干旱半干旱区农田土壤风蚀特征及参数化研究进展

干旱半干旱地区是中国的农业后备战略基地,然而近年来该地区农田土壤风蚀现象严重,沙/尘释放量显著增大,威胁农业的可持续发展和生态系统平衡。目前绝大部分的天气和气候模式仅考虑了沙漠地表起沙,忽视退化农田的土壤风蚀起沙,导致起沙通量模拟存在很大的不确定性。对20世纪50年代以来干旱半干旱区农田土壤风蚀起沙特征及参数化做了详细的分析总结,回顾并梳理了干旱半干旱区农田土壤风蚀观测和数值模拟的研究脉络以及存在的问题,为提高农田起沙的模拟精度提供了有效参考,对中国干旱半干旱区农田土壤风蚀防治、土地荒漠化治理以及理解未来土地利用改变对大气污染的影响具有重要意义。     

Control of dust emissions by geomorphic conditions, wind environments and land use in northern China: An examination based on dust storm frequency from 1960 to 2003

The degree to which dust emissions are controlled by geomorphic conditions, wind environments and land use was investigated using the dust storm frequency (DSF) and data from more than 300 meteorological stations throughout northern China. Our analysis showed that most dust emissions originated in gobi deserts that developed in piedmont alluvial fans of the Kunlun, Qilian and Helan mountains. Dust emissions are low from other gobi desert regions, such as the northern Gurbantunggut and eastern Taklimakan, where high vegetation coverage restrained dust emissions or where dust-size particles are not abundant after a long period of strong wind erosion. Sandy deserts with relatively high vegetation coverage or an extensive cover by mobile sands are not a major dust source. Although the highest dust emissions did not appear in regions with the highest wind energy, DSF trends in each region from 1960 to 2003 were closely related to local wind activity. DSF was low in regions with high levels of human activity, where the mean DSF from 1960 to 2003 did not exceed 4 days/year; even from the 1960s to the early 1970s, the period with the greatest DSF, frequency did not exceed 8 days/year, which indicates that extensive land use did not contribute to DSF. The low DSF in these areas might result from the fact that although land use could produce abundant fine soil fractions, vegetation coverage and soil moisture remained higher than in the gobi deserts of arid China, thereby decreasing dust-storm occurrence.     

干旱区绿洲农村居民点景观格局演变及机制分析

基于1987年、2002年、2013年三期Landsat TM、ETM+、OLI遥感影像提取研究区农村居民点时空分布信息,利用GIS空间分析、景观指数分析及多元线性回归分析干旱区绿洲农村居民点景观演化特征及驱动机制。研究表明：① 农村居民点集中分布在绿洲内部平原区,其中城市周边及沿河道、道路是居民点空间聚集较明显的区域。② 1987-2013年农村居民点面积增长较形状变化更为显著。新建居民点和旧居民点边界扩张是导致研究区农村居民点面积显著增长主要原因,且在不同时空区域表现出不同的增长方式;居民点形状以矩形和近圆形居多,条带型较少。③ 通过对居民点景观演变机制进行分析,发现城市辐射距离、水源地远近及距离道路远近是影响农村居民点景观变化的首要因素,其次是人口规模,最后才是区域经济的发展。     

盐尘暴及其生态效应

总结了盐尘暴的概念及其一般特征,系统分析了盐尘暴的发生条件、分布、扩散沉积和生态效应。盐尘暴是由干旱、半干旱地区干涸湖底蒸发盐风蚀所致的一种化学尘暴;大面积松散富盐沉积物和频繁的大风天气是其发生的基本条件;盐尘暴扩散过程中沉积通量和化学组分随迁移距离表现出明显的分异规律;盐尘暴扩散导致干旱区“盐随风来”,致使土壤盐渍化,加剧冰雪消融,抑制植物叶片对营养元素的正常吸收。系统认识盐尘暴对干旱区灾害防治和生态建设具有重要指导意义。     

Agroecosystem research in Uppsala,Sweden and Naiman,China: Some observations 1987–2014

The recent economic progress in China has stimulated scientific research in sandy lands in Inner Mongolia,where the Institute of Desert Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences(now CAREERI) has a leading position.Economic progress naturally creates financial resources for research,and also a dire need for solutions to emerging environmental problems following development,where wind-blown dust from Inner Mongolia adds to the severe particle air pollution in many Chinese cities.This paper presents selected results and observations made during Chinese–Swedish cooperation projects spanning 25 years.Results and experiences from sandy land research concerning climate,vegetation,root dynamics,soil carbon balances,etc.are briefly presented.The evolution of the Naiman Desertification Research Station,520 km northeast of Beijing,from 1988 to 2013 is duly noted and commented.An overview of the ICBM soil carbon model concept follows and a few recommendations for future scientific advancement in Chinese arid lands are given.     

农村发展中的环境问题及其形成机制研究——以山东省王景河村为例

以山东省王景河村为例,通过实地调研和访谈的方式获取数据资料,分析农村发展中的环境现状,从村级和农户层面探讨农民生活生产行为方式对环境的影响,总结和归纳农村发展中环境问题的形成机制,提出农村环境问题管理的创新路径。研究结果表明:(1)农村环境问题主要表现为农业污染、农村生活污染和农村工业污染所形成的复合型污染;(2)农村经济发展模式粗放、农户环保意识淡薄、城乡环境管理的二元化、土地产权设置不合理等造成了农村环境的恶化,同时农民由农村传统生活方式向城市生活方式转变也对农村环境产生不利的影响。     

新疆地区气候与环境变化对沙尘暴的影响研究

根据新疆地区50年来的气候变化以及人类活动的影响，阐述了新疆沙尘暴源区气候与荒漠环境变化。结果表明，新疆地区的气候由暖干向暖湿发展。自20世纪70年代中期以来，暖湿过程非常明显，特别是新疆南疆与北疆的气候变化特点和高山与盆地的气候变化差异以及湖泊其他水域面积的变化，都明显地反映了干旱区域气候变化的敏感性，并且也反映了新疆区域气候与中国中、东部气候变化的差异性。由于气候的波动和人类活动的干扰．使不同地区的荒漠环境受到不同程度影响。干旱地区的降水、大气湿度、下垫面状况等都直接影响着沙尘暴的发生和发展。沙尘暴的发生频率和强度与沙尘源区的状况及其气候与荒漠环境变化以及动力条件(即天气系统)等具有密切的关系。因此，20世纪80年代后期以来，气候变暖是造成干旱区生态环境恶化、自然灾害尤其是风沙灾害和沙尘暴增多的主要原因之一。同时，也反映出内陆干旱区是气候变化的敏感反应区。     

Factors contributing to dust storms in source regions producing the yellow-sand phenomena observed in Japan from 1993 to 2002

Asian-dust (yellow-sand) phenomena observed in Japan have been increasing in recent years, especially from 2000 to 2002. The main cause is severe dust events in arid and semi-arid regions of northeast Asia. The dust source area in northeast Asia (target area: 35°–45°N and 100°–115°E) was identified with reference to past results, and the relationship between the yellow-sand phenomena observed in Japan and dust outbreaks in the target area was examined during the springtime (March to May) from 1993 to 2002. The annual change in the number of dust phenomena observed in Japan agreed well with the Dust Storm Frequency (DSF) in the target area (R² = 0.8796). Even though strong wind (≧7.0 m s⁻¹) has a profound effect on dust storms (R² = 0.515), coverage of the Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI), ranging from 0 to 0.1 (bare land with snow cover) and 0.1 to 0.2 (bare land) in April, also affected dust storms in the target area (R² = 0.486 and 0.418).     

北京周边沙源区沙化土地光谱特征初探

针对我国土地沙化及 90年代以来环北京地区频繁发生的沙尘天气 ,以北京周边的河北省丰宁县、内蒙古多伦县及镶黄旗为研究区 ,用美国ASDFieldSpecTM FR全波段野外光谱仪对不同类型沙化土地进行了野外光谱测量 ;根据测量结果 ,对不同沙化土地的光谱特征及其响应机制进行了探讨 ,认为土壤湿度、草地类型、草群高度和盖度以及不同物候期植被光谱特征与沙化土地的平均光谱特征相关。应从区域植被和土壤的特征光谱段分析沙化土地的光谱特征     

激光雷达在沙尘观测中的应用——2004年春季北京和呼和浩特沙尘天气的解析

2004年春季（2003年12月至2004年5月）利用激光雷达在北京和呼和浩特对沙尘天气进行了连续观测。利用激光雷达的数据导出了沙尘和大气污染物气溶胶消光系数的关系,对两个地点的沙尘天气特征和大气污染特征进行了探讨。该期间在呼和浩特观测到较大型的沙尘事件（消光系数大于0.3·km-1）有9次,这些起源于蒙古国/内蒙古的沙尘事件晚于呼和浩特6~10 h在北京被观测到。在呼和浩特观测到的沙尘云块的高度普遍较低（由地表至高空1~2 km）,而在北京较高一般可达到2~4 km,同一沙尘事件的最高浓度（消光系数）是呼和浩特高于北京。在北京观测到的沙尘天气共有17次,其中包括数次小规模的沙尘事件在呼和浩特未观测到。从北京及呼和浩特的观测结果可以看出,北京地区3~5月沙尘的背景浓度高于呼和浩特,北京地区具有明显的区域规模大气污染特征,而呼和浩特只具有局部规模的大气污染特征。     

金华市街道灰尘磁化率与交通因素的关系

通过对浙江省金华市街道灰尘磁化率测试,从主干道与非主干道磁化率的对比、十字路口与非十字路口磁化率的比较以及磁化率与路网密度相关分析三个方面,定量研究金华市街道灰尘磁化率及其与交通因素的关系。结果表明：灰尘样品磁化率（χlf）变幅为127.57×10^-8~853.91×10^-8 m³ · kg^-1,平均值为322.55×10^-8 m³ · kg^-1,高于本地土壤磁化率;频率磁化率变幅为0.67%~3.99%,平均值为1.61%;磁化率与频率磁化率呈负相关关系;主干道灰尘的磁化率大于非主干道,十字路口灰尘磁化率大于非十字路口;灰尘磁化率和路网密度呈正相关,金华市街道灰尘磁化率可以指示交通污染的分布状况。     

我国发展中的水环境问题与对策

本文根据我国水资源短缺与分布不均的特点，比较综合地分析了污染与经济发展的关系以及全国水污染的区域差异规律和发展趋势。并在此基础上提出了利用环境自净功能，合理布局工业；改革生产流程，控制污染物排放；利用多种途径改进环境治理措施和强化环境管理等主要对策构思。     

北京强沙尘暴史和周围生态环境变化

北京地区自公元440年开始就有强沙尘暴的记录,经过北魏、辽金和明清时期等几个强沙尘暴频发期。北京强沙尘暴多数出现在干旱时期,也有例外。强沙尘暴出现的时间与周围土地的开垦和周围森林植被的破坏有着直接的关系。北京成为新中国首都以来,注重环境的治理,风尘天气减少,特别是强沙尘暴几近消亡。     

中国典型季风海洋性冰川区雪坑中主要阴、阳离子的来源研究

Snowpacks samples were colleted from two glaciers： Baishui No.1 glacier and Hailuogou No.1 glacier in June, 2006. The method of sea-salt ions tracer, correlation analysis and trend analysis were used in this research in order to confirm the source of main ions, it is indicated that Na^＋ is mainly from marine moisture and other ions mainly originate from land dust. The non-marine source percent of Cl^-, NO3^- , SO4^2-, K^＋, Ca^2＋ and Mg^2＋ is 52%, 99%, 100%, 98%, 99.9% and 83%, respectively, in Hailuogou No.1 glacier, while the corresponding value in Baishui No.1 glacier is 68%, 99%, 100%, 98%, 99% and 59%. The non-marine source of ions is from dust of Central Asia arid regions carried by westerly circulation and the plateau borne-areas with Qinghai-Tibet Plateau winter monsoon in two glacial areas. However, the import of local dust in glacial area has made a great contribution to ions concentration in Baishui No.1 glacier, which accounts for the reason why the ions concentration in Baishui No.1 glacier is much higher than that of Hailuogou No.1 glacier. It is obvious that the source of each ion is different between Hailuogou No.1 glacier and Baishui No.1 glacier. There are three reasons which can explain it： firstly, the difference in the internal environment of glacial area, such as lithology, mountain-valley wind system, topographical relief and so on; secondly, the influence exerted by ions elution in snowpacks section, and ions elution in Hailuogou No.1 glacier is very strong; and thirdly, the difference caused due to varying ions transporting styles, deposition modes, chemical characteristics and post-ions-deposition process.     

A GIS method to aid in non-point source critical area analysis

Abstract

The use of remote sensing techniques, image processing, computer mapping and overlays to make inventories of land use and to improve land and water management has increasing potential. Advantages of these techniques include greater geometric resolution and potential time and money savings. The increasing capabilities of personal computers and workstations (hardware and software) and the greater availability of databases have simplified the application of these techniques. In this application, a geographical information system (GIS) was used to facilitate the identification of critical non-point source areas of pollution by sediment-related nutrients. This critical source area information might then be used to aid in the development of non-point source control strategies or for monitoring programme design. This study shows the potential of using GIS in selecting critical source areas for sediment-related water quality problems and land resource protection.     

黄河源地区草地退化空间特征

There are about 400 million hm2 of grassland in China, which account for 13% of the grassland in the world and 41% of the total land area of China. It is the biggest terrestrial ecosystem in China (Liu et al., 2003). Due to impacts of global change and ec…     

新疆干旱区天然植被最低生态耗水量概念分析

干旱区天然植被的最低生态耗水量问题关系到该地区生态建设的标准问题，也是评价水资源生态承载力所必须考虑的指标。同时，天然植被的最低生态耗水量是制定绿洲农业用水和节水规划的依据之一。据不同的生态目标分析并提出了天然植被不同的最低生态耗水量的概念，指出植物的最低生态耗水量是最低生态效应下的植物的耗水量，而且不同生态区要求的生态效应不同，因此，植物在不同生态目标下会表现出的最低生态耗水量不同。进行天然植被最低生态耗水量评价时，首先要明确生态目标。另外，通过试验发现，天然植被存在着生态耗水效率的概念，水分的生态效应存在最优值。     

1990-2015年中国工矿用地扩张及其对粮食安全的潜在影响

中国城市化和工业化进程所带来的粮食安全问题一直是政府和学术界关注的焦点。中国近25年来快速的城市化与工业化导致耕地资源减少和环境污染加剧,对国家粮食安全和农业可持续发展产生一定影响。本文基于中国土地利用/覆盖变化最新解译结果和中国分县粮食产量数据,重建了中国1 km分辨率的粮食产量空间数据,分析了中国1990-2015年工矿用地扩张及其对粮食产能的影响。结果表明：中国工矿用地面积在1990-2015年间增长了326%,扩张速率从1990-2000年的288 km²/a增加到2000-2010年的1482 km²/a,近5年(2010-2015年)扩张速率最快,达2600 km²/a。过去25年间工矿用地扩张导致耕地面积减少1.7×10⁴ km²,直接导致粮食产能损失约6.49 Mt(10⁶ t),因工矿用地扩张可能会对周边耕地污染等间接影响的粮食产量达83.20 Mt。经评估,国家工矿用地扩张对粮食产能潜在影响总体上是当前粮食总产能的17%。在空间分布特征方面,工矿用地扩张对粮食产能的直接影响呈现由东部沿海地区向西北地区逐渐减小趋势;间接影响在中部和西部地区相对较大。     

大都市区农村土地非农化空间特征及机理——以广州市为例

随着国家对“三农”问题的关注以及新型城镇化、城乡统筹、新农村建设等一系列重大战略决策的提出,农村聚落的内容再次成为地理学的研究热点。大都市区作为快速城镇化和生产生活要素集聚的重点区域,其农村聚落的用地变化快速且复杂,成为了农村聚落研究的重要内容。本文利用农村土地非农化指数,将2013年广州市农村聚落分为农耕型农村聚落、非农化起步型农村聚落、非农化发展型农村聚落、非农化主导型农村聚落、非农化型农村聚落五种。结合GIS空间分析,对广州市农村土地非农化空间结构进行了研究,得出以下结论：①从市域角度,农村聚落土地非农化总体呈现出围绕大都市内核随距离增加而衰减,由外向内农村聚落土地非农化程度逐步升高。②从各区层面,农村土地非农化程度受副中心城镇化发展水平影响显著,近郊区域呈现面状圈层化分布,远郊则表现出沿道路的线状分布特点。③从局部尺度,重大基础设施对周边农村聚落的土地非农化发展有较大拉动作用,导致高土地非农化农村聚落点状出现。随后采用多元线性回归、地理探测器等方法,确定村内路网密度、与主城距离、流动人口、村集体收入、村民人均收入为影响农村土地非农化水平的主要因素,并在此基础上初步分析各因子对大都市区农村聚落土地非农化的影响机制。本文对如何利用农村非农化进程促进城市发展、优化调控农村土地利用和规划村庄发展提供一定的借鉴。     

Spatio-temporal analysis of land-use conversion in the eastern coastal China during 1996–2005

Based on the acquaintance of the regional background of urban-rural transformational development and investigations on the spot,this paper discusses the holistic situation, dominant factors and mechanism of arable land loss and land for construction occupation in the coastal area of China over the last decade,with the aid of GIS technology.Conclusions of the research are summarized as follows：（1）the arable land had been continuously decreasing from 1996 to 2005,with a loss of 1,708,700 hm^2 and an average decrement of 170,900 hm^2 per year;（2）land for construction increased 1,373,700 hm^2 ,with an average increment of 153,200 hm^2 per year;（3）total area of encroachment on arable land for construction between 1996 and 2005 was 1,053,100 hm^2 ,accounting for 34.03%of the arable land loss in the same period,the percentages of which used for industrial land（INL）,transportation land（TRL）,rural construction land（RUL）and town construction land（TOL）are 45.03%,15.8%,15.47%and 11.5%,respectively;and（4）the fluctuation of the increase of construction land and encroachment on arable land in the area were deeply influenced by the nation＇s macroscopic land-use policies and development level of regional economy.The growth of population and advancement of technology promoted the rapid industrialization, construction of transportation infrastructures,rural urbanization and expansion of rural settlements in the eastern coastal area,and therefore were the primary driving forces of land-use conversion.