Coffeehouses And The Art Of Social Engagement: An Analysis Of Portland Coffeehouses

Coffeehouses have been a part of America's cultural landscape since the seventeenth century. Their fortunes have risen and fallen with the changing demand for coffee and consumer preferences. This paper examines their historic function of promoting social engagement as so‐called third places among independently owned coffeehouses in the city of Portland, Oregon. Individual coffeehouses were evaluated to determine the extent to which they provided a supportive physical environment for social engagement in which a space is transformed into a place and detailed patron behavior was recorded over a three‐week period. Few coffeehouses provided a supportive physical environment. The majority of coffeehouse patrons during the weekday and weekend ordered drinks ‘to go.’ Among those who stayed during the weekday most sat alone and worked. Coffeehouse are spaces to ‘be alone together.’ It was only on lunchtime weekends that coffeehouses were full of the sound of conversations. Further study should consider the effect of eliminating free Wi Fi and banning laptops on social engagement and whether other place attributes need to be incorporated to promote social engagement.     

The Zone Definition Problem in Survey Research: An Empirical Example from New York State*

This paper examines problems of zonal definition in the context of a recent empirical project on the geography of inter-firm linkages in New York State. It is argued that the results of a spatially structured survey of private companies can change significantly depending on the manner in which the study regions of the analysis are defined. Variations in the composition of study regions are a result of either changes in spatial scale, or spatial zoning at any one scale. This point is illustrated with data from 472 New York State manufacturing firms aggregated into four different zonal systems. The results of the analysis suggest that misleading interpretations of spatial data can emerge, even when logical boundaries are selected from the outset.     

基于土壤水分和气象要素的林火预报研究——以广东省为例

基于国内现行的森林火险气象指数和单因子火险贡献度模型,以及逻辑回归模型和随机森林模型,在林火预报中引入微波遥感土壤水分信息,使用MCD14DL火点数据集和地面气象观测资料对广东省不同时间尺度的林火发生概率进行预测。结果表明：逻辑回归模型和随机森林模型构建的林火预测模型显著优于现行的森林火险气象指数和单因子火险贡献度模型,预测精度提升约20%。其中,随机森林模型对林火频数的解释程度最高（两者相关系数为0.476）。此外,加入微波土壤水分信息后,相较原有的基于气象要素的林火预测模型,2种机器学习模型的预测精度均略有提升,体现了表层土壤水分信息在林火预报中的重要性。研究可为高效提取对地观测信息,以改进华南地区不同时间尺度的林火预报工作提供参考。     

城市双元创新驱动因素的时空异质性——以生物医药多元创新要素耦合分区为例

构建有向的耦合协调度模型,分析生物医药技术、资金、人才在城市间流动的协同水平,依此划分耦合分区。利用均方差-突变级数法和地理加权回归模型,探究2000—2018年间双元创新冷热点演化格局、双元创新驱动因素的时空异质性及其在不同耦合分区内的主导效应。结果发现：① 城市集聚多元创新要素时“脱钩”现象突出,对外配置多元要素时“雁阵效应”明显。根据多元要素协同流动情况,将地域划分为以依附式耦合为主的保守区、以互惠式耦合为主的平衡区和以吸收式耦合为主的明星区;② 渐进式创新具有时空惰性,突破式创新具有时空间歇性,两者相互反哺,存在时空连锁效应。保守区是主要的双元创新冷点区,平衡区内渐进式创新热点呈现出点-轴扩散的空间增长趋势,突破式创新热点在重要节点城市间跳跃分布,明星区内长三角和珠三角城市群的双元创新热点呈圈层式分布;③ 双元创新的驱动因素具有时序不稳定性和空间异质性,不同耦合分区内城市资产对双元创新的时空主导效应差异明显。     

土地利用变化对土壤发生层质量演化的影响--以杭州湾南岸滨海平原为例

以杭州湾南岸滨海平原为研究区,通过定点配对土壤采样分析,选取有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾、全盐、pH值等要素作为土壤质量评价指标,分析了1982~2003年土地利用变化对土壤发生层质量演化的影响。结果表明：① 1982~2003年杭州湾南岸滨海平原土壤发生层质量的总体演化特征表现为A层综合质量指数明显下降,B (或P)、C (或W) 层略有上升。整个土壤发生层全磷含量普遍下降,其他单质量指标的变化差异较大。② 土地利用方式变化使得不同发生层的土壤有机质含量等单质量指标和综合质量指数的变化都明显大于土地利用方式未发生变化的土壤,其变化量表现为A层> B (或P) 层 > C (或W) 层。③ 土地利用变化引起的土壤耕种、栽培、施肥和排灌制度的变化,改变着土壤成土过程,从而对土壤发生层质量演化产生直接影响。     

基于NDVI的秦岭山地植被遥感物候及其与气温的响应关系——以陕西境内为例

基于MODIS NDVI时间序列数据,利用动态阈值法提取秦岭山地2000~2010年的物候参数,并结合实测物候资料进行验证,在宏观尺度上量化了气温升高对植物物候的影响程度。研究得出:基于NDVI的物候变化趋势与实测物候资料结果一致;2000~2010年间物候始期提前的速率为0.165 6 d/a,末期推后速率为0.109 1 d/a;空间上,秦岭山地北部区域的植被物候始期主要发生在第120~130 d,相对于南坡较晚,物候末期主要发生在第300~325 d,北部区域物候末期的到来较迟,南部区域相对较早;物候始期NDVI与有效气温、春季、生长期气温相关性较好,末期NDVI与夏、秋季节气温相关性较好;气温对生长季开始阶段的NDVI在时间上存在2~3旬的滞后效应。     

The Impact of U.S. Government Antiterrorism Policies on Canada‐U.S. Cross‐Border Commerce: An Exploratory Study from Western New York and Southern Ontario

This article examines the extant and potential impact of U.S. antiterrorism policies on Canada‐U.S. cross‐border commerce. Particular attention is focused on the cross‐border trade that takes place between southern Ontario (Canada) and western New York (United States). Evidence from a survey of Canadian and U.S. exporters suggests that U.S. antiterrorism measures have inflated the business costs of exporters on both sides of the border. These measures have also created shipment delays that ultimately imply lost revenues for producers, as well as higher prices for consumers. Security‐related initiatives motivated by a genuine concern for the well‐being of U.S. citizens may nevertheless act as nontariff barriers to bilateral trade. We argue that a potential long‐run consequence of these additional costs is trade diversion. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the implications of the empirical findings for the geography of Canada‐U.S. bilateral trade.