舟山钓梁围垦一期工程对附近海域生态系统影响研究

为评价舟山钓梁围垦一期工程对附近海域生态系统的影响,对工程海域水质、浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖动物和潮 间带动物在不同时间的调查数据进行了综合分析。结果表明,工程海域海水处于高度富营养化水平,无机氮和活性磷酸盐严 重超标。围海区内浮游植物细胞丰度在2007 年降到最低,2011 年8 月较2007 年8 月显著增加,均匀度指数呈现相反的变化 趋势。围海工程结束后浮游动物生物量显著降低,浮游幼体在种类数中所占比例增加;大型底栖动物栖息密度、生物量、多 样性指数均显著降低,多毛类种数所占比例增加;潮间带动物栖息密度、多样性指数和均匀度减少。围海造成的海水水质的 变化与浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖动物群落结构参数改变密切相关,海水悬浮物含量是影响浮游生物群落结构的重要因素, 围海工程结束后底栖动物群落结构发生了明显改变。     

黄河口及邻近海域底栖群落健康及生境适宜性评价

根据2013年10月黄河口及邻近海域大型底栖动物、水和沉积环境数据,应用Multivariate AMBI(M-AMBI)指数评价了该海域的底栖群落健康和生境状况,通过分析底栖群落健康和生境质量的环境限制因子,本文对研究水域底栖生境的适宜性进行了评价。结果表明,本航次在研究海域共采集到45种大型底栖动物,分属于5个类群,其中多毛类占明显优势,底栖动物以生态组EGI和EGII为主。36.4%的站位底栖群落健康处于良好等级,18.2%的站位处于差的等级,其余各站位处于中等。主成分和相关分析结果显示,M-AMBI指数能敏感地响应底栖生境环境受扰动和污染的状况,水体水深、盐度和溶解无机氮,以及沉积物石油烃和硫化物等是限制底栖群落健康和生境质量的主要因子。根据限制性环境因子,本文对黄河口及邻近海域底栖生境的适宜性进行了划分。在水深较浅、盐度较低和污染相对较重的河口及近岸区域不适宜底栖动物的栖息;在水深较深、盐度较高和无明显污染的近海区域较适宜大型底栖群落的栖息和健康。     

台风扰动后大渔湾大型底栖动物的生态特征

根据2006年夏季正值8号超强台风"桑美"影响后大渔湾海域范围内15个取样站采集的大型底栖动物样本,分析研究了大渔湾海域大型底栖动物在台风影响后的分布状况.结果表明,在54种大型底栖动物中,多毛类为22种,软体动物为22种,甲壳类为5种,棘皮动物为3种,其它类为2种.站位大型底栖动物种数分布都在5～20种,其中S6站种类出现最多,达20种.大渔湾大型底栖动物平均生物量为18.6 g/m2,平均栖息密度为349个/m2.通过种类相似性聚类分析得出,该区大型底栖生物可划分为3个群落:群落Ⅰ为西格织纹螺-小头虫-小荚蛏群落;群落Ⅱ为奇异稚齿虫-不倒翁虫-西格织纹螺群落;群落Ⅲ为西格织纹螺-圆筒原盒螺群落;群落间的种类和数量呈明显差异.本次调查分析得到的该海域大型底栖动物种类数及数量值与1980年和1982年调查得到的结果相比,均有所增加,增加的原因可能是由于陆源营养物质的输入,使该海域的大型底栖动物得到较好的生长.尽管本次调查的大型底栖动物种类及数量与以前调查的有所差异,但构成该海域大型底栖动物种类的主要成分还是多毛类和软体动物.     

洞头列岛及邻近海域大型底栖动物群落结构的研究

为了解洞头列岛及邻近海域大型底栖动物的群落结构特征,于2015年4月在该海域布设35个站位进行大型底栖动物调查采样,并获取相关环境资料,分析了该海域大型底栖动物的群落结构及其与环境因子的关系。共鉴定出大型底栖动物122种,其中多毛类57种,甲壳动物34种,软体动物19种,棘皮动物5种,其它类动物7种。各调查站位大型底栖动物物种数目在1~22种之间,瓯江口附近站位物种数较少。大型底栖动物平均生物量为3.35 g/m²,平均栖息密度为321个/m²。多毛类具有种数上的优势,软体动物具有生物量和密度上的优势。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数的平均值分别为1.29、2.45和0.66。通过聚类分析和多维尺度排序分析将该海域大型底栖动物划分为3个群落:异蚓虫-薄云母蛤-绒毛细足蟹-不倒翁虫群落(群落Ⅰ),薄云母蛤-异蚓虫-双鳃内卷齿蚕-不倒翁虫群落(群落Ⅱ)和其他群落(群落Ⅲ)。典范对应分析表明,影响大型底栖动物群落的主要环境因子有底层海水的温度、盐度、活性磷酸盐、活性硅酸盐、溶解性无机氮、化学需氧量以及表层沉积物中的总有机碳等。ABC曲线分析结果表明,大型底栖动物群落受到了一定程度的扰动,但基本稳定。与历史资料相比,大型底栖动物的栖息密度和生物量均无明显变化,种类组成由以多毛类和软体动物为主转变为以多毛类和甲壳动物为主,且个体较大的棒锥螺大量死亡。     

长江口及其邻近海域大型底栖动物生物量、丰度和次级生产力的初步研究

为了解长江口及邻近海域大型底栖动物生物量、丰度和次级生产力的分布情况于2004年2月、5月、8月和11月共4个航次分别在长江口40个观测站采集大型底栖动物定量样品并利用Brey的经验公式对大型底栖动物栖息丰度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值进行了研究计算.该调查海域共采到大型底栖动物202种,其中多毛类102种,软体动物51种,甲壳类27种,棘皮动物7种,其它动物15种.大型底栖动物年平均丰度为394.7 ind/m2;年平均生物量以去灰分干重计,为2.58 g(AFDW)/m2;年平均次级生产力以去灰分干重计,为3.52 g(AFDW)/(m2*a);P/B值平均为1.53.结果表明,长江口大型底栖动物次级生产力自长江入海口向东呈递增趋势.本文分析了长江口及其邻近海域大型底栖动物优势种的组成,主要生态类群的分布特征和次级生产力分布格局与生态环境的关系.通过比较,发现长江口大型底栖动物优势种发生了较大的变化;次级生产力高于东海而低于渤海和胶州湾;P/B值高于南黄海、胶州湾和渤海,也说明了长江口大型底栖动物群落中个体小、生活史短,代谢快的种类所占的比例高于以上海域.     

山东半岛南部近海冬季大型底栖动物多样性及群落结构特征

于2006年12月对山东半岛南部近岸海域进行了37个站位的大型底栖动物调查。调查海域共发现大型底栖动物266种,大型底栖动物的总平均丰度和生物量分别为2 373ind./m~2和10.42g/m~2,丰度呈北部高、南部低的分布规律,生物量呈沿岸高、外围海域低的分布规律;调查海域IRI指数居于前10位的种中,多毛类8种,软体动物2种,显示了多毛类在调查海域的优势地位;多样性指数H’表明,调查海域除个别站位外底栖生态环境整体清洁;在23%相似性水平上,调查海域可划分为4个群落,群落呈明显地域性分布;沉积物类型显著影响调查海域大型底栖动物丰度分布。     

厦门海域文昌鱼及其他大型底栖动物资源现状研究

根据 2014年 8月在厦门黄厝和十八线潮下带海区,以及 2014年 1月-6月在厦门玩月坡潮间带获得的文昌鱼及其 他大型底栖动物数据,对厦门海域文昌鱼及其他大型底栖动物资源现状进行了分析。黄厝潮下带大型底栖动物物种数、栖息 密度和生物量分别为 25种、80. 7 i nd/ m 2 和 13. 46 g/ m 2 ,十八线潮下带大型底栖动物物种数、栖息密度和生物量分别为 25种、 76. 2 i nd/ m 2 和 6. 53 g/ m 2 。黄厝潮下带大型底栖动物丰度指数 （ d ） 平均值略低于十八线潮下带,而均匀度指数 （J ） 和物种 多样性指数 （ H' ） 平均值略高于十八线潮下带。黄厝潮下带、十八线潮下带的文昌鱼栖息密度分别为 51. 1i nd/ m 2 和 39. 8 i nd/ m 2 文昌鱼生物量分别为 4. 63 g/ m 2 和 3. 68 g/ m 2 。单因素方差分析表明,除了黄厝海区和十八线海区之间的文昌鱼体长呈显著差 异,其余文昌鱼种群参数和大型底栖动物群落参数均无显著差异。文昌鱼栖息密度和生物量与底质粒径分选系数呈显著负相 关。玩月坡潮间带低潮区文昌鱼及其他大型底栖动物资源贫乏。厦门海域文昌鱼的资源量与文昌鱼放流、海岸工程和采砂作 业有关。     

三沙湾互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵对大型底栖动物群落结构的影响

为探讨互花米草(Spartinaalterniflora)入侵对三沙湾光滩、红树林湿地的生态影响,分别于2013年10月和2014年9月在三沙湾选择了2条互花米草断面、2条红树林断面和1条光滩进行底栖生物生态调查,分析了大型底栖动物群落分布的时空差异、底栖动物与环境因子之间的关系。经鉴定,该调查海域大型底栖动物共68种,隶属于7门40科,其中短拟沼螺(Assiminea brevicula)为互花米草区优势物种;宁波泥蟹(Ilyoplaxningpoensis)为光滩的优势物种;巴林虫(Barantollasp.)为红树林区优势物种。对各生境大型底栖动物物种数、生物量和栖息密度组成进行双因素无重复方差分析(two-way ANOVA),结果显示不同生境大型底栖动物物种数差异极显著(P0.01),互花米草入侵红树林后,大型底栖动物物种数稍有下降,但是互花米草入侵光滩后,大型底栖动物物种数有所增加;不同生境大型底栖动物生物量差异极显著(P0.01),栖息密度差异不显著(P0.05)。利用大型底栖动物的ABC曲线分析群落结构的稳定性,显示光滩群落结构稳定,互花米草入侵后,优势物种变化显著,双齿围沙蚕数量迅速增加,降低了原有大型底栖动物群落结构的稳定性。除生境影响外,互花米草入侵的潮位区域、生长密度差异、入侵阶段等也均会对大型底栖动物造成影响。     

渤海海域大型底栖动物群落及多样性研究（英文）

由于人类城市化进程及工业活动的进一步加剧,其所造成的环境问题及气候变化对于海洋生境产生了不可逆的巨大破坏,海洋大型底栖动物的群落结构及其多样性的研究变得越来越重要,海洋生物多样性的保护成为亟待解决的问题。近年来对于大型底栖动物的研究主要以黄海胶州湾、长江口、福建浙江沿岸海域最为广泛,对渤海大型底栖动物研究显得相对弱化,数据资料时间间隔较长。本文主要综述了渤海湾海域常见大型底栖动物的群落结构和多样性变化及其对围填海工程所导致的环境污染的响应。结果表明,渤海海域大型底栖动物区系相对于其它海区较为简单,已发现大型底栖动物约400余种,优势种主要是低温、广盐暖水种,近五年年均生物量约为19.83 g/m~2,年均栖息密度约为474 ind/m~2,主要是多毛类和软体动物。平均栖息密度季节变化为夏季秋季春季冬季,平均生物量秋季春季夏季冬季。在此基础上对海洋资源的综合开发利用以及生物多样性保护提出了建议。     

春季辽东湾西部海域大型底栖动物生态学研究

于2009年5月对辽东湾西部海域进行了4条断面12个站位的大型底栖动物调查。调查海域共出现大型底栖动物78种,其中多毛类37种、甲壳类24种、软体动物13种、棘皮动物2种和其他类2种(分别是腔肠动物、纽形动物)。调查海域大型底栖动物总平均丰度为1675.8ind./m2,总平均生物量为21.366g/m2。该海域大型底栖动物群落按40%相似性程度可划分为4个。调查海域大型底栖动物群落整体正常,个别站位群落受到轻度扰动。     

Vertical migration and mortality of benthos in dredged material—part I: Mollusca

Benthic invertebrates have many characteristics which make them prime candidates for burial studies in dredged material. A major concern in dredging and disposal projects is the effect of burial on the survival of benthic invertebrates. The purpose of the research reported in this paper was to determine the ability of estuarine benthos—in particular three species of molluscs (Mercenaria mercenaria, Nucula proxima and Ilyanassa obsoleta)—to migrate vertically in natural and exotic sediments and to determine the survival of benthos when exposed to particular amounts of simulated dredged material.Mortalities generally increased with increased sediment depth, with increased burial time and with overlying sediments whose particle size distribution differed from that of the species native sediment. Temperature affected mortalities and vertical migration. It was concluded that vertical migration is a viable process which can significantly affect rehabilitation of a dredged disposal area. Under certain conditions, vertical migration should be considered, together with larval settling and immigration from outside impacted areas, as a mechanism of recruiting a dredgedump site.     

疏浚物倾抛对海洋环境影响的研究述评

从当前国内外对疏浚物倾倒海洋后所产生的环境影响研究现状出发,就研究历史产生影响的生物、物理、化学过程,现场监测技术,疏浚物处理新技术的应用等方面的研究作了全面评述,这对港口、航道部门的疏浚土处理和防止海洋污染具有参考应用价值。     

Vertical migration and mortality of benthos in dredged material: Part II—crustacea

Benthic invertebrates have many characteristics which make them prime candidates for burial studies in dredged material. A major concern in dredging and disposal projects is the effect of burial on the survival of benthic invertebrates. The purpose of the research reported in this paper was to determine the ability of estuarine benthos—in particular three species of molluscs (Mercenaria mercenaria, Nucula proxima and Ilyanassa obsoleta)—to migrate vertically in natural and exotic sediments and to determine the survival of benthos when exposed to particular amounts of simulated dredged material.Mortalities generally increased with increased sediment depth, with increased burial time and with overlying sediments whose particle size distribution differed from that of the species native sediment. Temperature affected mortalities and vertical migration. It was concluded that vertical migration is a viable process which can significantly affect rehabilitation of a dredged disposal area. Under certain conditions, vertical migration should be considered, together with larval settling and immigration from outside impacted areas, as a mechanism of recruiting a dredgedump site.     

Vertical migration and mortality of benthos in dredged material: Part III—polychaeta

The survival of benthic invertebrates from dredging and disposal activities is a major environmental concern in such projects. The purpose of the research described in this paper was to determine the ability of benthos (polychaetes, Scoloplos fragilis and Nereis succinea) to migrate vertically in natural and exotic sediments and to determine the survival of benthos when exposed to particular amounts of simulated dredged material.Mortalities generally increased with increased sediment depth, exotic sediment and burial time. Temperature also affected vertical migration and mortalities. These experiments, together with other experiments conducted by us and other workers, indicate that polychaetes in particular, and benthos in general, can survive dredging and disposal projects. Under certain conditions several major taxa (polychaetes, molluscs, crustaceans) can be expected to successfully recolonise disposal sites by vertical migration.     

Short-Term Benthic Recolonization after Dredging in the Harbour of Ceuta, North Africa

Abstract. The benthic recovery after dredging (area: 2625 m²) was studied in a polluted and enclosed area of the harbour of Ceuta, in which the recolonization through the water column (larvae and adult bedload transport) could be limited by the lack of renewal. The benthos was sampled at two sites (control and dredged) using a van Veen grab and adopting a BACI (Before, After, Control, Impacted) approach. Five samplings were conducted after dredging (3, 15, 30, 90, 180 days). The proportion of gravel in the sediment of the dredged site increased after dredging, while the organic matter decreased. The impact on the community was estimated at species level, using both univariate and multivariate analyses. The maximum negative effect on benthic macrofauna was a reduction by 65% for species richness (15 days after dredging) and by 75% for abundance (3 days after dredging). Between 15 and 30 days after dredging, the abundance of some species such as the molluscs Parvicardium exiguum and Retusa obtusa and the polychaete Pseudomalacoceros tridentata increased considerably in the dredged site, while typical ‘opportunistic’ species such as Capitella capitata were disfavoured by the disturbance. For this small‐scale dredging, about 6 months are required for the disturbed area to re‐establish a sediment structure and a macrobenthic community similar to the undisturbed area. Small‐patch dredging operations are proposed in harbour management whenever possible, since they allow a quick re‐adjustment of the initial sediment structure and benthic communities.     

Experimental study on settling velocity of soil particles in dredged slurry

Studying sedimentation and consolidation of dredged slurry has significant implications to the design of storage yard and subsequent ground improvement. In this study, settling velocity of soil particles in dredged slurry during sedimentation and consolidation processes was investigated using an improved multilayer extraction sampling (MES) method. A series of sedimentation column tests were performed on dredged slurry with three different initial water contents. Distributions of volume of soil particles and density of dredged slurry were first obtained by the MES method, settling velocity of soil particles was then calculated by volume flux function approach. It was found that the density and velocity inflection points can be used to distinguish the settling zone and the consolidation zone. The experimental results reveal that the velocity of soil particles was quite low and monotonically decreased with sedimentation height at low initial water content throughout the whole test period, whereas it was increased at 0–1 hours and almost remained constant at 1–7 hours in the settling zone at high initial water content. The effects of initial water content on sedimentation and consolidation mode of dredged slurry and the settling velocity of soil particles were discussed. The relationship between settling velocity of soil particles and particle diameter was also studied. It is indicated that the measured velocity of soil particles was much lower than that calculated by the Stokes equation, and it was related to 0.4881–0.5906 order of particle diameter at 0–1 hours and 0.1117–0.1825 order of particle diameter at 1–7 hours for the test slurries.     

Changes in Irish Sea Benthos: Possible Effects of 40 years of Dredging

From 1946 to 1951 Dr N. S. Jones sampled the benthos around the south of the Isle of Man from over 200 sites. Multivariate methods have been used here to compare subsets of this historical data with recent data from the same locations: of these locations some have been subject to heavy scallop dredging over the intervening 40 plus years and some to little dredging. Clear changes were apparent regardless of scallop dredging intensity. Some of the changes in the heavily dredged areas were those expected to result from extreme physical disturbance—an increased polychaete mollusc ratio, loss of some fragile species, and an increase in the predominance of scavenger/predator species. However, changes in the lightly dredged areas also included the loss of a number of species including some potentially fragile tube-dwellers. Reasons for these changes were not apparent.     

Laboratory and Field Observations for Golden Horn Marine Clay

Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey and one of the major metropolitan areas in the world, cleaned one of its environmentally polluted areas—Golden Horn—by dredging 5 million m³ of the bottom sediments and pumping the resulting sludge to a storage area behind a dam built at an abandoned rock quarry site in Alibey district. The reclamation of the land that formed over the storage area of Golden Horn dredged material is socially and economically very desirable. In this paper, results from experimental studies that are focused on determining the shear strength behavior of the dredge material and undisturbed soil are presented. Slurry consolidometer test, large model tests and small model tests are used to consolidate the dredged soil samples from Halic to simulate the natural consolidation behavior of these soils. Shear strength parameters are determined by laboratory vane tests; unconfined compression tests; undrained-unconsolidated (UU) and consolidated-undrained (CU) triaxial tests on samples that are obtained through in situ undisturbed samples and laboratory model tank and slurry consolidation. Moreover, the effects of fly ash and lime additives on the undrained shear strength were determined by mixing the materials with the dredged clay from Golden Horn during the model experiments conducted in the laboratory. Based on these findings, equations are proposed that govern the relationships between undrained shear strength and water content value.     

One-dimensional electrokinetic stabilization of dredged mud

Reuse of dredged marine sediments for land reclamation is a sustainable method for disposing the large quantities of dredged spoil, accumulating every year worldwide. However, due to their high water content and low permeability, dewatering and self-sedimentation of the material takes a long time to be completed. Therefore, different methods, such as prefabricated vertical drains and vacuum preloading, are used to improve the consolidation properties of the dredged mud at the port of Brisbane. Among these stabilization methods, vacuum preloading is determined as the most effective method to increase the consolidation of the dredged mud. However, clogging during vacuum consolidation is undesirable. Therefore, electrokinetic stabilization draws attention since it is an environmentally friendly and time efficient method to dewater and consolidate dredged mud significantly. The effectiveness of the electrokinetic stabilization depends on the properties of the soil and the electrode configurations. One-dimensional and two-dimensional electrode configurations are the most popular configurations. In this study, the effect of one-dimensional electrode configuration, which is installation of electrodes in arrays of anodes and cathodes on consolidation parameters of dredged mud, is investigated. Based on this study, the dredged mud sediments can be stabilized using one-dimensional electrokinetic stabilization which resulted in improving compression index and coefficient of volume compressibility and reduction of soil plasticity index.     

椒南化工区排污口附近海域的底栖生物状况

利用2002年6～7月椒南化工区排污口附近海域生态调查资料,对该海域底栖生物的种类组成、数量分布及其生态群落多样性等进行了分析和研究,结果表明:(1)该海域底栖生物种类贫乏,多毛类Polychaeta、海地瓜Acaudinamolpadioidea及纵肋织纹螺Nassariusvari-ciferus等耐污种类为优势种;(2)该海域底栖生物生物量较低,且局部海域出现了无底栖生物现象;(3)该海域底栖生物多样性指数低、丰富度低、优势度大,表明底栖生物的生态环境已受到严重污染。