A simple method to create complex particle shapes for DEM

In order to get quantitatively reliable results with the discrete element method, or DEM, it becomes more and more necessary to reproduce accurately the shape of irregular particles. A simple and fast original method to create complex shapes by assembling spheres together is proposed. This paper shows its ability to reproduce a shape, its degree of resolution and the number of spheres required.     

Graphic method for reconstruction of a strain ellipse from distorted regular polygons

A graphical method to determine the finite strain ellipse from deformed polygons of similar size is presented. This technique has been developed on sections normal to columnar joints of igneous rocks, but it can also be applied to any feature in which the corresponding unstrained polygons have their vertices located on a circumscribed circle.     

A method of analysis for horizontally embedded anchors in an elastic soil

A general method is presented for the analysis of horizontally embedded anchors in an elastic soil. Provision is made in the analysis for the consideration of anchor shape, layer depth, anchor–soil interface condition, breakaway of the anchor from the underlying soil and interaction between groups of anchors. Application of the analytical technique is illustrated for strip and circular anchors, and these solutions are presented in the form of influence charts which may be used directly in hand calculations to predict the elastic load deflection behaviour, of anchor plates for a wide variety of material and geometric conditions.     

A calculation method for the embedded depth of stabilizing piles in reinforced slopes

Embedded stabilizing piles are a significant optimization measure for traditional piles used to reinforce slopes or landslides. The determination of the embedded depth of the pile top is essential for engineering design. On the basis of the potential overtop-sliding failure mechanism for a piled slope, the corresponding overall slip surface is assumed to consist of the upper part from the original slip surface of the landslide, and the lower part occurs in the local slide mass upslope of the piles. The imbalanced thrust force method is used to determine the thrust force of the upper slide mass, and a variational calculus method within the framework of limit equilibrium for the lower slide mass is provided to calculate its limit resistance. According to the equilibrium relationship between the thrust force and the limit resistance under a design factor of safety of the piled slope, a closed-form solution to the piled-slope stability is specifically derived. It can quantitatively exhibit the influences of some important factors, including the embedded depth on the factor of safety and the corresponding slip surface of the slope. The analysis results of some practical examples show that the factor of safety decreases nonlinearly as the embedded depth increases. The proposed method can be applied in practical engineering.     

Short Communication: A numerical method for diffusive transport with moving boundaries and discontinuous material properties

A method for the numerical simulation of diffusive transport with moving boundaries is developed and tested. The variable domain is mapped onto a fixed region, which introduces a term of convective form to the transformed governing equation. The resulting convection/diffusion equation is solved by a finite-difference method. An ‘Immersed Interface’ Method (IIM) is introduced in order to retain second-order accuracy near discontinuities in material properties, where the solution is not smooth. The method performs well in benchmark calculations against an analytical solution. The IIM scheme is capable of treating a strong discontinuity in the gradient, and it is readily extended to two or three dimensions. The methods are illustrated through a calculation for the temperature profile in a growing continental ice sheet, in which the thermal properties are discontinuous at the rock/ice interface. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于L-BFGS理论求解复程函方程的地震波复走时计算方法

地震波复走时在处理几何射线理论面临的焦散问题有着重要作用。为了获得一种精度高且更为高效的复走时计算方法,将L?BFGS最优化理论引入分离的复程函方程中用于求取等效虚慢度,直接利用复走时实部、虚部正交的条件为目标函数,减少了梯度矩阵的一次乘积,利用计算梯度的正演部分作为复走时计算部分,得到了一种求解复程函方程的L?BFGS快速推进复走时计算方法。通过对解析法、动力学射线追踪法、高斯牛顿—共轭梯度快速推进法、L?BFGS快速推进法计算结果的精度和效率分析,表明L?BFGS快速推进法在精度和效率上均具有一定的优越性,也能适应在实际应用中的大规模计算需求。     

土钉支护结构优化的改进遗传进化-复合形算法

对于土钉支护结构优化这样一个二重优化问题，采用改进遗传进化算法调整土钉设计参数，并利用复合形法搜索支护结构的临界滑面，从而得出保证工程安全可靠且造价最低的最优设计方案。     

快速制备肼—高岭石插层复合物的方法及意义

将一定浓度的肼溶液与高岭土混合，施以机械研磨，不仅加快了肼分子插入高岭石的速率(10分钟内可使插层率达96％)，而且超细效果明显。在加温120℃后，插入高岭石层间的肼分子挥发，产生的气体能进一步将高岭土剥离，最后得到—2μm＞90％的超细高岭土粉体，且片状晶形完好。这种技术为制备“双90”超细高岭土提供了新的思路和方法。     

A test of independence for stratigraphic sequences with respect to embedded Markov chains

Identification of cyclic sequences gives valuable insight into depositional associations of stratigraphic facies. An embedded Markov chain is a reasonable general model for facies transitions. But a model with independent random occurrences of facies is not an appropriate null hypothesis to be tested to show the presence of cycles because of definitional restriction in transition observations to only those between different facies. This is a common stratigraphic situation and the problem has been raised recently by several authors. We present here a test statistic for null hypothesis derived from the concept of partial independence and inherent to the model of embedded Markov processes.     

表面条件对透壁通风管碎石路堤降温效果的影响

针对青藏高原冻土区高速公路拟采用的透壁通风管碎石路堤,进行了表面开放和封闭透壁通风管碎石试样降温效果的室内试验,分析比较了表面开放和封闭边界条件对透壁通风管负温通风增强碎石路堤降温效果的影响差异。分析表明,表面开放和封闭透壁通风管碎石路堤都以外界空气通过管壁透气小孔与通风管附近碎石区域孔隙空气循环产生的强迫对流传热增强降温作用,另外,表面封闭透壁通风管碎石路堤能够在上部碎石区域产生孔隙空气循环的自然对流降温效应。因此,表面封闭透壁通风管碎石路堤的降温效果更为显著。     

A method for generating virtual soil profiles with complex,multi-layer stratigraphy

This paper presents a framework for generating multi-layer, unconditional soil profiles with complex stratigraphy, which simulates the effects of natural erosion and sedimentation processes. The stratigraphy can have varying degrees of randomness and can include features such as lenses, as well as sloped and undulating layers. The method generates the soil comprising the layers using local average subdivision (LAS), and a random noise component that is added to the layer boundaries. The layers are created by generating coordinates of key points in the simulated ground profile, which are then interpolated with a customised, 2D, linear interpolation algorithm. The resulting simulations facilitate more accurate probabilistic modelling of geotechnical engineering systems because they provide more realistic geologies, such as those usually encountered in the ground. Fortran code implementing this framework is included as supplementary material.     

基于布尔运算的复杂块体几何形态分析一般方法

提出采用布尔运算进行三维复杂块体形态分析的一般方法,并采用C++语言编写了相应的程序。块体布尔运算是将参与运算的主块体和客块体进行交、并或差运算,得到形态更加复杂的块体。为描述块体内部非贯通结构面,在块体数据结构中引入退化有向壳,允许块体中混合维度模型的存在。将主块体各面分别与客块体各面进行面-面求交线运算,通过环路分析得到各块体分割后的面。根据具体采用的布尔运算方法,确定有效面和无效面,并将有效面进行搜索得到新的壳和块体。选取3个算例和1个典型工程实例来验证该方法的可行性和应用性。计算结果表明,该方法可以生成形态更加复杂的块体,可以很方便地处理块体中的结构面,具有普遍性和适应性,并具有广泛的实际应用价值。     

Directional properties of polygons and their application to finite strain estimation

An eigenmethod for characterising the directional properties of convex polygons is described. Given a polygon, regular in the undeformed state, its image following a homogeneous strain transformation is an irregular polygon whose eigensolution (an ellipse) has the axis ratio and orientation of the strain ellipse. The eigenmethod can therefore be used for finite strain estimation using polygonal strain markers, and is compared with alternative methods recently proposed by Roder (1977) and Sanderson (1977).     

复杂反倾岩质边坡的稳定性分析方法研究

以坡体内含有多组结构面的复杂反倾岩质边坡为研究对象,考虑结构面未将岩块与母岩彻底分离的情况,建立了复杂反倾岩质边坡的稳定性分析方法。首先,根据岩层的受荷状态和岩层间的接触关系,建立各岩层的挠度计算方法。然后,以岩层的挠度为关联变量建立方程组,通过求解方程组得到各岩层间的层间荷载,进而量化了边坡内各岩块后部结构面受到的荷载,并据此构建了各结构面的断裂力学模型。利用该模型并基于断裂力学建立了各岩块的稳定系数计算方法。最后,通过算例分析表明文中建立的复杂反倾岩质边坡稳定分析方法得到的结果与边坡实际破坏形态基本一致。     

A three dimensional embedded beam element for reinforced geomaterials

This paper presents the formulation and verification of a 3D embedded beam element, which is intended for numerical modelling of three dimensional problems concerned by reinforced geomaterials. This element permits analysis of reinforced geomaterial structures with simplified meshes, that do not need to account for reinforcement orientation. The paper is composed of four sections. Section 1 discusses the need for the development of a particular beam element for soil reinforcement, which can be easily used in practical applications. Section 2 describes the mathematical formulation of this element, while Section 3 deals with its verification on various examples. Section 4 illustrates an application of this element by analysing the behaviour of a group of micropiles containing inclined elements and subjected to lateral loading. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种基于平面地质图的复杂断层三维构建方法

在分析平面地质图数据特点的基础上,为准确表达复杂断层的空间几何形态和相互之间的关系,引入了由地质形体的轮廓线构建而成的线框架模型概念;修正了边界表示法模型有效构建的基本条件;从地层与断层之间的关系角度详细阐述了有效构建线框架模型的方法;提出了以线框架模型为基础的断层面整体构建技术思路,解决了复杂断层面三维构建问题。     

Vectorization of classified remote sensing raster data to establish topological relations among polygons

Vector and raster are two types of spatial data structures used in a geographic information system (GIS). With the development of GIS and remote sensing (RS) technologies, how to rapidly convert raster to vector data and establish topological relations among vectorized polygons is becoming a bottleneck in data integration between GIS and RS. Based on the previous work, an improved vectorization method is proposed to vectorize classified RS raster data quickly and automatically establish topological relations. In accordance with the connection information of arcs and nodes and both-sides polygonal attributes of arcs, the next arc can be searched directly by attribute matching when constructing polygons, thereby improving search efficiency. Moreover, our method addressed the problems of self-intersecting polygons, shared-boundary, and multi-nested islands and gave corresponding solutions, which can establish the topological relations of an entire image quickly. Two experiments, one for comparison between before and after vectorization of two different classified RS raster maps, and the other for comparison with several methods, are carried out to test the accuracy and efficiency of our method. Results show that the method solves the self-intersecting polygons, shared-boundary, and multi-nested islands problems. In addition, its vectorization speed is more than double that of commercial software ArcGIS, and the advantage of our method becomes more obvious as the number of polygons increases. Thus, our method can vectorize large and complex classified RS raster data with sufficient efficiency for practical use and establish topological relations among vectorized polygons.     

复杂地质体三维实体建模方法

依托常规GIS技术的建模手段不能满足复杂地质体三维实体建模的需求,其建模效果在真三维建模、实体模型应用等方面受限。本文根据复杂地质体的特征,将复杂地质体分为层状的连续型非倒转地质体、非连续型(断裂)地质体、倒转褶皱地质体和非层状地质体。从三维实体建模的角度,提出数据拆分、数据控制、数据简化三种建模数据处理方法,并借助三维GIS的可视化技术与GOCAD真三维建模能力,研究基于GOCAD软件的复杂地质体三维实体建模方法,详细阐述了四类复杂地质体的具体实现方法,并构建三维实体模型。     

复杂沉积环境下松散地层层序简易划定方法

第四系松散地层对工程建设、城市发展等影响较大,一些地区的沉积环境较复杂,给划分了解其地层层序变化带来很大困难。借助有限测年资料等,仅能反映样点附近情况,且费用很高。以郑州航空港北部一带为例,在深入分析其地质调查资料并结合对周边地质环境的成熟认知,以及现有关于第四纪时代划分与冷、暖气候变化认识等基础上,改进了一套由一系列关键划定步骤接续组成的,以侧重反映地层成因、岩性特征、沉积旋回变化,并含括地质构造运动、气候变化、地层年代信息等内容的地层层序划定方法,解决了上述难题。新方法划定结果符合区域地质环境的演进特征。一些特征明显的地层可在认识成熟的周边地区或地层组中找到印证,连同其他重要地质信息,可基本控制满足地层划分对地质年代的精度要求。