经济地理研究的第三种方法:演化经济地理

20世纪80年代以来,经济地理学发展迅速,新的研究方法和研究方向不断出现,似有形成新经济地理、制度经济地理和演化经济地理三足鼎立之势.从方法论、核心假设、分析模式和空间引入4个方面对比分析了新经济地理、制度经济地理与演化方法的异同,对演化经济地理研究进展及其学科贡献做了简单的回顾.研究得出演化经济地理学的方法既不能还原为新古典的方法,也不能还原为制度的方法,在研究方法、核心假设、分析模式、空间处理和解释途径等方面存在着明显的差别.然而演化经济地理、制度经济地理和新经济地理并不是毫无联系、彼此没有可借鉴之处,它们是经济地理研究中的3个不同方面,且各自解决了一个对方没有解决的科学问题.     

Systematic Geography for Grade 4: A Spatial Systems Approach

Abstract

Various social and geographical strategies that have been used to assign children to schools in the United States are examined in order to: 1) support the contention that social space and geographic space are rarely considered in concert in the context of community problem solving, 2) point out the need for the consideration of various socio-spatial concepts such as action space, territoriality, and neighborhood in social scientific research addressing itself to the understanding of social issues, and 3) urge consideration of the fundamental changes overtaking American society, particularly the processes of time-space convergence which underlie the socio-geographical reorganization of earth space.     

一种基于服务器场的分布式WebGIS计算模型设计与实现

分析传统网络地理信息系统(WebGIS)体系的弊端,从负载均衡与地图状态同步的角度提出一种基于服务器场的分布式WebGIS计算模型。通过自定义服务器场底层交互协议、地图服务器场分布式动态均衡调度算法、地图状态对象池技术,解决了传统WebGIS计算模型异构兼容性差、并行处理能力弱、地图状态对象无法同步等问题,并建立试验床对该模型的性能进行验证。     

A Seventh Grade Problem Study of Czechoslovakia

Abstract

Computer technology has a rich history in geography education. The Internet represents the latest in technological advancements that continue to have important effects on geography curriculum and instruction. Many geographers are involved with Internet-based instruction, which some educators believe has potential to facilitate changes in how we teach and even what we teach. This article describes how the Internet is being used by some geographers for instructional purposes and discusses opportunities for improving teaching and learning with the Internet.     

Spatial Pair-Copula Modeling of Grade in Ore Bodies: A Case Study

A real-world mining application of pair-copulas is presented to model the spatial distribution of metal grade in an ore body. Inaccurate estimation of metal grade in an ore reserve can lead to failure of a mining project. Conventional kriged models are the most commonly used models for estimating grade and other spatial variables. However, kriged models use the variogram or covariance function, which produces a single average value to represent the spatial dependence for a given distance. Kriged models also assume linear spatial dependence. In the application, spatial pair-copulas are used to appropriately model the non-linear spatial dependence present in the data. The spatial pair-copula model is adopted over other copula-based spatial models since it is better able to capture complex spatial dependence structures. The performance of the pair-copula model is shown to be favorable compared to a conventional lognormal kriged model.     

Studies on Yellow River Project: A Review

Although records on the Yellow River are voluminous, they are often overburdened with great engineering details and scattered in a large number of technical journals and publications as to be not readily available to geographical students.“A Symposium on the Yellow River”.     

Studies on Yellow River Project: A Review

Although records on the Yellow River are voluminous, they are often overburdened with great engineering details and scattered in a large number of technical journals and publications as to be not readily available to geographical students.“A Symposium on the Yellow River”.     

A Chart for Judging Optimal Sample Spacing for Ore Grade Estimation: Part II

Natural Resources Research - Resources of mineral deposits are commonly estimated using data extracted from rock cores obtained by drilling. Information of good quality and quantity is essential to...     

Multiple Random Walk Simulation: A Fast Method to Map Grade Uncertainty with Large Datasets

Multiple Random Walk Simulation consists of a methodology adapted to run fast simulations if close-spaced data are abundant (e.g., short-term mining models). Combining kriging with the simulation of random walks attempts to approximate traditional simulation algorithm results but at a computationally faster way when there is a large amount of conditioning samples. This paper presents this new algorithm illustrating the situations where the method can be used properly. A synthetic study case is presented in order to illustrate the Multiple Random Walk Simulation and to analyze the speed and goodness of its results against the ones from using Turning Bands Simulation and Sequential Gaussian Simulation.     

不同城市化水平地区农户农地收入分析——基于浙江省农户的问卷调查

用SPSS13.0单因素方差分析和均值比较方法,对浙江省不同城市化地区的农户农地收入比重进行比较分析。认为城市化不同,农户农地收入比重不同,城市化程度高的地区农户农地利用经济收入比值的平均值低于城市化程度低的地区,但城市化程度高的地区农户农地收入比值标准差大于城市化低的地区,其中主要原因是城市化不同导致农户兼业时间不同。提出要创造条件促进资源集中型农户兼业化,使农户农地利用经济效率得到提高,缩小城乡收入差距。     

基于多目标决策模型的封育工程绩效研究——以旱泉沟流域为例

以旱泉沟流域封山育林育草调查研究为基础,通过农户调查、专项统计监测、野外试验研究等手段,在专家咨询、统计分析的基础上,运用多目标决策评价模型建立封育工程生态恢复综合效果评价指标体系,系统全面地分析了封育工程生态恢复的效果,以期为西部地区小流域综合治理和退化生态系统恢复提供理论依据。研究结果表明,旱泉沟流域封育工程的生态恢复效果显著,年经济价值为5.217×10⁶元,其中生态系统稳定性和土壤保持能力恢复较好,综合效果评分为77.70,达到良好水平。     

A Junior Geography Club Project

Abstract

Graded roads which are commonly associated with rural land developments have created some rather serious effects on the environment of the arid and semi-arid regions of the United States. This type of development is particularly serious since it destroys the land's meager plant-cover and thereby exposes the dry soil to the wind. This exposed surface provides a potential source of accentuated dust pollution. Field observations show that rural subdividing may be a source of much of the dust which becomes airborne, causing air pollution beyond the natural quantity resident in the atmosphere. The problem could be alleviated somewhat by constructive land-use regulation which restricts the development of graded roads, thereby reducing the sources of accentuated dust pollution in unpopulated regions in rural areas of the arid zone. Field observations show that this practice of rural subdividing has been allowed to continue in spite of the undesirable effects upon the land.     

A Project Study of Climate

Abstract

Atlas of American Women by Barbara Gimla Shortridge New York: Macmillan, 1987. xi and 164 pp., figs., tables, maps, biblio., and index. $85.00 cloth.

The Geography of Defence by Michael Bateman and Raymond Riley, eds. Totowa, NJ: Barnes &; Noble, 1987. xi and 237 pp., figs., tables, photos, maps, refs., and index. $33.50 cloth.

Zones of Conflict: An Atlas of Future Wars by John Keegan and Andrew Wheatcroft New York: Simon &; Schuster, 1986. xvii, 158 pp., and maps. $10.95 paper.

From Peasant to Farmers: The Migration from Balestrand, Norway to the Upper Middle Wets by Jon Gjerde Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Modern History Series, eds. R. Fogel and S. Thernstrom. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985. xiv and 319 pp., illus., figs., tables, photos, maps, refs., and index. $32.50 cloth.

Power and Place: Canadian Urban Development in the North American Context by Gilbert A. Stelter and Alan F.J. Artibise, eds. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1986. iv and 398 pp., figs., tables, photos, maps, and refs. $24.50     

Defensible Space In A Housing Project: A Case Study From A South Florida Ghetto

Analyses of agricultural growth in subsistence economies may be facilitated if agricultural intensity is viewed in terms of the concentration of production or yield per unit area and time. This view of agricultural intensity is implicit in many growth arguments and is consistent with their purpose. Limited production data from various subsistence economies necessitate the use of a surrogate measure of intensity that is based on a variety of input factors.