“行政区划本身也是一种重要资源”的理论创新与应用

行政区划是国家治理体系和组织结构的基本形式,也是中央政府统治和管理全国各地的有效手段,是事关国家政治、经济和社会发展全局的重大战略问题。就“行政区划本身也是一种重要资源”的论断进行多视角的分析,提出“行政区划资源论”这一全新的理论解读。分别从空间、权力、行政和政策角度探讨行政区划的资源属性,并从行政资源的空间配置、生产要素的优化配置、权力资源的空间整合、空间资源的优化重组和政策资源的空间载体等多个角度剖析行政区划的资源效应,最后提出应当将“行政区划资源论”这一新论断积极应用至主体功能区规划、空间规划、空间治理体系建设等实践领域,完善目前行政区划设置和调整的思路与要求,建立健全与国家发展战略及综合配套改革相适应的行政区划体系和管理框架。     

What can be learned from rotational motions excited by earthquakes?

One answer to the question posed in the title is that we will have more accurate data for arrival times of SH waves, because the rotational component around the vertical axis is sensitive to SH waves although not to P-SV waves. Importantly, there is another answer related to seismic sources, which will be discussed in this paper.
Generally, not only dislocations commonly used in earthquake models but also other kind of defects could contribute to producing seismic waves. In particular, rotational strains at earthquake sources directly generate rotational components in seismic waves. Employing the geometrical theory of defects, we obtain a general expression for the rotational motion of seismic waves as a function of the parameters of source defects.
Using this expression, together with one for translational motion, we can estimate the rotational strain tensor and the spatial variation of slip velocity in the source area of earthquakes. These quantities will be large at the edges of a fault plane due to spatially rapid changes of slip on the fault and/or a formation of tensile fractures.     

Variables Affecting a Geographic Concept-Learning Task for Pre-School Children

Abstract

This study analyzed the relative effects of two categories of variables upon the learning of a basic geographic concept by a pre-school population. Independent variables were variations of irrelevant data and of positive-negative exemplar ratios. S's were 225 kindergarteners randomly drawn from nine schools, that, in turn, were selected randomly from the, total pool of public schools within a metropolitan district, A 3 × 3 factorial design was used, with S's assigned to one of the nine treatment groups. The learning task was the conjunctive concept, “island,” with the rule, “water all around the land.” Slides, tapes, and pictures were used to administer and measure the effects of treatments. S's were tested immediately after the treatments on seven criteria measures, and then retested one week later. Analyses of results sustained the null hypotheses, indicating that irrelevant material and increased negative exemplars were not significant factors in the learning task. Possible significance of the results was discussed.     

Observational Work for Children

Abstract

Geographic information systems (GIS) are computer-based tools for geographic data analysis and spatial visualization. They have become one of the information and communications technologies for education at all levels. This article reviews the current status of GIS in schools, analyzes the requirements of a GIS-based learning environment from constructivist perspectives, and discusses the major issues in the design of a constructivist GIS-based learning environment based on experience from the development of World Explorer, a GIS-based learning environment that provides a theme-oriented data and information base, supports multiple representations and multiple linkages of information, and facilitates interactive learning and knowledge construction.     

Mission possible: diatoms can be used to infer past duckweed (lemnoid Araceae) dominance in ponds

Compared to larger lakes, ponds have rarely been the focus of palaeoecological studies. A common feature of ponds, especially those subject to eutrophication, is mass surface coverings of lemnoid Araceae (duckweed) which have severe implications for ecological processes in small waterbodies, in particular lowered oxygen content. To help understand the implications of duckweed dominance for the long-term ecology of ponds, and to determine the potential for palaeoecological studies in ponds more generally, we develop a new diatom-based Lemna-indicator metric. Recent studies of diatom host-plant relationships have shown significant associations between duckweed and the epiphytes Lemnicola hungarica and Sellaphora saugerresii (formally known as Sellaphora seminulum). To determine the potential of these species as palaeo-indicators of long-term duckweed dynamics in ponds, we investigated the diatom composition of surface sediment assemblages in sets of duckweed and non-duckweed-dominated ponds in Norfolk, eastern England. In addition, we undertook diatom analysis of two cores from a small farmland pond (Bodham Rail Pit) subject to a known duckweed dominance event (1999–2005). Both L. hungarica and S. saugerresii were significant predictors of past Lemna dominance in the surface sediments. Further, in the core study, both diatom species accurately and closely tracked the documented “on–off” duckweed cycle. Our study suggests huge potential for using ponds in palaeoecological studies and for diatom-based investigations of floating plant histories.     

Industrial/Office Parks: a New Look for the City

Abstract

Growth of industrial/office parks in metropolitan areas is the result of the truck-auto freeway complex, changes in technology, increased i market orientation of activity, and the desire for facilities with favorable public images. This article reviews the historical development of industrial and office parks, and speculates about their behavioral characteristics at the national and metropolitan scale, including the process of decentralization. The locational and functional characteristics of these parks in Atlanta, Georgia are treated as being typical of those in a regional capital. Readers no doubt will be familiar with similar developments in their own communities and can use this paper as a resource to guide their investigations.     

On what it takes to be a good geographer

This paper argues that, in order to take place, space and scale more seriously in the study of our discipline, we have to complement the pervasive understanding of geography as a tradition of thought or an extended conversation with an understanding of our discipline as a tradition of practice, in which the main focus is on the becoming of geographers. It is argued that the theme of 'what it takes to be a good geographer' is a fertile way to study this process of becoming. The four main advantages of this approach are illustrated empirically in the body of the argument by the author's reflections on his socializing within two very different geographical traditions.     

子女随迁的乡-城流动人口家庭社会融入 ——以浙江金华市区为例

以子女随迁的乡-城流动人口家庭为对象,基于2016年金华市区问卷调研数据,采用主成分分析和多元线性回归分析方法,辅以访谈数据,探讨其社会融入水平及其影响因素。研究发现：此类流动人口家庭的社会融入主要涉及子女教育、经济适应和心理融入3个维度,社会融入度总体处于中等水平,子女教育融入度最高,其次是经济适应,而心理融入度最低,且各维度内部差异较大。子女教育融入度虽高,但也存在难以进入公办学校的困境,缺乏自主选择学校的权利。政策层面虽降低了对流动人口的准入门槛,但在执行中由于资源有限、供需不匹配和宣传不到位等原因,福利制度仍以本地居民为主,流动家庭难以平等享受福利保障,造成严重的本外差异,心理融入度低。个人层面的性别和受教育程度,经济层面的职业和收入,教育层面的学校类型和教育支出等对社会融入均有显著影响。综合来看,与个体流动相比,子女随迁的家庭化迁移对流入地的需求更加多样化和复杂化,能否较好地提升子女受教育水平是其融入城市的首要考量,其次是经济和心理层面因素。     

How can the stock recruitment relationship of the Barents Sea capelin (Mallotus villosus) be improved by incorporating biotic and abiotic factors?

We studied whether incorporation of terms for environmental factors (temperature, herring and 0-group cod) into the stock recruitment functions for the Barents Sea capelin ( Mallotus villosus ) would increase the ability to predict recruitment. We also investigated the effects of alternative estimates of the capelin spawning stock (SSB) and juvenile herring on model predictability. By using nonlinear regression, the modified Beverton–Holt and Ricker stock recruitment models were fitted to time series of capelin spawning stock, capelin recruitment, juvenile herring, 0-group cod and temperature from 1973 to 2000. The modified Beverton–Holt model with a term for juvenile herring fit capelin recruitment data well. Inclusion of terms for temperature and 0-group cod abundance did not significantly improve the model fit. The best model predicts an almost proportional relationship between the spawning stock and the capelin recruitment when the abundance of juvenile herring is high.     

论永州市县域旅游经济合作

永州市县域旅游经济合作具有良好的旅游资源条件、社会经济条件及旅游交通条件,但发展水平低,主要表现在县域旅游经济合作的区域范围存在局限性,县域旅游经济合作的内容缺乏广度与深度;县域旅游经济合作的保障机制建设滞后.加快永州市县域旅游经济合作的策略主要有:端正参与县域旅游经济合作的态度;建立健全多层面的合作机制;采取多种多样的合作模式;联合制定旅游产业发展规划.     

The development and application of a land use diversity index for Oklahoma City,OK

Characteristics of land use and land use diversity play an integral part in determining how a city develops, and also can influence the allocation of funds for urban redevelopment, crime prevention, and civic and transportation projects. With the rise of the sustainability movement and concern about environmental degradation, more cities are interested in optimizing transportation routes and utilizing their budgets to accommodate high-priority projects that benefit the most people. This paper develops a method for measuring land use diversity for Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and explores the relationship between land use diversity and a suite of demographic variables. To accomplish this, a land use diversity index (LUDI) was developed to examine spatial patterns in diversity of land use. The analysis shows that areas with a higher LUDI are near interstates and main corridors while areas with a lower LUDI are located closer to where newer residential areas have been developed. A multivariate statistical approach was then used to identify those variables that might explain the specific spatial patterns of the LUDI in Oklahoma City. The results identify the relationship between the demographic variables and land use across the city, and illustrate the most interesting and significant spatial patterns. By coupling the land use diversity index and demographic data, Oklahoma City planners can apply the information to help make important decisions for the city, and it will provide quantifiable data to support their decisions.     

地方政府主导的土建城市化——以鹤壁市为例

中国的城市化模式有别于西方,主要特色在于政府的作用.中央政府和地方政府的不同作用方式的组合,形成了中国城市化的时代特色和多种地域类型.20世纪80年代之前,主要是中央政府推动下的"自上而下"的城市化;80年代之后,全球化和地方力量影响下,"自下而上"、"自外而内"等多种类型的区域城市化迅速推进,与此同时地方政府的作用日益凸显.但相对于沿海地区城市化主要表现为产业升级、规模集聚、改善居住需求引发的内城更新和对外扩张而言,内陆地区的城市化则更多是作为一种促进经济增长的"战略"强行实施.其中地方政府具有更积极的作用.本研究以河南省鹤壁市为例,探讨了这种地方政府主导下的城市化过程,实证了在征地、基础设施建设、人口迁移、企业吸引等多个环节中的地方政府作用.这一过程的持续性及其意义仍需进一步探讨,但或许这将成为一种新的中国城市化路径.     

Renaissance City Singapore: a study of arts spaces

The study of 'arts spaces' has generally focused on physical spaces for the arts in the form of arts districts, cultural infrastructure and museum spaces. Apart from the provision of such physical spaces, we argue that the study of the arts should also focus on such aspects as the social environments and the creative spaces in which artists operate. Such a holistic approach not only facilitates an understanding of the myriad challenges artists face in society, but also opens greater research opportunities to geographers interested in the arts. Our case study of Singapore as a 'Global City for the Arts' provides insights into physical spaces of the arts as well as the social and creative environments in which the arts operate.     

Toward a Geography of the Negro in the City

Abstract

The geography of Black America represents a legitimate and a distinctive sub-field of the discipline. While research time and attention is being focused increasingly on Black America much remains to be done to incorporate its study into introductory courses at both the secondary and college levels. Since many existing geography courses are inadequately structured to accommodate a meaningful analysis of Black America, it will be necessary to restructure them so that they become relevant not only to Black America but to emerging world-wide cultural patterns as well. The most logical and efficacious framework for such courses is one focused on the geography of cities. Courses dealing with urban topics can be devised so that major concepts of city structure can be presented as concomitants to topics dealing with the role and the contribution of the Negro in the city.     

Determination of the angle in a Fisher distribution which will be exceeded with a given probability

Summary. The angle, θ _p , in a Fisher distribution which will be exceeded with probability p is shown to be given by The solution does not involve any estimation of the population precision and as such is the small sample solution. Fisher derived the analogue of 'Student's' test for mean directions and the test derived here is the equivalent test for individual observations.