４８０ｕｍ波长激发，测定出细胞内的钙离子也分别呈不同程度的信号反应，证明钙离子在藻类中起信息传递的作用。     

环境污染物萘、蒽、菲、芘的好氧微生物降解

多环芳烃（PAHs）是环境污染物，具有致癌性和致突变性。选取香港米埔红树林淤泥富集微生物，研究红树林微生物对PAHs的好氧降解。试验观察到，萘、蒽、菲、芘在液体培养条件下均有较强的挥发性。多底物培养液中的菌群浓度明显高于单底物系统。多次连续转接使培养液中的细菌生长能力增强。初始底物浓度可影响细菌生长速率，底物浓度过低或过高均不利于细菌生长。从分离得到的降解菌中选取豚鼠气单胞菌Aeromonascaviae WⅡ和斑点气单胞菌Aeromonas punctata TⅡ进行单菌降解试验，结果表明，豚鼠气单胞菌WⅡ能够高效降解4种底物，而斑点气单胞菌TⅡ能够高效降解萘、蒽和芘3种底物。另外还发现斑点气单胞菌TⅡ能够明显降低水中菲的挥发速度。     

黄、渤海海岸风沙地貌类型及其分布规律和发育模式

于１９９０－１９９４年，对黄，渤海海岸风沙地貌，风沙沉积，风沙灾害和土地沙漠化现象进行详细的外业调查，测量和填图，在此基础上，利用ＧＩＳ技术原理，对海岸岗沙地貌进行系统的分类研究，对海岸风沙地貌分布规律和发育模式进行较深入的探讨，结果表明，研究区风沙地貌，风沙灾害和土地沙漠化现象主要分布在冬，春季气候干旱，风力强而持久，砂源丰富的渤海海岸和山东半岛半岸的砂质海岸地区，海岸沙丘和风成砂地总面积达７０     

Research into fisheries equity and fairness—addressing conservation burden concerns in transboundary fisheries

Conservation and management of transboundary fisheries must account for diverse national interests while adopting compromises necessary to develop and implement robust conservation and management measures. The United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement requires states to ensure that conservation and management measures for straddling and highly migratory fisheries do not transfer a disproportionate burden of conservation action onto developing states. However, fulfilling this obligation in transboundary fisheries is undermined by the lack of agreed transparent frameworks for assessing the impact of alternative conservation and management measures, and distributive decision making processes for adopting measures that meet scientific and equity obligations. A new informal and multi-disciplinary research partnership, the Fisheries Equity Research Network, has been established to encourage international research into the equitable distribution of conservation limits in trans-boundary oceanic fisheries. The Fisheries Equity Research Network will research transparent and equitable rules and frameworks for assessing and distributing conservation burdens in transboundary fisheries.     

The science-policy interface in fisheries management: Insights about the influence of organizational structure and culture on information pathways

Understanding how information flows between scientific and decision-making communities is essential for the creation of effective strategies to link scientific advice to management decisions. Interviews of scientists and managers in two inter-related fisheries management organizations – the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) and the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) – and direct observations at science and management meetings revealed important organizational characteristics that influence the production, communication, and use of scientific information in decision-making. Formal processes for communicating scientific advice to managers – DFO's Canadian Scientific Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) and NAFO's Fisheries Commission's Request for Advice – demonstrate the use of credible, relevant, and legitimate advice for operational decision-making for fisheries management. Such defined processes, in addition to governmental bureaucracy, departmentalization, and de-centralization, can limit communication as highlighted for Canada as a Contracting Party to NAFO. Administrative mechanisms can pose challenges to implementing ecosystem approaches to fisheries management (EAF) and to addressing the impacts of climate change. Emerging organizational structures and behaviours facilitate communication at the science-policy interface, within and between the organizations, thereby improving understanding of science and management needs and promoting trust relationships between scientists and managers. The involvement of multiple stakeholders in the information pathways addresses concerns about scientific uncertainty in assessment advice. A linear model of information flow typifies operational decision-making; however, collaborative models that incorporate different types of information, apart from fisheries science, are required to enable ecosystem-based management. The characteristics of the information pathways are particularly relevant as the organizations address their EAF mandates.     

Fisheries observers as enforcement assets: Lessons from the North Pacific

Fisheries observers can both collect scientific data and report on compliance with fisheries regulations. Observers are used only for scientific purposes in most US fisheries. However, North Pacific groundfish fisheries observers are required to report violations of fisheries regulations that they witness. Based on evaluation of historical enforcement incidents and survey data, this paper considers the effects of mandatory reporting in the North Pacific. The goal of this analysis is to determine whether and how observer enforcement in the North Pacific differs from observer enforcement in other US fisheries and to determine what benefits observer enforcement might yield if adopted in other fisheries.     

Sustainable use of flatfish resources: Addressing the credibility crisis in mixed fisheries management

Many flatfish species are caught in mixed demersal trawl fisheries and managed by Total Allowable Catch (TAC). Despite decades of fisheries management, several major stocks are severely depleted. Using the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) as an example, the failure of mixed-fisheries management is analysed by focussing on: the management system; the role of science; the role of managers and politicians; the response of fisheries to management. Failure of the CFP management could be ascribed to: incorrect management advice owing to bias in stock assessments; the tendency of politicians to set the TAC well above the recommended level; and non-compliance of the fisheries with the management regulations. We conclude that TAC management, although apparently successful in some single-species fisheries, inevitably leads to unsustainable exploitation of stocks caught in mixed demersal fisheries as it promotes discarding of over-quota catch and misreporting of catches, thereby corrupting the basis of the scientific advice and increasing the risk of stock collapse. This failure in mixed demersal fisheries has resulted in the loss of credibility of both scientists and managers, and has undermined the support of fishermen for management regulations. An approach is developed to convert the TAC system into a system that controls the total allowable effort (TAE). The approach takes account of the differences in catch efficiency between fleets as well as seasonal changes in the distribution of the target species and can also be applied in the recovery plans for rebuilding specific components of the demersal fish community, such as plaice, cod and hake.     

Nine nations,one ocean: A benchmark appraisal of the South Western Indian Ocean Fisheries Project (2008–2012)

Coastal and island states of the Western Indian Ocean lack scientific and management capacity to draw sustainable benefits from their Exclusive Economic Zones. Declining ecosystem services and unregulated fishing has prompted nine riparian countries to develop a regional framework for capacity building and scientific development towards collective management of shared resources. Supported by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Agulhas and Somali Currents large marine ecosystems programme consists of three inter-related modules, supported by different agencies: land-based impacts on the marine environment (UNEP); productivity, ecosystem health and nearshore fisheries (UNDP) and transboundary shared and migrating fisheries resources (World Bank). The latter is the South Western Indian Ocean Fisheries Project (SWIOFP), a 5-year joint data gathering and fisheries assessment initiative. SWIOFP is a prelude to long-term cooperative fisheries management in partnership with the newly established FAO–South Western Indian Ocean Fisheries Commission (SWIOFC). We describe the development of SWIOFP as a model of participatory regional scientific cooperation and collective ocean management.     

The Magnuson-Stevens act (1976) and its reauthorizations: Failure or success for the implementation of fishery sustainability and management in the US?

The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (1976), opened a new era of federal fishery management in the United States. It was enacted primarily to establish a system for conserving and managing fisheries in the new 200-mile (EEZ). The US assumed exclusive authority for managing all fisheries within the EEZ, except for highly migratory species such as tunas and billfishes. Within the framework of the Act, eight Regional Fishery Management Councils (Regional Councils) were created, which are responsible for preparing Fisheries Management Plans (FMPs) in federal waters under their jurisdiction. Each FMP must meet a series of National Standards (NSs) for conservation and management. The Act was reauthorized in 1996 with the passage of the Sustainable Fisheries Act (SFA), which aimed at fine tuning the fishery regulatory apparatus that was established under the original Act. This "fine tuning" involved increased attention to biological concerns, and removal of ambiguities within it. The Act was reauthorized again in 2007, mainly to provide for more clear directives and regulations to end overfishing. After more than thirty years since the Act was passed into law, the debate among conservationists, commercial and recreational fishery representatives, and politicians on the effectiveness of the Act in achieving its purported goals it still continues. Is the Act delivering on its promises? Do NSs reflect the most important priorities for the US fishery resources, conservation and sustainable exploitation? Do the Regional Councils represent all parties that should be involved in the fisheries resources management? The aim of this paper is to provide a critical analysis to answer these questions. This paper begins with a review of the Act and its background, followed by discussion and analysis of the Act's benefits and flaws. Finally, suggestions for the implementation of its structure and future directions in fishery management strategies are made.     

Can formalisation help? The introduction of fisheries co-management in the inshore fisheries of Dingle,Co. Kerry,Ireland

Fisheries co-management is claimed to increase the legitimacy of regulations by allocating management authority to selected users. In this article, experiences from a case study in the inshore fisheries of Ireland involving the establishment of a fisheries co-management system are used to discuss the specific problem of finding an unit to whom regulatory authority may be delegated. Here, the fishers who will benefit from the co-management scheme will also carry the costs, and it is argued that establishment of formal economic liability between those granted management privileges and those excluded can optimise the legitimacy of management authority in fisheries co-management systems.     

The added value of participatory modelling in fisheries management – what has been learnt?

How can uncertain fisheries science be linked with good governance processes, thereby increasing fisheries management legitimacy and effectiveness? Reducing the uncertainties around scientific models has long been perceived as the cure of the fisheries management problem. There is however increasing recognition that uncertainty in the numbers will remain. A lack of transparency with respect to these uncertainties can damage the credibility of science. The EU Commission's proposal for a reformed Common Fisheries Policy calls for more self-management for the fishing industry by increasing fishers' involvement in the planning and execution of policies and boosting the role of fishers' organisations. One way of higher transparency and improved participation is to include stakeholders in the modelling process itself. The JAKFISH project (Judgment And Knowledge in Fisheries Involving StakeHolders) invited fisheries stakeholders to participate in the process of framing the management problem, and to give input and evaluate the scientific models that are used to provide fisheries management advice. JAKFISH investigated various tools to assess and communicate uncertainty around fish stock assessments and fisheries management. Here, a synthesis is presented of the participatory work carried out in four European fishery case studies (Western Baltic herring, North Sea Nephrops, Central Baltic Herring and Mediterranean swordfish), focussing on the uncertainty tools used, the stakeholders' responses to these, and the lessons learnt. It is concluded that participatory modelling has the potential to facilitate and structure discussions between scientists and stakeholders about uncertainties and the quality of the knowledge base. It can also contribute to collective learning, increase legitimacy, and advance scientific understanding. However, when approaching real-life situations, modelling should not be seen as the priority objective. Rather, the crucial step in a science–stakeholder collaboration is the joint problem framing in an open, transparent way.     

Accounting for heterogeneity in small-scale fisheries management: The Amazon case

Tropical small-scale fisheries are highly heterogeneous with respect to a wide range of fisheries characteristics, but that heterogeneity has generally not been adequately studied or considered in management. This study investigated fisheries heterogeneity and the extent to which it is accounted for in management regulations in eight small-scale fishing communities located in floodplain ecosystems of the Amazon basin. Analyses of 29,844 fishery landing interview data revealed that fisheries heterogeneity with respect to gear, habitat, species composition, and total catch and fishing effort was high across all communities, but low over the years in the same communities, indicating that each community must be considered as a distinct management unit. Data analyses also revealed that many important community fisheries characteristics were not accounted for by government- and community-based management regulations. Total catch and fishing effort were largely unregulated; there were no size or closed season limits for one-third of the most important fishery species; and the nursery habitats used by most fishery species were not protected in any fashion. Clearly, increased attention to cross-community fisheries heterogeneity can improve the design and implementation of management regulations. The management problems created by the heterogeneity of small-scale fisheries are discussed, and the potential of the “barefoot ecologist” concept to address them is considered.