三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)CYP4C基因的cDNA克隆及表达分析

采用RT-PCR及Smart-TM Race技术,首次获得三疣梭子蟹CYP4C基因cDNA全长序列。该基因全长1888bp,编码一个由514个氨基酸组成的多肽,预测分子量大小为59.54kDa,理论等电点为8.08。氨基酸序列中含有CYP基因家族特有的K螺旋保守序列(ExxR)和血红素结合区(FxxGxxxCxG)。同源性及系统进化分析表明,三疣梭子蟹CYP4C基因与岸蟹、凡纳滨对虾、日本沼虾、中国对虾、沟虾、红螯螯虾的同源性分别为88%、72%、66%、59%、60%、59%。荧光定量RT-PCR结果表明,CYP4C在肝胰腺、肌肉、眼柄、鳃和心脏中均有分布,在肝胰腺中表达量最高。高盐(45)胁迫后,三疣梭子蟹CYP4C的表达量显著高于对照组,随着胁迫时间的延长出现逐渐降低的趋势,在胁迫48h后表达量达到对照组水平;低盐(11)胁迫条件下,CYP4C的表达水平随着胁迫时间的延长呈现逐渐下降的趋势,且从胁迫6h开始显著低于对照组。研究推测,CYP4C基因参与三疣梭子蟹盐度适应调节,是蜕皮机制的调控因子之一。     

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)CYP2基因的cDNA克隆及表达分析

通过RT-PCR及Smart?TM Race技术,首次克隆了三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)CYP2基因cDNA全长序列。该基因cDNA全长1662bp,编码一个由492个氨基酸组成的多肽,预测理论等电点为6.348,分子量大小为56.68kD。氨基酸序列中含有CYP基因家族所特有的K螺旋保守序列(ExxR)和血红素结合区(FxxGxxxCxG)。经氨基酸序列比对及系统进化树分析发现,与岸蟹(Carcinus maenas)的同源性最高,达到75%。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,CYP2基因在肝胰腺、鳃、肌肉、血淋巴、心脏和眼柄中均有分布,在肝胰腺中表达量最高。肌肉注射磺胺嘧啶后,三疣梭子蟹高、中、低三剂量组CYP2基因表达较对照组都有上调,并具有时间差异性,低剂量组表达量逐渐降低,趋于对照组,中剂量组和高剂量组表达量先升高后降低,6h后同一时间点,均是高剂量组表达最高,低剂量组最低。表明磺胺嘧啶可诱导三疣梭子蟹CYP2基因,CYP2基因可能参与三疣梭子蟹的药物代谢反应。     

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)半乳糖凝集素PtGAL的基因克隆与原核重组表达

半乳糖凝集素(Galectin)是动物凝集素家族的一员,在脊椎动物和无脊椎动物中都参与了重要的免疫防御反应,是一种重要的免疫因子。通过RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆获得了三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)半乳糖凝集素基因全长,并命名为PtGal。该基因全长875bp,开放阅读框为669bp,编码222个氨基酸,包含一个糖识别结构域CRD(位于16—142位氨基酸),预测蛋白的分子量(Mw)为23529.4Da,理论等电点(p I)为5.21。同源性比对结果显示,PtGal编码的氨基酸序列与中华绒螯蟹、南美白对虾、日本囊对虾galectin的同源性分别为77%、66%、58%。实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-RCR)结果表明,PtGal在三疣梭子蟹肝胰腺、肌肉、肠、胃、鳃、心脏、性腺中都有表达,其中在性腺中的表达量最高,在肝胰腺中的表达量最低,但人工感染溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)后,肝胰腺的表达呈先升高后降低的趋势。利用原核表达系统对三疣梭子蟹PtGal进行了重组表达,并通过纯化复性获得了重组目的蛋白rPtGal,ELISA检测rPtGal与不同细菌及真菌的结合活性,结果表明,该重组蛋白与革兰氏阳性菌、阴性菌和真菌均有较强的结合。本研究为进一步深入研究三疣梭子蟹半乳糖凝集素的功能奠定了基础。     

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)胞内氯离子通道蛋白基因克隆及其表达分析

本研究克隆了三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)胞内氯离子通道蛋白基因,命名为Pt CLIC。该基因c DNA全长2000bp,5’和3’非编码区(UTR)长分别为76bp和1162bp,开放阅读框长762bp,推测编码253个氨基酸,预测分子量为29.2k Da,理论等电点为5.93。生物信息学分析表明,Pt CLIC基因中未发现跨膜结构域,属于不稳定蛋白;同源性分析表明,Pt CLIC基因编码的氨基酸序列与蚤状溞(Daphnia pulex)CLIC基因的同源性高达83%;系统进化分析表明,三疣梭子蟹与拟穴青蟹首先聚为一支;实时荧光定量RT-PCR分析表明,Pt CLIC基因在选取的所有组织中均有表达,在肝胰腺中的相对表达量最高,且显著高于其它组织(P0.05)。低盐度胁迫显著改变了Pt CLIC基因在三疣梭子蟹鳃和肝胰腺中的表达模式,整体呈先上调后下调的趋势,并发现该基因在低盐耐受和低盐敏感家系中的表达规律差异显著。研究结果表明Pt CLIC基因在三疣梭子蟹渗透压调节中发挥重要作用,可辅助三疣梭子蟹耐低盐品系的选育。     

CLONINGAND EXPRESSION OF TWO GENES ENCODING TYPE I CRUSTACEAN HYPERGLYCEMIC HORMONE FAMILY FROM THE MUD CRAB SCYLLA

采用RT-PCR及RACE技术,从拟穴青蟹眼柄组织中克隆了两种I型高血糖激素CHH基因（分别命名为C1与C2）cDNA全序列。序列分析结果表明：Cl基因全长1859bp,开放阅读框长420bp,编码139个氨基酸,分子量为15．326kDa,等电点为5．540;C2基因全长1739bp,开放阅读框长426bp,编码141个氨基酸,分子量为15．621kDa,等电点为7．618。与其它物种CHH氨基酸序列进行同源性比较分析显示,拟穴青蟹CHH基因与榄绿青蟹CHH基因同源性最高（92％）,依次为日本鲟（80％）、三疣梭子蟹（78％）。聚类分析表明,拟穴青蟹CHH氨基酸序列与榄绿青蟹和日本鲟紧密聚为一支。经荧光定量检测,拟穴青蟹CHH基因在眼柄、肝胰腺、心脏、肠中表达量较高,鳃、胃中表达量很少,肌肉中表达极少。盐度骤变试验结果表明：盐度胁迫24h后,c2的表达量是C1的30倍以上;C2基因盐度5时与对照组的表达量差异不显著（P〉0．05）,盐度15时差异显著（P〈0．05）,盐度22、25、30时差异极显著（P〈0．01）;盐度变化越大,C2的表达量越大。上述结果为进一步深入研究CHH基因的功能及调控机理奠定基础。     

三疣梭子蟹细胞周期蛋白H基因克隆及其在卵巢发育中的表达分析

Cyclin H作为细胞周期调控活动中的关键因子,通过与相应的细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶(Cdks)结合来调控细胞周期中的各个环节,而三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)卵巢发育过程中存在旺盛细胞分裂活动的阶段,关于其卵巢发育的分子机制研究依旧较少。本实验通过SMART RACE方法,获得三疣梭子蟹cyclin H基因cDNA序列全长。并通过实时荧光定量PCR对其进行三疣梭子蟹卵巢发育相关的表达分析。结果发现,基因全长1 077bp,开放阅读框(ORF)、5’及3’非编码区(UTR)长度分别为999、31和46bp。预测编码一个包含332个氨基酸,分子量、等电点分别为38.89和6.20kDa的蛋白质,蛋白序列包含一个周期蛋白盒保守结构域。同源分析表明,三疣梭子蟹Cyclin H蛋白序列其他甲壳动物有着较高的同源性,与拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)和斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)的同源性分别为95%和80%。表达分析后结果显示,cyclin H基因在卵巢中的表达量最高且在Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期卵巢中的表达量显著高于其他卵巢发育时期,去眼柄后该基因在卵巢中的表达量于第4天达到最大值且显著高于对照组,呈现先升高后降低的趋势(P0.05)。研究结果为深入开展三疣梭子蟹和其他甲壳动物性腺发育调控研究提供了重要信息。     

拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)两种Ⅰ型高血糖激素基因全长cDNA的克隆及组织表达分析

采用RT-PCR及RACE技术,从拟穴青蟹眼柄组织中克隆了两种Ⅰ型高血糖激素CHH基因(分别命名为C1与C2)cDNA全序列。序列分析结果表明:C1基因全长1859bp,开放阅读框长420bp,编码139个氨基酸,分子量为15.326kDa,等电点为5.540;C2基因全长1739bp,开放阅读框长426bp,编码141个氨基酸,分子量为15.621kDa,等电点为7.618。与其它物种CHH氨基酸序列进行同源性比较分析显示,拟穴青蟹CHH基因与榄绿青蟹CHH基因同源性最高(92%),依次为日本鲟(80%)、三疣梭子蟹(78%)。聚类分析表明,拟穴青蟹CHH氨基酸序列与榄绿青蟹和日本鲟紧密聚为一支。经荧光定量检测,拟穴青蟹CHH基因在眼柄、肝胰腺、心脏、肠中表达量较高,鳃、胃中表达量很少,肌肉中表达极少。盐度骤变试验结果表明:盐度胁迫24h后,C2的表达量是C1的30倍以上;C2基因盐度5时与对照组的表达量差异不显著(P>0.05),盐度15时差异显著(P<0.05),盐度22、25、30时差异极显著(P<0.01);盐度变化越大,C2的表达量越大。上述结果为进一步深入研究CHH基因的功能及调控机理奠定基础。     

三疣梭子蟹几丁质酶基因克隆鉴定及在低盐胁迫和蜕皮周期中的表达分析

几丁质酶在甲壳动物中参与多个生物学进程,发挥重要作用。本研究采用RACE技术,克隆获得总长为3694 bp的三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)几丁质酶基因全长c DNA序列,命名为Pt Cht基因。该基因5′和3′非编码区分别为200bp和455bp,开放阅读框为3039bp,推测编码1012个氨基酸,预测分子量为113.4k Da,理论等电点为6.289。生物信息学分析表明,Pt Cht基因含有2个催化结构域和1个几丁质结合结构域Cht BD2,催化结构域具有几丁质酶第18家族的保守基序MotifⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ;同源性和系统进化分析表明,三疣梭子蟹Pt Cht基因与亚洲玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)Cht的同源性最高;荧光定量RT-PCR分析表明,Pt Cht基因在各组织中均有表达,而在眼柄和表皮中的相对表达量较高。Pt Cht基因在蜕皮周期中的表达规律表明,Pt Cht基因在不同蜕皮时期存在明显变化,在表皮中先下调后上调;在眼柄中,呈整体上调趋势。通过分析Pt Cht基因在低盐胁迫进程中的表达规律发现,低盐胁迫可显著改变Pt Cht基因在鳃和肝胰腺中的表达模式,整体呈先下降后上升最后下降的表达趋势。该研究结果表明Pt Cht基因在三疣梭子蟹蜕皮发育和渗透压调节中发挥重要作用,为深入研究三疣梭子蟹和其它甲壳动物几丁质酶的功能提供了重要信息。     

三疣梭子蟹HMGR基因的克隆及其在蜕皮中的表达分析

为了研究3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase,HMGR)在甲壳动物蜕皮调控中的作用,采用RT-PCR和c DNA末端快速扩增技术(RACE),克隆得到三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)HMGR基因的c DNA序列(Gen Bank登录号:KF280756)。该序列全长2575bp,包括一个53bp的5′端非编码区,一个686bp的3′端非编码区和一个长度为1836bp的开放阅读框,编码611个氨基酸。该氨基酸序列与已公布的美洲海鳌虾HMGR氨基酸序列相比一致性达65%,具有Ⅰ型HMGR保守催化区域、两个HMG-Co A结合基序和两个NADP(H)结合基序。采用实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)技术,分析三疣梭子蟹HMGR基因的组织差异表达及在蜕皮周期中的表达水平变化,结果表明HMGR基因在三疣梭子蟹大颚器(MO)中的表达量最高,在其它组织中表达量均极低;在三疣梭子蟹蜕皮周期中,大颚器中HMGR基因的表达量自A期至D0亚期升至最高,然后下降,至D4亚期最低。验证了大颚器是三疣梭子蟹合成甲基法尼酯的唯一器官,表明HMGR在三疣梭子蟹蜕皮调控中起着重要作用。     

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)FABP基因克隆及其在卵巢发育过程中的表达特征研究

脂肪酸结合蛋白(fatty acid-binding protein,FABP)是胞内脂质结合蛋白超家族成员,在长链脂肪酸的摄取、转运及代谢调节中发挥重要作用。本研究采用RACE技术克隆获得三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)脂肪酸结合蛋白基因(简称Pt FABP)c DNA全长,并采用实时荧光定量PCR技术测定了FABP基因在三疣梭子蟹不同组织和不同发育阶段卵巢中的表达情况,探讨了Pt FABP在卵巢发育过程中的作用。Pt FABP基因全长893bp,包括289bp的5’UTR,405bp的ORF和199bp的3’UTR。该基因编码长度为134个氨基酸的多肽,其理论p I为5.92,分子量为15.13k Da。Pt FABP氨基酸序列与中华绒螯蟹同源性最高(72%),且有一个Lipocalin结构域。q PCR的结果表明:FABP在三疣梭子蟹所有组织中均有表达,在卵巢中表达量最高,肝胰腺、眼柄中表达量中等,心脏、鳃、肌肉和血淋巴细胞中的表达较低。在卵巢发育过程中Pt FABP的表达量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,卵巢发育至近成熟期(Ⅳ期)时达到最高值,而在成熟排卵后不断降低。这与三疣梭子蟹卵巢发育伴随着脂类大量积累相关。因此上述研究结果表明,FABP可能参与调控三疣梭子蟹卵巢的发育,并且为后期胚胎的发育储存能量。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.