利用面波测定台间衰减系数

使用相匹配滤波技术提取基阶面波振型的相位,然后再利用时变滤波进行 振幅谱校正,以此分离出基阶振型面波信号。对合成面波理论地震图的处理结果表 明,该方法可精确地从含高阶（最高阶数为５）的综合地震图中分离出基阶面波,与利 用同一模型合成的基阶面波相比,分离出的基阶面波的振幅谱畸变很小,根据中国数 字化地震台网（ＣＤＳＮ）记录的长周期面波资料,对与震源位于同一大圆弧上的北京。 海拉尔台观测的瑞雷波进行处理,分离出基阶振型信号,然后利用两台的基阶振型信 号进行反褶积得到台间格林函数,由格林函数计算得到台间周期为１３～１４２ ｓ的面 波衰减系数和群速度,所得结果也较为平稳。     

塔里木盆地及其邻区Love波层析成像研究

应用背景噪声层析成像方法对塔里木盆地及其邻区进行了研究.利用中国地震局数字地震台网和吉尔吉斯斯坦及哈萨克斯坦台网共74个地震台站记录的2009年1月至9月的连续地震数据,通过对台站对间的数据进行互相关处理获得Love波的经验格林函数,然后通过多次滤波分析和相位匹配处理得到每个台站对的8S到30 S的Love波相速度频散曲线.反演所得的Love波相速度图显示出明显的横向速度不均匀性,与研究区域主要地质结构和构造单元之间具有良好的相关性.由于较厚的沉积层,塔里木和准格尔盆地在周期8～30 S总体都表现为低速的特征,而山地区则表现为相对高速的特征.此外,塔里木盆地的东西和南北也显示出明显的横向速度不均匀性.东部的速度明显低于西部.     

利用多道信号测定短周期面波频散

使用适配滤波频时分析技术处理面波信号,获取滤波后的时域包络,并对具有相同群速度的各道信号包络的振幅进行叠加,取叠加所得极大值对应的走时为该频率的群延时,以此来提高群速度的测量精度对P-τ,（相慢度-时间）域的波场进行傅氏变换,然后在P-ω（相慢度-频率）平面叠加多道信号来测定相速度．利用这两种方法处理合成的短周期瑞利波地震图,结果表明：经过振型分离以后,利用基阶振型信号所求出的相速度、群速度曲线更加接近理论频散值．对地震勘探资料进行处理,取得了5-40Hz内的相速度、群速度频散,且曲线较为平滑     

利用背景噪声研究壳幔结构发展综述

利用背景噪声研究地下结构即对两个台站长时间的地震噪声记录进行互相关计算提取台站间的格林函数,获取面波频散特征,并进一步层析成像或测量面波走时变化.通过该方法可获得壳幔速度结构和对地下介质监测.近些年,该方法在理论上和实践上都有长足进展.首先介绍地震背景噪声应用的发展历史,进而重点论述利用背景噪声对壳幔进行群速度和相速度结构成像、三维剪切波速度结构成像、与其他方法联合成像和对地下介质监测的应用.最后分析了目前背景噪声应用面临的问题,并展望了其发展前景.     

基于格林函数理论的波场预测和鬼波压制方法

作为一种特殊的噪声,鬼波对一次波的波形及频带宽度产生极大的影响,鬼波压制是提高海上地震资料分辨率及保真度的重要因素.以格林公式为基础,详细论述了基于格林函数理论的鬼波压制方法,在不需要地下介质信息的条件下,进行地震数据驱动鬼波压制,并根据"Double Dirichlet"(双狄利克雷)边界条件,预测压力波场和垂直速度波场.建立了基于格林函数理论鬼波压制的处理流程,数值模拟和实际资料处理结果表明,基于格林函数理论鬼波压制方法在很好地去除鬼波的同时极大地拓宽了地震资料的频带,尤其提升了低频端能量,有利于后续资料的处理解释.     

用多道反褶积方法测定台站接收函数

本文提出了一种在时间域用多道反褶积测定台站接收函数的方法, 以提高台站接收函数的测量精度与分辨率.在单道反褶积的基础上,选取若干个质量较好的远震P波波形事件,构成多道信号,以垂直分量为输入,径向和切向分量作为期望输出,依据最小二乘,设计多道滤波器,提取接收函数.合成地震图与观测地震图的检验表明, 多道滤波方法能有效地测定台站接收函数,特别是多道反褶积能够有效地恢复地壳上地幔间断面所产生的弱转换波震相.     

基于背景噪声经验格林函数的地震准确定位精度分析——以2008年甘肃武都地震为例

准确的震源位置能够为抗震减灾工作和地球内部结构研究提供关键信息.在震中附近观测台网密集且方位角覆盖良好的情况下,通过拟合多个台站P波、S波的观测到时,能够得到准确的震源位置.而在台网稀疏的地区,由于缺少可靠的三维速度结构模型,往往造成较大的地震定位误差.近年来发展了基于背景噪声经验格林函数(EGFs)对地震波形进行校正的重定位方法,能够有效地压制路径上复杂速度结构体的影响,提高了地震定位精度,为稀疏台网情形下地震准确定位研究提供了一个新思路.本文选取由InSAR观测到准确位置的2008年甘肃武都M_S5.5地震作为测试案例,对稀疏台网下基于背景噪声格林函数地震准确震中测定方法进行了定量评估.利用震中附近多个流动台分别作为参考台,提取其与固定台站之间的背景噪声格林函数(EGFs),然后使用噪声Rayleigh面波格林函数对地震波形进行校正,重定位武都地震震中,并与真实震中位置进行对比.结果表明：使用距离震中30 km以内的参考台,利用10～30 s频段的面波走时信息,噪声叠加时长为一个月,定位精度在5 km以内;当噪声叠加时间一年以上,重定位精度优于1 km.本文进一...     

地震背景噪声成像研究综述

地震背景噪声成像方法已成为21世纪地震学的伟大突破之一,其原理是,对2个台站记录的连续背景噪声信号进行互相关计算,得到台站间的格林函数,利用经验格林函数得到面波速度函数,获取面波频散特性,用地震层析成像方法对面波速度进行反演,得到地球内部的速度结构。其应用近年来日益广泛,涉及各向同性和各向异性的速度结构成像、大地震前后速度结构变化监测、体波联合成像、衰减结构成像、地震定位精度提高、噪声源分布和物理起源探究、强地面运动评估等。其优点是不需要等待天然地震或使用对环境构成威胁的人工爆破,所有台阵都可以当作源,拓宽了频带范围,可以获得较多短周期频散数据,提高反演分辨率。     

西南地区地壳厚度

本文利用我国西南地区地震台记录的一次卡罗林岛地震和一次西里比斯岛地震的瑞利波,进行相位对比,用三台方法计算了各地区瑞利波的相速度。将观测的相速度与理论曲线(采用Press模型)比较,得到各地区的地壳厚度。     

吸收介质中的Maslov体波理论地震图

本文研究了横向非均匀吸收介质中的Maslov渐近理论地震图方法.对于如何提高计算精度及计算速度作了比较深入的探讨.本方法先计算远场格林函数,由褶积得到一般震源函数的弱吸收理论地震图.对于高Q引起的数值不稳定性,通过引入平滑函数得以解决.由此产生的新的被积函数具有非常好的收敛性,从而提高了计算精度及计算速度.以此理论编写的程序在模拟完全弹性介质以及一维吸收介质时与反射率法作了比较,并取得了令人满意的效果.对于二维横向非均匀吸收介质,计算方法与高斯光束方法作了对比,二者在主要特征上基本一致.数值对比中出现的一些差异也作了必要的讨论及说明.     

Interstation surface wave attenuation by autoregressive deconvolution

A new technique for calculating interstation Green's functions and attenuation coefficients for seismic surface waves is presented.The interstation Green's function is evaluated from the autocorrelation functions of the seismograms, which are obtained from a maximum entropy process.Since a data-invariant time window is not used, the evaluated Green's functions gives reliable information on both the amplitude and the phase spectra of the system.This new technique is compared with other methods by applying them to both synthetic and real data from a path in the Canadian shield.     

Active-source Rayleigh wave dispersion by the Aki spectral formulation

Rayleigh wave imaging is efficient in estimating the shear- (S) wave velocity in near-surface exploration. The key is to accurately extract the dispersion of Rayleigh wave. We propose a method to calculate the dispersion of the active-source Rayleigh wavefield by using the Aki formulation. The spectrum after the cross correlation of two-channel records in the frequency domain is expressed by the Bessel function. Using the corresponding relation between the zero point of the spectrum real part and the Bessel function root, the phase velocity at the discrete frequency point is obtained and the dispersion curve is extracted. First, the theoretical basis and calculation method used in the active-source Rayleigh wave data are introduced. Then, three sets of theoretical models are calculated by this method and the results are consistent with the theoretical dispersion. Finally, we process a group of real Rayleigh wave data and obtain the phase velocity profiles and compared them with the results obtained by the multichannel surface wave analysis method. The effectiveness and applicability of the Aki method in active-source data processing are verified. Compared with multichannel wave processing, the advantage of the Aki method lies in the use of two-channel data in a single-shot record. When the number of acquisition channels in a shot gathers is insufficient or there is a bad channel, the quality of the extracted dispersion is guaranteed.     

Stationary phase approximation in the ambient noise method revisited

The method of extracting Green's function between stations from cross correlation has proven to be effective theoretically and experimentally.It has been widely applied to surface wave tomography of the crust and upmost mantle.However,there are still controversies about why this method works.Snieder employed stationary phase approximation in evaluating contribution to cross correlation function from scatterers in the whole space,and concluded that it is the constructive interference of waves emitted by the scatterers near the receiver line that leads to the emergence of Green's function.His derivation demonstrates that cross correlation function is just the convolution of noise power spectrum and the Green's function.However,his derivation ignores influence from the two stationary points at infinities,therefore it may fail when attenuation is absent.In order to obtain accurate noise-correlation function due to scatters over the whole space,we compute the total contribution with numerical integration in polar coordinates.Our numerical computation of cross correlation function indicates that the incomplete stationary phase approximation introduces remarkable errors to the cross correlation function,in both amplitude and phase,when the frequency is low with reasonable quality factor Q.Our results argue that the distance between stations has to be beyond several wavelengths in order to reduce the influence of this inaccuracy on the applications of ambient noise method,and only the station pairs whose distances are above several (5) wavelengths can be used.     

美国中东部地震台阵波场的三分量波形梯度

波形梯度法是一种全新的台阵数据处理技术,该方法利用子台阵中的波形差异可以得到一些基本的地震波传播参数.本文首次将其应用于美国中东部地震台阵面波的三分量研究当中.首先通过垂向分量的面波进行波形梯度分析,得到垂直分量面波的相速度、传播方向、几何扩散和辐射花样.再通过垂向分量得到的传播方向进行坐标旋转,从而得到了径向分量以及切向分量的面波,再将其应用于波形梯度分析,分别得到径向分量以及切向分量面波的相速度、传播方向、几何扩散和辐射花样.利用2012年8月27日发生在中美洲西海岸地震事件的三分量地震数据的面波波形得到的结果显示,在相同周期,研究区域的三个分量面波的相速度分布横向差异显著.切向分量面波的相速度分布特征差异较大,可能是由于径向各向异性造成的.三个分量的传播方向变化都不大,且切向分量的传播方向变化大于垂直分量与径向分量,说明地震波的切线分量在传播过程中受到的影响更大,同时还可以看出传播方向的变化呈现出条带状的特征.几何扩散和辐射花样都是与地震波的振幅项有关的信息,三个分量的几何扩散特征基本一致.但是由于切向分量传播方向变化相对较大,可能导致了切向分量面波的辐射花样有所差异.     

利用多重滤波方法提取面波频散曲线

多重滤波方法已被证明在分析面波的频散特性时是一种有效而快速的方法。本文用单个台站的单次地震事件记录,应用MFT(Multiple Filter Technique)方法提取了内华达地区的面波频散曲线并分析了其特征,认为其具有大陆基振型瑞利波频散曲线的典型特征。还利用广义反透射系数法快速计算了瑞利面波频散曲线,尤其是基阶瑞利波相速度及群速度频散曲线;并且在由振型叠加方法合成的理论地震图的基础上,通过比较理论频散曲线和MFT方法得到的频散曲线,研究了多重滤波的可靠性。     

东北地区背景噪声的Rayleigh和Love波相速度层析成像

本文利用中国数字地震台网位于东北地区的122个宽频地震台站的18个月记录的三分量连续地震噪声数据,采用互相关方法提取了Rayleigh和Love波经验格林函数,并利用时频自动分析技术获取了相应的相速度频散曲线.通过反演频散曲线,获得了Rayleigh和Love波周期为8~35s的二维相速度分布.结果表明,东北地区相速度的分布存在横向和垂向的不均匀性.短周期的相速度分布同地表地质构造密切相关,松辽盆地及山间沉积盆地呈现低速异常,而大兴安岭、小兴安岭及东部的一些山岭显示高速异常.随着周期的增加,位于中间的松辽盆地变为高低速相间,两侧的造山带呈现低速异常.这种异常的转变,可能是受构造活动或者莫霍面深度的影响.另外,在周期为20~35s频段内,Rayleigh和Love波同一周期的相速度在松辽盆地和位于吉林地区的郯庐断裂带表现不一致,表明可能存在径向各向异性.     

Composition of high frequency ambient noise from cross-correlation:A case study using a small aperture array

Long-time cross correlation of ambient noise has been proved as a powerful tool to extract Green's function between two receivers.The study of composition of ambient noise is important for a better understanding of this method.Previous studies confirm that ambient noise in the long period (3 s and longer) mostly consists of surface wave,and 0.25-2.5 s noise consists more of body waves.In this paper,we perform cross correlation processing at much higher frequency (30-70 Hz) using ambient noise recorded by a small aperture array.No surface waves emerge from noise correlation function (NCF),but weak P waves emerge.The absence of surface wave in NCF is not due to high attenuation since surface waves are strong from active source,therefore probably the high ambient noise mostly consists of body wave and lacks surface wave.Origin of such high frequency body waves in ambient noise remains to be studied.     

地震信号的复地震道分析及应用

复地震道分析又称三瞬分析,该分析方法可将反映地震信号局部变化情况的地震波的瞬时振幅、瞬时相位和瞬时频率等信息分离开.本文应用Hilbert变换求解虚地震记录,用复地震道分析方法求取"三瞬"信息,并用该方法计算了理论合成地震记录的瞬时振幅、瞬时相位和瞬时频率,获得了较好的效果.同时,本文也利用该方法对某区块实际地震资料进行了处理,结果表明,复地震道分析方法获得的"三瞬"信息可反映地震信号的局部变化,有助于进行地震薄互层分析,并能提高数据的解释精度.     

Determining the focal mechanisms and depths of relatively small earthquakes using a few stations by full‐waveform modelling

Determining the focal mechanism of earthquakes helps us to better define faults and understand the stress regime. This technique can be helpful in the oil and gas industry where it can be applied to microseismic events. The objective of this paper is to find double couple focal mechanisms, excluding scalar seismic moments, and the depths of small earthquakes using data from relatively few local stations. This objective is met by generating three‐component synthetic seismograms to match the observed normalized velocity seismograms. We first calculate Green's functions given an initial estimate of the earthquake's hypocentre, the locations of the seismic recording stations and a 1D velocity model of the region for a series of depths. Then, we calculate the moment tensor for different combinations of strikes, dips and rakes for each depth. These moment tensors are combined with the Green's functions and then convolved with a source time function to produce synthetic seismograms. We use a grid search to find the synthetic seismogram with the largest objective function that best fits all three components of the observed velocity seismogram. These parameters define the focal mechanism solution of an earthquake. We tested the method using three earthquakes in Southern California with moment magnitudes of 5.0, 5.1 and 4.4 using the frequency range 0.1–2.0 Hz. The source mechanisms of the events were determined independently using data from a multitude of stations. Our results obtained, from as few as three stations, generally match those obtained by the Southern California Earthquake Data Center. The main advantage of this method is that we use relatively high‐frequency full‐waveforms, including those from short‐period instruments, which makes it possible to find the focal mechanism and depth of earthquakes using as few as three stations when the velocity structure is known.