基于国际法的跨境水分配关键指标及其特征

基于《国际淡水条约数据库》及1999 年以来相关跨境水资源利用与管理的研究成果,通过综合分析1864-2002 年49 个跨境水分配条约中的6 类28 项分水指标的区域与演进特征,判识跨境水分配的关键指标,结果表明：分水指标在实践中存在着明显的区域差异,在欧美发达地区的分水主要指标首先是维持最小水量,其次是多年平均水量,而亚非及南美洲欠发达地区则反之;少水区河流水分配的主要指标是多年平均水量和维持最小水量指标,而多水区河流则是维持最小水量和最大取用水量指标;从1864-2002 年分水条约签订的4 个历史时期上看,条约数量呈现少-多-较少-持平的变化趋势,条约的区域分布呈现出从欧美地区向亚非地区转移特征;主要分水指标从最早的维持最小水量和多年平均水量指标,演变到维持最小水量和最大取用水量指标,再到水利设施运行和多年平均水量,至最近的维持最小水量和多年平均水量指标,主要指标具有变化往复特点.综合跨境水分配条约中主要指标在不同时期及不同地区应用特征,可确定跨境水分配的关键指标为维持最小水量指标.     

河流健康及其指标

Based on the author’s practice in river harnessing, this paper defines that a healthy river is a river whose social and natural functions can be balanced or compromised in terms of the socio-economic, ecological and environmental values associated with the river. The environmental values of river systems should be judged according to the following criteria: the signal of a healthy river should be associated with favorable riverbed, acceptable water quality, sustainable river ecosystem and compatible runoff. The river health criterion should reflect the river’s natural function status which includes the riverbed, water quality, river ecosystem and runoff. But, the variety and quantity would be different for different rivers depending on different natural features and social background. The standards to be adopted for a healthy river should be determined according to the requirements for maintaining river’s normal natural functions and the extent whether the social and natural functions could perform in a balanced way, and also the standards adopted should be adjusted according to the change of the given conditions. The key factor of river health is the enough and clean flow. The authors stressed that human activities would hurt the river health which include excessive water diversion and excessive power generation from the river, improper regulation of flood and sediment, and over discharge of sewage into the river and over change in fish habitat. Taking the Yellow River as a case, this paper also discussed the method to identify what are the standards of a healthy river as well as environmental flows. Foundation: Chinese National Research Program, No.2006BAB06B; National Key Basic Research Development Program of China “973”, No.G1999043601 Author: Liu Changming, Academician     

河流健康评价的主评指标筛选

河流健康是近年来探讨水资源问题的一个热点,其评价指标体系正成为河流管理的目标。为了筛选出一些基本的、易于量化的主要评价指标来揭示河流健康基本状况和变化趋势,通过对1972～2010年约150篇相关文献、45个河流健康评价指标体系902项指标的整理和归纳,应用统计、层次和相关性分析法,确定各指标的被采用率,并同时综合考虑指标的重要性、普遍性、可量化性和易获得性,筛选出揭示河流生境物理、水环境、生物和水资源利用4类特征的主要指标。结果表明,有以下8个指标可作为河流健康的主评指标：河岸植被覆盖率、河流连通性、湿地保留率、径流量变化率、水质达标率、鱼类生物完整性指数、水资源利用率和流域天然植被覆盖率。     

基于水利益共享的跨境流域水资源多目标分配研究——以澜沧江-湄公河为例

以水利益共享代替分水的理念有利于充分发挥水资源效益和减少区域矛盾冲突,但由于缺乏具体可实施的分配模式一直停留在设想阶段。基于水利益共享理念,建立跨境流域水资源多目标分配指标体系,并结合澜沧江-湄公河流域跨境水资源利用现状及需求,提出澜沧江-湄公河流域跨境水资源多目标分配模型。为基于水利益共享的跨境水资源多目标分配提供了具有充分可操作性的指标体系和分配模型,有助于推进跨境流域水利益共享的实施,实现区域双边或多边在水资源利用上的共赢和发展目标。     

1948—2018年国际河流跨境水冲突的时空演化规律

随着全球气候变化和人类社会经济高速发展,水资源供需矛盾日益突出,国际河流流域跨境水冲突不断加剧,其时空演化规律成为当前跨学科研究的热点和难点。为此,从水冲突“事件—关系”视角,对1948—2018年间全球跨境水冲突的时空演化规律进行系统分析发现：① 1948—2018年全球跨境水冲突规模总体呈非单调波动增长态势,在1987年前后发生显著突变,表现出兼具趋势性、突变性和波动性等多维特征的非单调动力过程;② 全球跨境水冲突事件以围绕水文干预和资源权属争夺的低强度事件为主,大坝等水利工程建设引发的冲突显著增加,南亚、西亚和东非地区成为主导全球跨境水冲突趋势演化的“序参量”;③ 全球跨境水冲突呈现由单中心向多中心格局转变的空间扩散趋势,但“北多南少、东多西少、相对集中”的总体不均衡格局基本锁定,形成以30°N为中心、横跨南亚—中亚—西亚—东非高水资源压力区的水冲突密集带;④ 国家间跨境水冲突关系趋于普遍化、复杂化和网络化,发育多个流域性网络社团,但水冲突关系的“马太效应”和极化分布特征持续显著,产生“路径锁定”效应;水冲突“规模—强度”关系存在一定的空间错配。     

山区河流系统健康评价方法研究

本文通过对山区河流的基本特征研究,从生态功能和人类服务功能两大角度建立了山区河流健康评价系统,并基于投影寻踪理论构建了山区河流健康评估指标体系。以中国西南地区某典型山区河流为研究对象,本文对该河流水电开发前后的健康状况进行了研究。结果显示水电开发后河流综合健康状况较现状有显著提高。在此基础上,本文进一步通过对投影指标体系的结构特征分析,提出了维持河流健康的对策。     

河流健康:概念、评价方法与方向

人类不合理的社会经济活动严重干扰了河流生态系统,河流健康问题引起广泛的重视。在详细概括了有关河流健康概念的不同认识基础上,介绍了河流健康评价的生物监测法与综合指标法的优缺点与发展历程,并就有关河流健康评价的发展趋势提出建议。认为今后的重点是评价标准确定、河流对干扰敏感性、生态过程性指标及流域尺度上的健康评价的研究。     

约旦河跨境水冲突的地缘环境研究

随着气候变化、人口增长和经济发展,全球水资源供需矛盾日益突出,国际河流跨境水冲突不断加剧。地处中东的约旦河是世界上跨境水冲突最严重的河流。1948—2008年约旦河跨境水冲突事件数量占全球总量的1/5,战争性跨境水冲突数量占同级别总量的2/3。本文以地缘价值、地缘关系和地缘结构为模块构建国际河流跨境水冲突地缘环境分析框架,考察约旦河跨境水冲突事件的时空演化及其形成的地缘机制。研究发现,约旦河跨境水冲突的地缘目标集中于水资源战略要地,且按水资源地“主要→核心→次要”空间转移;跨境水冲突事件在时序上呈现从以色列争夺水权为主向域内阿拉伯国家讨还水权为主演化;跨境水冲突地缘体结构中以色列主动发起的跨境水冲突占六成多,域内阿拉伯国家和域外地缘体发起的各约占二成。基于地缘环境分析框架的研究得出以下结论：约旦河流域区位的地缘价值吸引域外大国直接介入,促成跨境水冲突向有利于美国—以色列利益的方向发展;域内地缘体的“水资源地”竞争地缘关系强于“水量”竞争地缘关系,对约旦河跨境水冲突具有强化作用;以色列作为约旦河地缘结构中的水霸权,对该流域跨境水冲突的基本态势和时空分布格局具有主导作用。     

亚洲国际河流的合作研究进展--"拓展亚洲国际河流跨境水与生态安全合作"国际学术研讨会纪要

由清华大学、云南大学、世界银行学院和联合国大学联合主办,云南大学亚洲国际河流中心承办的《拓展亚洲国际河流跨境水与生态安全合作》国际学术研讨会,于2005年12月10日至14日在云南省大理市举行。来自美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、芬兰、荷兰、日本、泰国、越南、老挝、印度、斯里兰卡、伊朗和中国13个国家的60余名学者参加了会议。     

基于生态功能的河流等级划分及应用——以浙江省河流为例

河流等级划分是认识河流规律的一项基础性工作,对河流的治理和保护管理具有现实意义。现有的河流等级划分难以反映河流的时空特性,有的人为影响较大,有的不具备河流地貌特征,有的仅具备物理特征,有的仅方便行政管理。本研究基于河流连续体概念,综合了河流的物理、生物特征,引用北美新近提出的"基于生态功能的河流等级划分",阐明了对浙江省河流进行基于生态功能的等级划分意义。从流域尺度上构建了浙江省河流的等级层次结构,分析了浙江省河流各等级层次的物理特征和生态特征的共性和差异,明确了河流各等级层次的生态保护目标和相关对策。以钱塘江流域为例,对其进行了详细的等级划分,探讨了基于生态功能的河流等级划分在确定浙江省河流生态需水的作用及应用前景,并明确了在人类活动影响下,浙江省水行政管理机构在河流等级层次的相关管理范围和内容。     

The key indicators of transboundary water apportionment based on international laws and cases

Transboundary water, more competitive utilization and uncertain availability under the globalization trend, the issue of its apportionment which directly impacts national benefits of each riparian state is becoming one of the important topics in the world. Water is scarce in China, the most important upstream state in Asia, and this task has to be thought over in the coming future. Based on ＂International Freshwater Treaties Database＂ （1820-2007） by Oregon State University, and publications and reports on transboundary water utilization and management since 1999, 28 indicators of water apportionment adopted in 49 international treaties and cases in 1864-2002 are divided into 6 types, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the adopted indicators are analyzed in order to find the key indicator（s） of transboundary water apportionment. The major results include： the major adopted indicators, have significant differences among 5 regions/continents, the indicators at rank first and second place in the developed region （North America and Europe） according to the adopted times are ＂keeping minimum water flow＂ and ＂mean annual runoff＂, but in the developing region （Asia, Africa and South America）, the ranking order of the above two indicators is reversed; the major adopted indicators in the watersheds with insufficient water are ＂mean annual runoff＂ and ＂keeping minimum water flow＂, the ones in the watersheds with sufficient water are ＂keeping minimum water flow＂ and ＂maximum water intake＂; the international treaties signed from the first phase to the fourth phase, the developing process shows a progress of ＂fewer-increasing a lot-decreasing rapidly-equation basically＂, the regional distribution of the treaties shifts mainly from the developed region to the developing one, especially to Asia and Africa; the major adopted indicators shifts from ＂keeping minimum water flow＂ and ＂mean annual runoff＂ in 1864-1945, to ＂keeping minimum water flow＂ and ＂maximum water intake＂ in 1946-1971, then to ＂hydraulic facility operation＂ and ＂mean annual runoff＂ in 1972-1991, and finally to ＂keeping minimum water flow＂ and ＂mean annual runoff＂ in 1992-2002, the process shows similar a loop. Finally, the key indicator on transboundary water apportionment can be determined as ＂keeping minimum water flow＂.     

将被广泛接受的指标作为河流健康评价关键指标的可行性分析(英文)

Index systems on river health assessment are difficult for using in practice, due to the more complex and professional indicators adopted. In the paper, some key indicators which can be applied for river health assessment in general were selected, based on the analysis of 45 assessment index systems with 902 variables within around 150 published papers and documents in 1972-2010. According to the fields covered by the variables, they were divided into four groups: habitat condition, water environment, biotic status and water utilization. The adopted number and the accepted degrees in the above systems of each indicator were calculated after the variables were combined into the indicators, some of the widely accepted indicators which can reflect different aspects of river condition were selected as key indicators in candidate. Under the correlation analysis amongst the key indicators in candidate, 8 indicators were finally suggested as the key indicators for assessing river health, which were: coverage rate of riparian vegetation, reserved rate of wetland, river continuity, the changing rate of water flow, the ratio of reaching water quality standard, fish index of biotic integrity, the ratio of water utilization and land use.     

Feasibility analysis of widely accepted indicators as key ones in river health assessment

Index systems on river health assessment are difficult for using in practice, due to the more complex and professional indicators adopted. In the paper, some key indicators which can be applied for river health assessment in general were selected, based on the analysis of 45 assessment index systems with 902 variables within around 150 published papers and documents in 1972-2010. According to the fields covered by the variables, they were divided into four groups: habitat condition, water environment, biotic status and water utilization. The adopted number and the accepted degrees in the above systems of each indicator were calculated after the variables were combined into the indicators, some of the widely accepted indicators which can reflect different aspects of river condition were selected as key indicators in candidate. Under the correlation analysis amongst the key indicators in candidate, 8 indicators were finally suggested as the key indicators for assessing river health, which were: coverage rate of riparian vegetation, reserved rate of wetland, river continuity, the changing rate of water flow, the ratio of reaching water quality standard, fish index of biotic integrity, the ratio of water utilization and land use.     

中国国际河流研究进展及展望

我国因发育了亚洲大陆的主要国际河流而成为全球最重要的上游水道国。近30年来,在全球化趋势下,国际河流的合理利用与保护、生态变化与跨境影响、地缘合作与安全维护等,广受国际关注,成为地理、生态和地缘政治等学科交叉研究的热点。本文按“国际河流”、“跨境水资源”、“跨境生态安全”等关键词,从《地理学报》及其英文版J. Geographical Sciences中检索近30年来发表的相关文献,以此为主要依据,回顾地理学对我国国际河流研究取得的主要进展,判识存在的问题和所面临的挑战;在此基础上,结合科学发展的趋势和我国地缘合作等重大需求,展望研究前景。     

河湖水系连通的关键科学问题与研究方向

水资源时空分布不均,与经济社会格局不匹配,严重制约了中国的可持续发展.中国水情复杂,河湖水系正面临洪涝频繁、供水不足、河湖萎缩、水生态退化、水环境污染等诸多问题.面向国家发展新战略要求和现代化目标,有效解决复杂水问题,是新形势下生态文明建设和水资源可持续利用的重大需求.积极推进河湖水系连通,着力提高水资源统筹配置能力、...     

河湖水系连通理论基础与优先领域

河湖水系连通是中国正在推进的重大治水战略,是提高国家水资源统筹调配能力、水生态环境修复能力和河湖健康保障能力的重大举措,也是提高水旱灾害抵御能力的重要保障.目前河湖水系连通的知识比较零散,尚未形成系统的理论体系,河湖水系连通理论基础的研究,对理论体系的构建、战略的实施和持续推进具有重要意义.本文基于河湖水系连通的理论研...     

Optimal spatial allocation of water resources based on Pareto ant colony algorithm

The spatial allocation of water resources is optimised using the multi-objective functions and multi-constrained conditions of the Pareto ant colony algorithm (PACA). The objective function is the highest benefit to the economy, society and the environment, while the constraints include water supply, demand and quality. The PACA is improved by limiting local pheromone scope and dynamically updating global pheromone levels. Since both strategies guide the ant towards borders of high-pheromone concentration, the new approach enhances the global search capability and convergence speed. Programming, database management and interface tools are then integrated into geographic information systems (GIS) software. The study area is located in Zhenping County, Henan Province, China, and water resource data are obtained using remote sensing (RS) and GIS technology. The improved PACA is solved in the GIS environment. Optimal spatial allocation schemes are obtained for surface, ground and transferred water and the model yields optimal spatial benefit schemes of water resources, embracing economic, social and ecological benefits. The results of improved PACA are superior to those of other intelligent optimisation algorithms, including the ant colony algorithm, multi-objective genetic algorithm and back-propagation artificial neural network. Therefore, the integration of RS, GIS and PACA can effectively optimise the large-scale, multi-objective allocation of water resources. The model also enhances the global search capability, convergence speed and result precision, and can potentially solve other optimal spatial problems with multi-objective functions.