浅谈陆-陆碰撞环境下西藏“三龙”式斑岩型铜矿床的形成

<正>前人大量研究资料表明,斑岩型铜矿床的类型和分布,明显受构造环境的控制。新生代环太平洋斑岩铜矿带的形成,显示了斑岩型铜矿床对构造环境的选择性敏感而强烈。青藏高原以其强烈的印-亚陆-陆碰撞、隆升吸引着全球地学界关注。西藏地区近几十年陆续取得了以"三龙"(多龙、玉龙、驱龙)为代表的大型、超大型斑岩型铜矿床勘探突破而倍受全球瞩目。总结、对比陆-陆碰撞环境下"三龙"式斑岩型铜矿床的形成,     

斑岩型铜金矿床研究新进展

斑岩型铜 (金 )矿床大都在造山带构造环境内产出 ,其中许多矿床与消减板块边缘的深成岩浆活动或火山作用具密切的成因联系。具经济价值的斑岩型铜金矿床既可在岛弧环境中 ,也可在大陆边缘产出。尽管其成矿时代多集中在中新生代 ,但是古生代和前寒武纪斑岩型铜金矿床实例也偶见有报道。大量统计数据表明 :斑岩型铜金矿床是铜或金矿床最重要的工业类型之一 ,在北美科第勒拉造山带 ,斑岩型铜矿床约占各类铜矿总储量的80 % ,斑岩型金矿床约占各类金矿床总储量的 6 0 % ,此外 ,从斑岩型铜金矿床回收的银约占全部银产量的 30 %。斑岩型铜金矿床在金属矿产资源开发利用过程中占有举足轻重的地位。本文拟对近年来斑岩型铜金矿床研究的新进展进行简要总结 ,对斑岩型金属矿床的定义、产出环境、地质与地球化学特征进行讨论 ,进而提出斑岩型铜金矿床成因模式与找矿标志     

西藏班公湖-怒江成矿带上的碰撞后铜矿床

地处藏北高原的班公湖-怒江铜矿带是继藏东的玉龙斑岩铜矿带和藏南的冈底斯斑岩铜矿带之后,在青藏高原上发现的第三条铜矿带。与前两条斑岩铜矿带不同的是,班公湖-怒江铜矿带的铜矿床类型具有多样性,包括:1多龙、雄梅斑岩型铜金矿床;2尕尔穷-嘎拉勒斑岩-矽卡岩型铜金矿床;3拨拉扎斑岩型铜钼矿床;4舍索矽卡岩型铜(铅锌)多金属矿床。不同类型铜矿床的成矿时代集中在120~90 Ma之间,约30 Ma间隔内。文章通过沉积岩岩相学、火成岩岩石地球化学以及锆石U-Pb与辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年代学的综合研究,指出班公湖-怒江中特提斯洋盆的闭合时间为早白垩世初(140~130 Ma之间),班公湖-怒江成矿带上的铜矿床都形成于碰撞后造山环境。该成矿带与铜矿化有关的侵入岩主要为花岗闪长(斑)岩和石英闪长(玢)岩,在岩石地球化学上,富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Th、U、Ba、K、Pb),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti),显示出俯冲组分对岩浆生成过程产生的重要影响,与碰撞后岩浆作用特征相吻合。除了班公湖-怒江铜矿带外,青藏高原上的另外两条斑岩铜矿带(即藏东的玉龙斑岩铜矿带和藏南的冈底斯斑岩铜矿带),也是形成于洋盆闭合之后的造山带碰撞后环境,因此,青藏高原可以说是地球上碰撞后铜矿床的天堂。     

浅成-次火山岩浆形成含金、铜流体的关键制约因素

作为铜的主要来源,斑岩型铜矿床的储量和产量占了世界铜资源量的一半以上;金作为副产品,有着巨大的回收价值,一些富金的斑岩铜矿床,金的回收价值甚至超过了铜,因而被称为斑岩型铜、金矿床或斑岩型金矿床。近年来,环太平洋成矿域浅成低温热液金、铜矿床的找矿工作取得了突破性进展,特别是许多大型-超大型浅成低温热液金、铜矿床常常与斑岩型铜、金矿床有着密切的时空和成因联系,     

云南哈播斑岩型铜（ 钼 金）矿床地质与成矿背景研究

哈播斑岩铜(-钼-金)矿床位于哀牢山-红河新生代成矿带南端西侧,是近年来新发现的一个斑岩型矿床.矿区内出露的哈播侵入体具有多期侵入的特征,花岗岩依次侵入的序列为坪山花岗岩、三道班花岗岩、阿树花岗岩、哈播南山花岗岩(37.3 Ma),随后有4期斑岩侵入到哈播南山花岗岩中,依次为黑云母钾长石斑岩、石英钾长石斑岩、石英二长斑岩和晚期黑云母钾长石斑岩岩脉.采用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄法测定黑云母钾长石斑岩和石英二长斑岩的加权平均年龄分别为36.20±0.20 Ma和36.19±0.22 Ma,哈播南山花岗岩和4期斑岩具有相似的岩石地球化学特征,都有富钾、高氧化态和类似岛弧花岗岩的岩石地球化学特征,可能具有相同的来源.辉钼矿Re-Os年龄显示,哈播矿床的成矿年龄为35.47±0.16 Ma.相似的成岩-成矿年龄暗示哈播矿床成岩和成矿作用是一个连续的岩浆-热液过程,与玉龙斑岩铜矿相似.基于哈播矿床的岩石学、地球化学特点,结合前人关于青藏高原东部斑岩铜矿的研究成果,我们认为哈播斑岩矿床可能为藏东富碱斑岩带向东南的延伸,与玉龙斑岩铜矿带具有相似的成因,为哀牢山-红河新生代成矿带的重要组成部分,是晚碰撞构造转换背景下的重要产物.     

海相火山-沉积建造铁铜矿床类型及地质特征

铁-铜型矿床产出的时代从元古宙到新生代均有，与其有关的火山岩大多数为中基性与中酸性或偏碱性岩石。作者以镜的山桦树沟、陇山陈家庙和陕西铜厂不同时代的铁-铜矿床为例，概述了该类型矿床的地质特征、成矿环境并着重探了铁-铜矿床的成因机制，认为该类型矿床是与火山作用有关的喷气-沉积型矿床，同时指出柳沟峡地区及其以西（东缰地区）铁-铜型铜矿化带的发现，是进一步寻找铁-铜-金矿床的有利地段。     

黑龙江多宝山矿集区成矿规律与找矿方向

多宝山斑岩铜矿位于黑龙江省嫩江县境内,为我国北方重要的斑岩型铜矿床之一.在包括多宝山矿床在内的矿集区范围内资源丰富,有斑岩型铜(钼)矿床、矽卡岩型铁铜矿床以及热液型金矿床.在系统收集分析前人资料的基础上,查明矿集区成矿规律与找矿方向,认为复活了的基底构造对铜元素的迁移、富集和贫化起着重要的控制作用.矿集区北西段为矽卡岩...     

纳日贡玛斑岩钼铜矿床:玉龙铜矿带的北延——来自辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄的证据

纳日贡玛钼(铜)矿床位于西南"三江"北段青海南部地区,构造上位于金沙江缝合带与班公湖-怒江缝合带所夹持的羌塘地体之上,该区是吸纳和调节印度-亚洲大陆碰撞应力应变的构造转换带;受印度-亚洲大陆斜向碰撞事件的影响,区内新生代构造变形异常复杂,至51Ma以来,区内形成了一系列NW-SE向的逆冲断裂系统及走滑断裂系统,并伴有少量钾质岩浆活动;纳日贡玛斑岩钼(铜)矿床便产于新生代黑云母花岗斑岩及其接触带中.长期以来,由于缺少可靠的年代学数据,人们对纳日贡玛矿床的产出环境尚不清楚,与玉龙斑岩铜矿带的关系还比较模糊.为此,本文选取了纳日贡玛钼铜矿6件辉钼矿样品进行Re-Os同位素测年,结果给出了一条均方差为0.79的Re-Os等值线,其年龄为40.86±0.85Ma,这与玉龙斑岩铜矿代的成矿年龄基本一致,应为玉龙铜矿带的北延;较大的成矿带延长范围表明,在玉龙至纳日贡玛上千公里的范围内,仍有寻找大型斑岩铜(钼)矿床的巨大潜力.     

寻找斑岩铜(钼)矿床的化探方法

斑岩铜矿是许多国家的主要铜矿矿床类型,我国也在积极开展这一矿床的普查找矿工作.自1960至1972年12年中,国外发现40个大中型斑岩铜(钼)矿床,第三世界占22个.化探在找斑岩铜矿中作出了重大贡献,因此普遍认为化探方法是找斑岩铜矿的一种基本手段.一、条件有利斑岩铜矿显著特点是比其他热液矿床规模大;埋藏较浅,常有铁帽或近地表的次生富集带出现,容矿岩体或围岩发生强烈破裂作用,裂隙发育,有利于水和氧的渗透及风化产物的     

滇西北烂泥塘斑岩铜矿床原生晕异常结构研究

烂泥塘矿床是云南香格里拉地区典型的斑岩型铜矿床,主矿体产于在地表以下300～500米,地表矿化带仅见脉状铜矿体和铜矿化体.为研究云南香格里拉烂泥塘斑岩铜矿床的原生晕异常结构,本文以异常结构模式理论和方法为基础,对矿床地表和坑道岩矿石样品开展了元素组合、异常特征和水平分带规律研究.结果表明,烂泥塘铜矿床地球化学系统的结构...     

西藏克鲁-冲木达矿集区资源潜力分析及找矿方向

克鲁-冲木达矿集区位于西藏南部扎囊-桑日之间,累计估算铜金属资源量达200多万t.文章从"景"、"场"、"相"、"床"金属成矿省等级体制出发,阐述了该矿集区在印-亚陆陆碰撞"陆内汇聚-地壳分层加厚-重力均衡调整"的高原隆升过程中的成矿地质背景,指出区内存在着与碰撞挤压流体迁移汇聚有关的层控铜矿床、碰撞后伸展环境中夕卡岩铜矿床、斑岩型铜矿床3种矿床类型.利用"成矿构造聚敛场"观点分析成矿资源潜力,并指明了找矿方向.     

Episodes of Cenozoic Gold Mineralization on the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar Dating and Implication for Geodynamic Events

A lot of new gold deposits have been found on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the past two decades. Among them, three main types of gold deposits have been recognized, including quartz-vein-type, shearzone-type and porphyry-type. The former two types of gold deposits are mainly hosted within metamorphic rocks, while the latter is related to Cenozoic magmatism. Although all of these gold deposits are believed to have been formed during the uplift process of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the Cenozoic era (Wang et al., 2002b), precise isotopic age constraints have still been lacking until quite recently. This paper presents new ^40Ar/^39Ar data of some gold deposits on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which indicate that gold mineralization in the region occurred in response to the episodic stages of the orogenies. Recently obtained ^40Ar/^39Ar data on quartz and feldspars from several gold deposits, such as the Sandiao deposit, the Baijintaizi deposit, the Pusagang deposits, provide new constraints on gold mineralization on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Geochronological studies of gold deposits along the Daduhe River indicate that there are three stages of gold mineralization. The early two stages occurred as early as 65.1 Ma in the Shuibaiyang deposit and 58.95 Ma in the Ruoji deposit, while the latter stage occurred as late as 25.35 Ma in Baijintaizi and 24.70 Ma in Sandiao. Isotopic dating of three plagioclases from the Beiya deposit, Zhifanggou deposit and Luobodi deposit and a K-feldspar from the Jinchangqing deposit in Yunnan Province indicates that these deposits were formed at two stages. The Zhifanggou and Jinchangqing deposits have early stage records as old as 58.82 Ma in Zhifanggou and 55.49 Ma in Jinchangqing, but all of the above four deposits in Yunnan have late stage records of 23.18 Ma in Jinchangqing, 24.54 Ma in Zhifanggou, 24.60 Ma in Luobodi and 24.56 Ma in Hongnitang. The above results suggest that the gold deposits on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were formed concentratedly at two main episodes, i.e. the end of the Paleocene (about 58 Ma) and the boundary between the Paleogene and the Neogene (about 25 Ma). The later episode appears to be looks like more important and was coupled with the Sichuan movement, which was extensively activated at that period. The beginning of the Cenozoic Era (about 65 Ma) might be another episode of gold mineralization, but only one deposit (Shuibaiyang) in this study has been proved to have been be formed at this stage and might be earlier than the initial collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasia Plate. In view of geology, the above three episodes of gold mineralization are associated with three events of tectonicmagmatism and/or fluid events. Even though the gold deposits (for example, the Shuibaiyang deposit, Ruoji deposit and Pusagang deposit) were formed at different episodes, all of them are genetically related to tectonic movements in largescale shear zones. It looks like theat tectonic events (including large-scale strike-slip) between Paleogene and Neogene had a wide influence upon gold mineralization, with new deposits formed and old deposits enriched or superimposed to be a higher grade by new stage of mineralization. The above data suggest that gold deposits were not only concentrated in some areas, but also formed mainly at different boundaries of geological times, indicating that there existed some peak stages of gold mineralization (metallogenic episodes), and that the gold deposits were formed mainly by episodic mineralization.     

The copper polymetallic deposits and resource potential in the Tibet Plateau

Many large and super-large copper deposits have been discovered and explored in the Tibet Plateau, which makes it the most important copper resource reserve and development base in China. Based on the work of the research team, the paper summarizes the geological characteristics of the main copper deposits in Tibet and puts forward a further prospecting direction. A series of large accumulated metal deposits or ore districts from subduction of Tethys oceanic crust to India-Asia collisionhave been discovered, such as Duolong Cu (Au) ore district and Jiama copper polymetallic deposit. The ore deposits in the Duolong ore district are located in the lowstand domain, the top of lowstand domain, and the highstand domain of the same magmatic-hydrothermal metallogenic system, and their relative positions are the indicators for related deposits in the Bangong Co-Nujiang metallogenic belt. The polycentric metallogenic model of the Jiama copper polymetallic deposit is an important inspiration for the exploration of the porphyry mineralization related to collision orogeny. Further mineral exploration in the Tibet Plateau should be focused on the continental volcanic rocks related to porphyry-epithermal deposits, orogenic gold deposits, hydrothermal Pb-Zn deposits related to nappe structures, skarn Cu (Au) and polymetallic deposits, and the Miocene W-Sn polymetallic deposits.©2021 China Geology Editorial Office.     

AN INTRACONTINENTAL EXTENSIONAL TECTONIC SETTING FOR THE ORIGIN OF YULONG PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT IN EAST TIBET

AN INTRACONTINENTAL EXTENSIONAL TECTONIC SETTING FOR THE ORIGIN OF YULONG PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT IN EAST TIBET     

西藏冈底斯成矿带浅成低温热液型金锑矿床的发现及其意义--以西藏弄如日金锑矿床为例

通过化探、槽探和平硐等手段,对位于冈底斯成矿带东段的弄如日金矿床进行了评价和研究,在矿区发现金矿化带4条,圈出金矿体5个,控制2．3g／t品位以上的金资源量（333＋3341）为2．97t,确定该矿床属典型的浅成中低温热液型金矿床。矿区的金矿体赋存于破碎蚀变角岩和蚀变二长花岗斑岩中,受南北向正断裂系统的控制,矿化以金为主,伴有辉锑矿、雄黄、黄铁矿等矿物,可分为浅成低温热液和表生氧化2个成矿期,金可能以独立的自然金状态存在于脉石矿物的粒问或裂隙中。弄如日金矿床形成于伸展构造背景,在空间上居斑岩铜矿床外围,成矿时代为中新世一上新世,与冈底斯斑岩型铜钼矿床及其外围的矽卡岩型铅锌矿床的成矿时代基本一致,说明三者受统一的成矿作用制约,属斑岩岩浆一热液成矿系统中的浅成低温热液型金锑矿床。     

藏南查拉普岩金矿床特征、发现及时代约束

查拉普岩金矿床是藏南著名的北喜马拉雅构造带中新发现的第一个也是最大一个岩金矿床, 是西藏境内迄今为止报道的首个卡林型金矿床.但它的发现只是藏南岩金找矿突破的前奏, 随着勘查研究工作的深入, 北喜马拉雅构造带在岩金或以岩金为主的金锑找矿方面将会取得重大突破.首次系统介绍查拉普岩金矿床成矿环境、成矿特征的同时, 对其成矿时代提出约束, 得出该类型金矿最终成矿作用与藏南大规模拆离系的形成和演化密切相关, 也显示北喜马拉雅与冈底斯斑岩铜矿带在晚新生代成矿方面具有某种成因联系, 为该区进一步的岩金找矿提供了参考和借鉴, 具有重要的理论及现实意义.      

闽中地区次火山-热液金（银）矿床成矿系列及资源潜力

闽中地区是福建省金银成矿集中区,其上规模成矿主要集中于晚侏罗世次火山活动阶段。次火山-热液金(银)矿床的形成,矿、热、水“三源”是基本必要条件,北西、北东向两组构造带的复合是成矿定位的关键。在断隆带、坳中隆、坳中凹不同构造环境中,相应地递次形成(次)辉绿岩-闪长玢岩、(次)英安斑岩、(次)流纹斑岩等区域次火山-热液金(银)矿床成矿系列的3个亚系列;在垂向空间分布上,自上而下构成(微)细粒浸染型、石英脉型、破碎带蚀变岩型、隐爆角砾岩型、次火山岩型等工业矿床类型分带序列。金矿资源潜力在50t以上。     

滇西富碱斑岩型金成矿系统特征与变化保存

同时开展成矿作用及成矿后变化保存两方面研究,是提高矿产预测能力的迫切需求。滇西新生代富碱斑岩型金多金属矿床除与喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩有密切的时空和成因关系外,另一个显著特点是发生了强烈的次生富集作用,是开展成矿系统变化与保存研究的天然实验室。含矿斑岩为一套以富碱(K2O+Na2O8%)为特征的从基性到中酸性的岩石系列,其源区为古特提斯构造演化过程中形成的富集地幔,并于新生代早期上升至壳幔混合带时遭受部分熔融。含矿斑岩主体形成于33～38Ma,大规模成矿作用集中于34±2Ma左右,它们的形成与构造动力体制转换过程中的壳幔物质强烈交换和构造变形密切相关,并可能受青藏高原物质向东逃逸和软流圈脉动隆起的联合制约。之后,发生了印度板块由前期逆时针旋转向顺时针旋转的转变、反向旋转板块的拖曳与斜向俯冲板块回退作用的综合效应,导致了滇西地区岩石圈伸展作用和多期左行和右行断裂走滑运动及强烈构造隆升的发生,诱发了亏损地幔减压熔融产生的板内高钾岩浆岩的就位、大规模热水流体活动,并叠加区域红土化作用,成矿系统遭受了强烈的变化与改造,金的表生成矿作用在矿床形成后即已开始,之后经历了多阶段的演化,有明显的穿时性。主要表现为矿床抬升或掩埋、矿体错切或错失、矿化叠加或次生富集、远距离迁移以及就近淋滤或贫化等。     

Anomaly Models of Spatial Structures for Copper-Molybdenum Ore Deposits and their Application

This paper discusses the enrichment and depletion regularities for porphyry copper-molybdenum ore deposits in different regions and varied deposit genetic types in the same area, taking three porphyry copper-molybdenum ore deposits (i.e., the Chengmenshan in Jiangxi, Wunugetushan in Inner Mongolia, Baishantang in Gansu) and two copper deposits in Gansu Province (the Huitongshan skarn deposit and Gongpoquan composite deposit) as case studies. The results show that porphyry Cu-Mo deposits or skarn copper deposits include both enrichment of the ore-forming elements and associated elements, and depletion of some lithophile dispersed elements, rare earth elements (REE) and some major elements. And the depleted elements vary with deposits, having generality and their own features. On a deposit scale, the positive anomalies of enriched elements and negative anomalies of depleted elements follow in a sequence to comprise regular anomaly models of spatial structures. The exploration in the Tongchang deposit in Jiangxi and Huitongshan deposit in Gansu suggests that anomaly models play a key role in the identification of mineral occurrences and deposits compared to one single enriched element anomaly. And the anomaly models exert a critical effect on the optimization of prospecting targets and their potential evaluation.     

理论预测与科学找矿--以西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿为例

近年来在西藏冈底斯构造成矿带发现了多个以斑岩铜矿为主的大型和超大型矿床,这些矿床均形成于青藏高原板内隆升过程,主要成矿年龄为17～15 Ma,其矿床类型、矿床规模、成矿部位和成矿时代与作者10 a前的理论预测结果基本吻合.突破板块碰撞造山和板块碰撞成矿模式,按大陆动力学和成矿动力学的新思路,认为冈底斯斑岩铜矿形成于特提斯开合转换、板块碰撞造陆之后的晚新生代构造隆升、下地壳层流、板内造山、地壳增厚、热隆伸展的动力改造成矿过程.加强基础地质研究、倡导创新科学思维、发展地质与成矿理论对于中国西部的找矿勘探具有十分重要的作用.