基于eCos的海底地震仪嵌入式软件系统

针对海底地震仪在文件存储,数据通信等方面的观测要求,在海底地震仪的研制中引入了eCos（Embedded Configurable Operating System）系统,开发了基于该系统的具有数据采集、文件存储、仪器状态控制、网络数据通信、无线通信等功能的海底地震仪控制软件.本文在对海底地震仪的系统结构和工作模式作简要说明的基础上,重点介绍了eCos系统构建过程,海底地震仪控制软件的结构,指出该软件系统可有效地提高海底地震仪观测系统运行的稳定性和可靠性.     

海底大地电磁数据采集器

进行海底大地电磁数据采集，需借助于专用的水下探测设备 . 虽然大地电磁测深法无论是仪器或是测量手段在陆地上的应用已较为成熟，但把该方法移 植到海洋中，还需解决一些与海洋探测有关的工程技术问题. 主要包括：水下电场信号的提 取，海底环境的监测，仪器在非实时监控运行中的纠错对策以及测量部件的密封承压等等 . 在研制海底大地电磁数据采集器的过程中，采用先进的材料工艺，高精度的电子线路，可 靠的软件编程以及牢固的器件安装结构，有效地解决了上述技术问题. 用所研制的仪器首次 在我国海域进行了探测试验.     

控制海底电磁激发脉冲发射的时间同步技术

为达到海洋可控源电磁探测和远参考测量的目的,研究控制海底电磁激发脉冲发射的时间同步技术,包括发射前与GPS的对钟技术和发射中的同步技术,保证仪器工作的时间和公共的时间基准GPS信号保持精确一致,为后期的数据处理解释提供统一的时间坐标.对钟技术是指,在海洋调查船上完成仪器内部RTC芯片分频所得的秒脉冲信号RTC_PPS与GPS秒脉冲信号PPS时钟沿的同步;同步技术是指,海底工作过程中,仪器在预定的时钟沿将可控源信号精确发射出去.本论文采用CPLD芯片、RTC芯片、GPS模块和AVR单片机来完成对钟和同步模块的设计.     

一种新型海底沉积物声学原位测量系统的研制及应用

为了能够精确地测量海底表层沉积物的声学参数,自主研制了一种新型海底沉积物声学原位测量系统,与国内外传统的声学原位测量系统相比,该系统能够实时显示声波波形,调整测量参数,其工作方式除了站位式测量之外,还实现了拖行式连续测量,极大地提高了工作效率.根据前期海试情况,对海底仪器结构进行了重新设计,使之可以同时测量海底沉积物及海底海水的声学参数,同时建立了双向数字信道,解决了测量过程中系统信号的干扰问题.该系统的结构分为两部分:甲板控制单元和水下测量单元,整套系统通过主机控制程序进行控制,采用GPS定位系统测定仪器的大地坐标.为了检验系统的稳定性及准确性,分别进行了实验室水槽实验和海上试验.利用水声测量设备对测量系统进行实验室水槽标定分析,实验结果表明系统测量值相对误差仅为0.04%,测量结果具有较高的精度.海上试验在青岛胶州湾和东海海域进行,获得了试验区域海底沉积物声速和声衰减系数的测量数据,将测量数据与他人的研究结果进行对比分析,结果表明测量数据与前人研究结果一致,较为准确.该原位测量系统在站位式测量和拖行式测量中都能够快速准确地测量出沉积物声速和声衰减系数,可以作为海底底质声学测量的调查设备.     

基于FPGA及DSP的测井遥传信号解码技术

综合化测井数据采集系统的硬件设计采用了可靠性较高的compactPCI总线结构以及FPGA、DSP等技术,软件采用了实时操作系统VxWorks．利用FPGA和DSP技术实现了测井遥传信号的解码,保证了系统的实时性和可靠性能够满足测井采集的要求．系统已在现场应用,验证了设计方案可行的．     

深水大地电磁数据采集的若干理论要点与仪器技术

深水环境下进行大地电磁数据采集,信号幅值微弱,高频分量被严重衰减;仪器承载的环境压力巨大,且伴随底流推曳、淤泥吸附等不利因素;海上作业情况复杂多变,带给设备投放与回收诸多困难.针对这些特殊问题,从理论上分析了大地电磁场在海水及其以下层状介质中的传播规律,计算了电场与磁场随不同水深的衰变比值,研讨了与仪器上浮速度相关的物理因素;从技术上阐述海底大地电磁仪的工作原理,包括信号传感器、数据采集器、声控释放单元以及机械组装部件等等.整套仪器信号分辨率达到nV级,频带宽度为10~0.3×10^-3 Hz,最大工作水深4000 m.该仪器搭载“海洋六号”科学考察船,在我国南海中沙群岛海域进行了国内首次深水环境下的大地电磁数据采集试验.结果显示,所研发的仪器性能指标吻合先前的理论推算值,达到设计要求.我国的海底大地电磁探测技术已完全享有自主的知识产权.     

ARM嵌入式系统在海底大地电磁信号采集中的应用研究初探

按照现代地电探测仪器的特点和技术要求,首次将ARM嵌入式系统引入地电信号探测领域．建立了基于ARM的海底大地电磁数据采集系统．面向系统开发过程。提出ARM嵌入式系统实现的硬件和软件设计方案。初步尝试实现了地电信号数据采集仪器的低功耗、小型化和智能化。     

海底地震观测技术探索与实践

天津市近海地震观测试验系统首次在井下将测震仪器和前兆仪器进行组合观测,可为海底地震观测技术的进一步发展积累经验,为海底地震监测和前兆观测积累大量的基础观测资料,具有良好的社会效益。     

CB-3磁变仪数字控制设计与应用

1　设计背景新乐市地震局使用 CB-3磁变仪已 2 0年。其拾取 /记录系统由于结构及材料特点 ,能实现持续长年稳定可靠运行 ,保证了提供数据的连续性、可靠性。但时间服务系统由于 2 0年前元器件的局限性 ,已有过很多次的修理和更换。石英钟淘汰了两块 ,甚至也用过马蹄表、挂钟。需手动操作的触点器件 ,使用时凭经验才能工作。比如分量开关 (波段开关 ) ,按程序使用次数 2 0年累计不超过 2 1 60次 ,需随机使用也只有 2 50 0次左右 ,远没达到其设计寿命。经分析认为有些部件是寿命原因 ,比如石英钟 ;有些是其触点裸露在空气中反复氧化所致。比…     

烟记录地震仪的技术改造：ARA放大器的应用之二

广东省地震局台站上使用的地震记录仪,几乎全部是70年代初期建台时配备的仪器,且以短周期烟记录地震仪为主。这些仪器使用多年,故障率很高,需要经常维修。台站迫切要求进行仪器更新。在目前国家经济状况下,全面更新仪器相当困难,我们采用局部技术改造的方针,即保留现有仪器系统中设计合理的可用部份,用性能先进的部件代替相对落后或设计不合理的部件,以达到少花钱多办事,办好事的目的。通过两年多来的实际使用表明,所采用的技术改造方案比较合理,具有较普遍的推广使用价值。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.