Application of fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making to select and to rank the post-mining land-use

The selection of an optimal reclamation method is one of the most important portions of the surface mining design. There are many factors in this problem which seriously influence decision-making. The fuzzy set theory was applied due to the effect of uncertain parameters involved in the decision-making process. Therefore, the fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making method was proposed. The aim of this study is to use the fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution method for ranking the optimal post-mining land-use and the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process method in order to determine the weights of each criterion. This approach is applied to the surface coal mine by employing 28 criteria which influence the decision-making procedure. The TOPSIS and AHP methods have been the most used methods of mining decision-making and demonstrated their ability to make critical decisions. By evaluating the alternatives and considering effective criteria with proposed methods, agriculture is the optimal post-mining land-use.     

露天煤矿开采侧向帷幕控水原理与截水效果数值分析

露天煤矿开采过程中的矿坑疏排水是引起地下水资源流失的重要原因,寻求新的控水方法势在必行。以内蒙古赤峰市元宝山露天煤矿为研究对象,根据研究区水文地质与露天煤矿开发特征,分析了露天开采驱动下帷幕墙体建设对地下水系统控制的基本原理,得出帷幕墙体渗透能力越弱、厚度越大、与补给水体距离越近是帷幕墙减少露天采坑涌水的基本思路。将露天采矿疏排水与地下水系统数值仿真研究结合,对露天煤矿开采与帷幕墙建设对矿坑疏排水强度影响程度进行预测分析,模拟结果显示,采用针对主要涌水段的局部帷幕工程方案,地下水仍然以露天矿采坑为降落漏斗中心,区域流场形态基本未发生重大变化,在未帷幕区段地下水发生了强烈的侧向绕流现象,初期(300 d)矿坑残余涌水量较之现有矿坑排水量最大减幅 37.16%,而残余涌水量随时间增大趋势明显。按准全封闭型帷幕方案建墙后,地下水基本未发生绕流现象,矿井残余涌水量为先减小后增大的趋势,最大减幅达85.79%,且后期涌水量增加幅度不大,可见准封闭型帷幕建设方案较之局部帷幕方案对矿坑整体涌水量的减排作用显著。通过分析露天煤矿开采侧向帷幕控水规律,构建帷幕阻水条件下地下水系统仿真模型,评价帷幕截水减排效果,以期为露天矿区煤–水资源协调开发提供科学依据。      

采煤塌陷地复垦模式综合效益的评价研究

根据调查研究,建立了一个由3级递阶系统（目标层、准则层、子准则层）、3大类（经济效益、生态效益、社会效益）、11项指标构成的塌陷地复垦模式综合效益评价指标体系,并构建了评价模型。运用该评价模型,对积水较深的塌陷地、积水较浅或季节性积水的塌陷地、无积水塌陷地3种情况下,农业复垦、林业复垦、渔业复垦和旅游业复垦4种典型复垦模式的综合效益进行了评价,以期对塌陷地复垦模式的选择和设计提供指导。     

截水帷幕技术在元宝山露天煤矿的应用与效果评价

内蒙古元宝山露天煤矿是国内外罕见的特大富水型露天煤矿,为解决多年疏干排水造成的生产成本高和环保风险大等问题,拟采用截水帷幕技术对矿坑渗流补给通道进行帷幕截流。通过分析矿坑水文地质和工程地质条件,提出弧形半封闭落底式帷幕与群井疏干水力帷幕相结合的地下水控制方式,采用防渗膜垂向隐蔽叠覆铺设与抗渗混凝土充填工艺,在矿坑高程+452 m平盘开展帷幕试验研究,建造一座平面长度1 369 m、平均深度29 m、有效厚度大于0.8 m、底部嵌入基岩面3 m的截水帷幕。试验研究过程中,确定了元宝山露天矿的截水帷幕工艺,获得其单幅槽段开挖长度(14 m)、护壁泥浆密度(1.05~1.25 g/cm3)和防渗膜叠覆宽度(1 m)等主要技术参数,提出防渗膜水下磁吸式连接技术,通过加装磁条,利用阴阳磁吸原理实现防渗膜叠覆处的水下自粘连。试验工程结束后,通过取心验证、流场分析和流量变化等方法检验帷幕墙的质量和截水效果。结果表明:混凝土浇筑充填连续、密实;墙体内外水位差已达15 m以上;盲沟补给流量消失,截水效果显著。试验研究证实截水帷幕技术适用于元宝山露天煤矿,为后续工程开展提供了关键技术参数,完善了我国露天煤矿截水帷幕技术体系。      

我国露天煤矿水害特征与防治水技术

露天开采是我国煤矿开采的两大方式之一。与地下开采煤矿类似，露天煤矿在开采过程中同样面临防治水问题，由于我国露天煤矿水害类型相对单一，国内学者鲜有对露天煤矿的水害特征和防治水技术进行深入研究。以我国露天煤矿分布范围为出发点，从充水水源、充水通道、充水强度3方面分析露天煤矿水害特征，得出大气降水、地表水和浅层地下水是主要充水水源；人为开挖形成的直通式通道、强渗透含水层或透水层、垂向导水钻孔、滑坡形成的地表裂缝等是主要充水通道；季节性变化明显、疏排水周期长、排水量大是露天煤矿疏排水主要水害特征的结论。归纳目前我国露天煤矿常用的7种防治水技术，提出露天煤矿由远及近、由上而下、由面至点的立体防治水技术体系。从地下水资源保护和生态环保角度出发，为实现露天煤矿绿色开采和可持续发展，提出以切断补给通道、减小矿坑疏排水量为目的的帷幕截流技术是今后露天煤矿防治水的主要技术方法。      

煤矿塌陷区覆土造地综合研究——以新庄孜矿为例

以新庄孜矿为例,针对覆土造地过程中,煤矸石充填可能带来的重金属元素的迁移污染作了相关分析。采用煤矸石充填塌陷区,既减少矸石山占地面积,又能在塌陷区覆土造地;同时,填埋矸石有利于保护环境,防止环境污染,具有较大的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益,对淮南矿区覆土造地及工农业持续发展具有重要的示范意义。      

我国露天煤矿截水帷幕关键技术进展

我国露天煤矿普遍采用抽排方式进行地下水控制以满足煤炭资源安全开采要求,这种方式对水资源造成极大破坏,严重影响煤矿周边的生态环境。近年来,随着我国社会经济的全面发展,国家对生态环境保护、生态文明建设提出了更高要求,如何优化、转变露天煤矿地下水控制方式,减少矿坑疏排水量是露天煤矿防治水工作普遍面临的崭新课题。采用截水帷幕技术取代疏排降水技术,由被动疏水变为主动截水,是解决露天煤矿因疏排水带来诸多问题的根本措施。以内蒙古扎尼河露天煤矿、元宝山露天煤矿截水帷幕实施过程为例,介绍我国露天煤矿截水帷幕设计理念、施工工艺和截水帷幕材料,在实践过程中,突破了防渗膜大深度垂向隐蔽铺设与连接技术瓶颈;研发了超长槽段连续开挖及浇筑工艺,大幅减少接头数量;研制粉煤灰?水泥混合浆体与HDPE防渗膜的复合帷幕材料,提高帷幕抗渗与抗变形性能;构建帷幕质量与截水效果综合检验体系,掌握了露天煤矿截水帷幕建造关键技术。截水帷幕技术在我国露天煤矿的成功应用,丰富了露天煤矿防治水与水资源保护技术理论,促进了行业技术进步,为露天煤矿地下水控制及安全绿色开采提供了新思路、新技术、新工艺,对其他非煤矿山及水利水电、交通等更高防渗等级要求的工程具有重要借鉴意义。      

生态脆弱露天矿区截水帷幕下松散层水位演化规律

我国蒙东地区生态环境脆弱,水资源匮乏,露天煤矿高强度开采引起地下水系统的补、径、排条件发生剧烈变化,导致松散层水位大幅下降、地表河流流量衰减、生态环境破坏。为揭示生态脆弱露天矿区在截水帷幕下的松散层水位演化规律,分析生态脆弱露天矿区地下水分布特征和采动对松散层水位的影响,开展截水帷幕下的松散层水位理论计算和物理模拟试验,结合现场监测数据分析截水帷幕下内蒙古扎尼河露天煤矿、元宝山露天煤矿松散层水位演化规律。结果表明:生态脆弱露天矿区松散层渗透系数大、水位埋藏浅;露天开采对矿区松散层水位影响巨大,矿区周边数千米范围内的松散层水位下降数米到数十米;理论计算和物理模拟发现,截水帷幕外侧松散层水位抬升幅度与帷幕长度呈正相关关系;远离帷幕的水位变化速率较为平稳,靠近帷幕附近的水位变化相对剧烈;扎尼河和元宝山露天煤矿现场监测结果显示,帷幕外侧松散层水位升高3.43~9.12 m,帷幕内侧水位降低3.21~10.15 m,外侧水位抬升幅度与截水帷幕完成率成正比。截水帷幕作用下的松散层水位理论计算和物理模拟结果可指导现场工程应用,截水帷幕能够显著抬升生态脆弱露天矿区周边松散层水位,保护矿区松散层水资源。      

Optimization of the rate of return of the mine production process

Summary The basic foundations of an integrational method of modelling and estimating the economic effectiveness of a deep coal mine production process is presented. The method is founded on the concept of integration of smaller structural elements into larger ones in order to obtain a representational model of the whole mine production process. It involves analysis of the spatial, engineering and time structures of the mining process. The basic structural unit of the production process is the elementary time interval,T, together with a linear function of the approximate intensity of financial outlays or effects. The repeated integration of these elementary time intervals within the spatial, engineering and time structures of the mine production process can be extended to model the whole mine or discrete spatial structure elements.The model may be used to investigate the trends of financial outlays and effects, and their current values updated for arbitrarily assumed updating moments. The model can also be used as an investigation tool for analysing the economical effectiveness of the mine production process.     

重建植被视角下露天煤矿区土地复垦演替过程及管控模式研究

重建植被在能量交换与生态循环中发挥着重要作用,其动态变化可表征煤矿区生态系统受扰动和修复的广泛细节。从植被的不同扰动状态(未扰动状态、采煤扰动状态、复垦恢复状态和修复后状态)出发,分析了煤矿区重建植被演替的6种情景：高效恢复至成熟型、低效恢复至成熟型、高效恢复而后退化型、高效恢复发展型、低效恢复发展型与无效恢复型。通过模拟重建植被发展的阶段性特征,将煤矿区土地复垦全生命周期划分为：未复垦期、土地复垦发展期(复垦初期、快速发展期和稳定发展期)和成熟期。再对不同恢复阶段的重建植被分别设置判断标准,提出煤矿区土地复垦关键保护区域的识别思路,据此确立煤矿区土地复垦管控的4种修正模式：生态保育、生态管护、生态修复、生态重建。并以黄土高原山西平朔大型露天煤矿区为研究区开展应用分析,在学习掌握重建植被发展规律基础上,通过判断土地复垦模式与矿区生态系统演变机理的适应性水平,具体落实平朔露天煤矿复垦排土场集群区生态保育、生态管护、生态修复和生态重建等4大修正模式的具体管控措施。本研究归纳了露天煤矿区重建植被动态发展的演替规律,并据此提出加强土地复垦管控的修正模式,可为国家绿色矿山建设提供方法论基础。     

Research Progress and Perspectives on Biodiversity Conservation and Restoration of Coal Mine Reclamation Area

Biodiversity provides many ecosystem functions and services in the coal mine areas and plays an important role in improving the environment and sustainable development of mining area. From the view of coal mining-damage-the whole process of reclamation, the biodiversity conservation planning and biodiversity survey, monitoring and evaluation technology were briefly introduced before coal exploiting. The main contents for biodiversity conservation and technology including the protection of topsoil seed bank, soil fauna, biological soil crusts and optimization techniques of concurrent mining and reclamation during coal mining and the operational phase were elaborated. The key factors affecting biodiversity restoration in land reclamation stage were analyzed. The research on soil improvement and revegetation was discussed. Finally, the development direction of research about conservation and restoration of biodiversity in land reclamation of coal mine were proposed. It may provide some ideas for further promoting the research in this area.     

Evaluation of blast-induced ground vibrations in open-pit mines by using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems

This study addresses the effects of rock characteristics and blasting design parameters on blast-induced vibrations in the Kangal open-pit coal mine, the Tülü open-pit boron mine, the K?rka open-pit boron mine, and the TKI Çan coal mine fields. Distance (m, R) and maximum charge per delay (kg, W), stemming (m, SB), burden (m, B), and S-wave velocities (m/s, Vs) obtained from in situ field measurements have been chosen as input parameters for the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)-based model in order to predict the peak particle velocity values. In the ANFIS model, 521 blasting data sets obtained from four fields have been used (r ² = 0.57–0.81). The coefficient of ANFIS model is higher than those of the empirical equation (r ² = 1). These results show that the ANFIS model to predict PPV values has a considerable advantage when compared with the other prediction models.     

基于Surpac的铜陵新桥矿床露天开采境界优化

矿床的境界优化就是要设计一个最为接近理想状态的模型,使矿山企业利润最大化,在满足经济和边坡角几何约束的条件下,设计一个最终开采境界.基于三维地质矿业软件,可以将三维可视化技术与矿床的后期开采、生产进度编排进行紧密的结合,完成矿体形态与工程实体的衔接,其不同于传统境界优化的方法,可以在三维空间内进行境界优化的应用和研究.本研究选取SURPAC三维地质矿业软件系统,结合铜陵新桥矿床的实际需求,基于三维数字矿山模型,使用L-G算法规范的数学逻辑结构对露天采场进行境界优化.其结果可以为扩大经济效益提供详实的数据基础,并为新桥矿床开展更为合理的开采生产安排提出合理化建议.     

煤层底板水害防治智能决策支持系统框架构建

煤层底板突水是华北型煤田煤矿生产过程中一种常见的水害类型,为解决水害防治工程的科学决策问题,进一步提高防治水工程的可靠性,提出构建智能决策支持系统的技术思路。智能决策支持系统是传统决策支持系统与人工智能技术相互融合的产物,在分析底板水害防治决策支持功能需求的基础上,提出“数据-模型-方案”一体化设计流程,从数据导入、模型驱动、智能决策等3个层次构建底板水害防治智能决策支持系统的基本框架。将模型驱动层进一步细分为方法库、模型库、知识图谱构建3项专业化服务,模型库包括底板突水空间点预测模型、疏水降压数值模拟模型、注浆改造工程可靠性分析模型、隔离工程设计模型及底板水害监测预警模型。系统最终输出的决策方案包括底板突水危险性分区、疏水降压Q-t-s方案、区域注浆改造设计及工程可靠性评价、隔离工程设计、底板突水监测预警警情发布。系统通过注浆过程的反馈-控制、突水监测预警的深度学习、疏水降压方案的动态优化等实现其智能决策。智能决策支持系统将会在煤层底板水害防治可靠性保障方面提供新的技术支撑。      

基于自适应差分克里金的煤质指标估算

煤炭质量核心指标的估算有利于煤炭质量的管控,并为智能开采、分质开采提供科学依据。将克里金插值法引入到煤质指标估算模型的建立,利用差分进化算法求解其变差函数的模型参数;针对在差分进化过程中因"早熟"现象导致最优解被破坏的问题,在变异过程中设计可动态修正变异方向的缩放因子,提出修正变异方向的自适应差分进化算法(UMDE)来确定变差函数的模型参数,并用该方法对煤矿井下未开采区域的全水分进行克里金插值。通过交叉验证与对比实验,证明基于自适应差分克里金方法(UMDE-Kriging)构建的煤质指标估算模型较其他优化方案在估算精度上有显著提升。     

Model studies of an open-pit mine bottom loaded by artesian water pressure

 Experimental modelling methods are used for prediction of deformation and groundwater outflows at the bottom of an open-pit mine during the excavation of brown coal. Thermal gas-bearing artesian water exerts an uplift pressure on the impervious subsoil of the coal seam and threatens the stability of the mine bottom. The breakthrough of the mine bottom would seriously affect the groundwater regime and may endanger mining activities. The mining is carried out within the protection zones of the Carlsbad spa springs. Results of model studies are used to determine protective hydrogeological and mining measures for providing the maximum protection for the open-pit mine and the spa springs. Received: 16 August 1996 · Accepted: 9 June 1997     

Mining Method Selection and Optimization for Hanging-Wall Ore-Body at Yanqianshan Iron Mine,China

In order to smooth ore production during the transition from open pit to underground mining at Yanqianshan Iron Mine, China, it is necessary to select an appropriate mining method to operate simultaneously open-pit mining and underground mining for inner-slope (hanging-wall) ore-body. Based on practical geologic setting of the hanging-wall ore-body, a comprehensive evaluation model for selecting the underground mining method to extract handing-wall ore-body was proposed, which is constituted by 3 sub-systems of safety factors, production factors and technical–economic factors. This evaluation model could be analyzed by the mutation progression method, which based on catastrophe theory and fuzzy mathematics. In addition, the FLAC^3D is employed to simulate the mining process of hanging-wall ore-body, and finally the optimal mining scheme is determined. By using mutation progression analysis and numerical modeling, some useful conclusions for hanging-wall ore-body mining have been drawn, which will be beneficial to mining safety during transitional period from open-pit to underground mining.     

露天煤矿疏干–回灌水帷幕保水采煤模式探讨

为抑制疏干排水造成的地下水水资源量衰减,并控制露天煤矿煤炭开采对地下水资源的影响范围,采用了水帷幕保水采煤技术。以某露天煤矿为背景,建立沙槽回灌平台进行物理实验,再通过数值方法对回灌区进行模拟计算,分析疏干–回灌水帷幕的形成和变化规律。物理实验方法观察到回灌水帷幕形成定水头边界,阻止漏斗扩展的过程,获得不同回灌水帷幕水头高度对注水量的影响和注水量与排泄量平衡的最佳水头。数值模拟获得物理模拟类似的结果,回灌水帷幕位置可以有效限定疏干降落漏斗范围,回灌水帷幕定水头高度与疏干区水位和疏干时间正相关;最大回灌量受帷幕定水头高度影响显著;回灌水帷幕距离采坑越远对阻隔帷幕外水源补给的作用越大。物理模拟和数值模拟表明,改变回灌水帷幕的位置或水头高度都可以使得矿坑的排水量与帷幕的注水量相等,这就可以最大限度减少疏干水的外排水量。研究表明,疏干–回灌水帷幕可望成为我国露天煤矿区保水采煤的实用模式。      

矿井电法勘探研究现状与发展趋势

隐蔽地质因素透明化是煤炭智能精准开采和煤矿重大事故防治的关键。煤岩体结构和流体赋存等因素变化均可引起显著的电性变化,奠定了矿井电法勘探的物性基础。30多年来矿井电法勘探在我国煤矿防治水中发挥了关键作用,经过采煤工作面顶底板探测、掘进工作面超前探测、采煤工作面内小构造探测以及矿井电法动态监测几个阶段的发展,产生了一大批标志性的理论、技术与应用成果,并在超前探测理论、方法、技术研究方面均居于国际领先水平。在归纳1980年初以来我国煤炭生产面临的主要水文地质问题的基础上,系统总结了在煤矿生产安全突出问题所处的不同阶段矿井电法勘探技术的发展历程和国内相关单位所做出的重要贡献,聚焦矿井电法勘探研究与应用现状,着重从多源信息融合、工作面透明化与矿井智慧化角度出发分析了矿井电法勘探的发展趋势。认为在实现煤炭智能化精准开采、深地探测以及地下空间开发利用过程中,矿井电法动态监测将成为电法勘探的未来发展方向,矿井电法勘探的应用领域将得到大幅度延伸,其发展前景也会更为广阔。      

平朔露天煤矿复垦区土壤中多环芳烃分布特征、来源解析及风险分析

原煤的开采、储存、运输及其加工利用过程是多环芳烃(PAHs)污染的主要来源。由于缺乏相关系统调查数据,其对煤矿复垦区土壤环境质量的影响尚不明确。平朔煤矿复垦土地主要作为耕地利用,了解其PAHs污染状况直接关系粮食安全和人体健康。该研究通过野外实地调查,开展了平朔煤矿复垦区表层土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的毒性风险分析研究。在整个平朔煤矿45 km2范围内,以500 m×500 m间距为基准,按照不同用地类型,采集了0~20 cm深度土壤样品179个,再按照1 km×1 km单元格组合后分析。使用安捷伦高分辨气相色谱低分辨质谱进行目标物的检测。加入代用标准2氟联苯(2 FBP)以进行回收率控制。研究结果表明：土壤中16种EPA PAHs的含量范围为213.60~2 513.20 ng·g-1,均值为717.09 ng·g-1。PAHs成分特征显示主要以3~4环为主(52%),5~6环次之(42%),2环所占比例最低(6%)。使用相关分析法判定,主要污染来源为原煤。毒性风险分析结果显示,平朔煤矿土壤PAHs存在一定生态风险,当土地重新作为农田加以利用时,需要加以关注。