三肇凹陷扶杨油层断裂密集带样式及有利成藏部位

从三肇凹陷扶杨油层断裂密集带组合特征入手,结合油气分布规律,分析断裂密集带对油气优势运移方向控制作用,分源内和源外探讨断裂密集带中有利成藏部位.研究表明:三肇凹陷扶杨油层主要发育4种断裂密集带样式,即反向-地堑-反向断阶、地垒-地堑-反向断阶、反向-地堑-顺向断阶和地垒-地堑-顺向断阶等;当断裂密集带走向与地层倾向呈小角度相交时,其走向指示油气平面优势运移方向;源内断裂密集带中地垒和反向断阶是油气聚集优势部位;源外断裂密集带走向与地层倾向呈小角度相交时,地堑两侧反向断阶和地垒是油气优先聚集部位,其次为断裂密集带中部地堑,若呈大角度相交则断裂密集带靠近生烃凹陷一侧的反向断阶和地垒优先聚集油气.      

反向断裂下盘较顺向断裂上盘更易富集油气机理的定量解释

为了研究含油气盆地中断裂对油气成藏与分布的控制作用,在断层侧向封闭机理及影响因素研究的基础上,对反向断裂下盘较顺向断裂上盘更易富集油气的机理进行了定量解释。结果表明,无论是反向断裂还是顺向断裂,均源于断层岩封闭油气,断层岩油气运移方向排替压力是影响其侧向封闭油气能力的主要因素。在断裂埋深、断裂倾角和地层岩性、地层倾角相同的条件下,理论上反向断裂断层岩泥质体积分数大于顺向断裂断层岩泥质体积分数,即反向断裂断层岩油气运移方向排替压力大于顺向断裂断层岩油气运移方向排替压力,反向断裂侧向封闭能力强于顺向断裂侧向封闭能力,造成反向断裂下盘较顺向断裂上盘更易富集油气。歧口凹陷板桥断裂下盘沙一段下部断层岩在反向条件和顺向条件下油气运移方向排替压力的实例研究结果表明,反向条件下较顺向条件下在油气运移方向有更高的排替压力,侧向封闭能力更强,更有利于油气在板桥断裂下盘沙一段储层中富集。     

高邮凹陷断层控油气作用的多样性

在探讨高邮凹陷断层发育时期和分布特点的基础上,结合油气分布特点,分析了断层在油气成藏中的作用类型,并探讨了其作用机理。依据断层在油气生成、运移、聚集和分布环节中的作用,把断层分为控源断层、供烃断层、改向断层、成圈断层和调整破坏断层。控源断层控制有效烃源岩展布和生烃时期的早晚,高邮凹陷控源断层下降盘为有效烃源岩分布区,而且西部地区早于东部地区生烃;供烃断层控制油气主运移通道的走势,其陡断面和凸断面为高邮凹陷断裂带油气的主运移通道;改向断层影响油气的富集层位和油气富集区的位置,其对高邮凹陷油气分布的影响存在“分散”和“富集”两种效应;成圈断层控制圈闭的类型及分布;调整破坏断层导致圈闭充满程度和原油物性的改变,高邮凹陷调整破坏断层为盐城期和三垛期活动断层。高邮凹陷断层的多期性和多样性导致断层体系中各断层封闭性在时空上的差异性和多变性,从而形成对油气控制的多面性和复杂性。     

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷油气运移路径模拟及示踪

在油气成藏期分析的基础上, 采用盆地流线模拟技术对渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷成藏关键时刻油气运移过程进行了恢复, 根据原油含氮化合物和成熟度指标对典型油气富集区的油气运移路径进行了示踪.油气运移路径模拟结果表明, 研究区南部凹槽源内和源下油气藏在东营末期(距今24.6 Ma)有一期较小规模运移, 油气大规模运移时期为明化镇中期(距今9 Ma).南部凹槽源上油气藏和北部凹槽源内油气藏在明化镇中期有少量油气运移, 大规模运移时期为明化镇末期(距今2 Ma).目前南部凹槽勘探程度较低, 模拟结果表明其具有较大的勘探潜力.原油地球化学指标揭示在源上油气藏富集区, 对于伸入洼陷中心的油源断层, 油气主要沿断层走向, 向构造高部位及断层面两侧砂体运移; 对于平行洼陷中心的油源断层, 油气主要沿断层倾向向构造高部位运移.在源内油气藏富集区, 油气主要通过有效烃源岩层系内发育的砂体向构造高部位运移.      

渤海湾盆地垦利断裂带构造与油气关系研究

本文在分析垦利断裂带断裂构造特征的基础上,探讨了该地区断裂构造对油气运聚的控制作用。研究表明,垦利断裂带油气沿断层运聚主要有2种模式：①沿断层垂向运移和聚集;②横穿断层的运移和聚集。油气大规模地横穿断层的运移和聚集主要发生在垦利和垦东6断层的深部和浅部层段。根据在垦利断裂带已发现的油田(藏)总结出4种成藏模式,即同层成藏、潜山成藏、跨断层成藏和沿断层成藏,认为该地区的油气分布受构造因素控制,并对该地区隐蔽圈闭(油气藏)的勘探前景作了分析。     

断层封闭性影响因素及类型划分

影响断层封闭性的因素很多，但归结起来主要有3个，即断距、断裂充填性质和断面的紧闭程度。断距影响着断层两盘砂泥岩层的对置状态，断裂充填性质决定了断层的垂向和侧向封闭性，断面的紧闭程度决定了断层的垂向封闭能力。考虑断层在油气运移聚集过程中的作用，将断层封闭性分为侧向封闭性和垂向封闭性两大类，再根据断层在侧向和垂向的封闭程度，将断层封闭性分为完全封闭、部分开启、部分封闭和完全开启4个亚类。     

准噶尔盆地腹部断裂控油的物理模拟实验及其成藏意义

根据准噶尔盆地腹部地区二维和三维地震断裂构造样式解释、深浅层断裂生长指数和活动速率计算及声发射各主要构造运动期最大主应力值测试, 结合盆地区域构造演化与油气成藏等研究成果, 研究了盆地腹部地区断裂系统的形成演化、基本特征及其控油模式, 并转化为实验模型, 模拟了单一相(油相)连续、稳态流体运动条件下, 深、浅两套断裂输导体系中石油的运移和聚集过程.结果表明盆地腹部地区受周缘板块的相互碰撞产生的挤压和走滑构造作用及多期次构造运动的影响, 断裂发育, 纵向上明显存在深、浅层两套不同性质的断裂系统, 深层为基底卷入式压扭性逆冲断裂系统, 浅层为盖层滑脱型张扭性正断层系统, 其分别形成于海西运动中晚期和燕山运动早中期等强烈构造活动时期; 高渗透性断裂带的确是油气快速运移的优势通道, 盆地腹部地区深、浅层断层均是石油向上运移的主要输导体, 断裂带渗透率大小决定着石油运移的方向和路径.在断层带顶部存在盖层封闭的条件下, 石油在断层带中的运移呈不均匀地向上运动, 断层带中含油饱和度自上而下增加, 在向下增加的过程, 石油倾向于在区域性盖层之下储层物性好的砂层中运移, 而且是优先进入断裂上盘渗透率较大的砂层中, 随着断裂带含油饱和度的不断地增加和断裂上盘储层物性好的砂层中进油量不断增多, 进行侧向运移, 最终聚集成藏, 尔后再进入断裂下盘相应的砂层中, 进油量较少; 而物性较差的砂层中很少有石油进入.该实验结果得到了盆地腹部地区断裂两侧储层流体地球化学分析测试数据的佐证, 对深化断裂输导体系下石油运移聚集成藏的理论认识与指导该地区的油气勘探实践均具有重要意义.      

川南大塔场地区沙溪庙组一段气藏差异性聚集特征研究

运用油气二次运移差异聚集理论,对川南大塔场地区沙溪庙组一段气藏进行研究认为该层段油气差异聚集具有3个主要特征:①构造高部位的主河道砂体,且该砂体与边界深部断层相接;②主河道沉积,河道砂体上倾尖灭,砂体下覆地层小断层或裂缝系统发育;③叠置河道砂体,且砂体在油气运移通道上.综合研究认为该地区沙溪庙组一段气藏成藏,受控于构造、储层物性、运移通道、遮挡条件等成藏因素的组合及匹配状况.后期配合这3个主要差异聚集特征,部署钻井3口,均获得工业产能,证实这几种差异聚集特征是存在的.同时还认为这样的差异聚集特征,在整个川南地区浅层次生气藏中应该具有共性,此观点在该类气藏的勘探中具有指导意义.     

油气成藏期断层古侧向封闭性预测方法及其应用

油气成藏期断层古侧向封闭能力的强弱对于油气的聚集和分布有着重要的影响,目前尚无有效的评价方法用于定量分析断层古侧向封闭性,并且在利用断层侧向封闭油气SGR(Shale Gouge Ratio)下限方法预测油柱高度过程中,发现断层侧向封闭油气能力与油气分布呈现部分不吻合现象,即井在预测范围之内,但是该井却不含油气.经过深入研究表明:这种现象可能是由于在油气成藏期断层古侧向封闭能力弱(达不到侧向封闭油气下限)造成的.因此,在断层侧向封闭油气SGR下限方法的基础上,通过恢复油气成藏期的古地层厚度、断层古断距、古泥质含量曲线,建立一套断层古侧向封闭性的评价方法,并以冀中坳陷文安斜坡文13断圈为例,利用断层古侧向封闭性评价法对断圈的古侧向封闭能力进行定量评价.结果表明:文13断圈在油气成藏期侧向封闭油气高度为0 m,与井试油结论相吻合,表明该方法用于定量评价断层古侧向封闭性是可行的,对于准确评价断圈封闭油气能力、降低断圈油气钻探风险以及丰富和完善断层侧向封闭理论均具有实践和理论意义.      

苏北盆地溱潼凹陷断阶带油气运移路径综合分析

溱潼凹陷断阶带断裂系统发育,控制油气聚集的断层主要有F1、Ⅲ、F2、F3及其相应的分支断层,将断阶带分为北部的草舍扭动断裂带与南部的祝庄扭动断裂带。在断层封闭性定量评价与封闭史研究的基础上,结合研究区生排烃史、油源分布特征、油气成藏期以及含氮化合物示踪分析研究表明,断阶带Ⅲ、F2、F3断层在不同的研究区封闭性存在明显的差异,祝庄断阶带Ⅲ号断层垂向封闭性较好,不能成为油气运移的通道,使得角墩子地区的原油主要来源于阜四段源岩,没有阜二段与泰州组源岩的贡献;而F3断层活动期短,侧向封闭性差,也不为油气的运移通道;相比之下,F2断层活动期长,断层垂向封闭性差,而侧向封闭性好,为祝庄地区主要的运移通道,与油气成藏期具有较好的匹配关系,流体包裹体分布与含氮化合物示踪分析也证明了这一点。研究还表明草舍断阶带F2断层活动期短,垂向封闭性好,侧向封闭性弱,不是油气运移的通道;相比之下,F3断层活动期长,垂向封闭性较弱,可以作为油气运移的主要通道,后期主要通过砂体和不整合面运移聚集成藏,与生排烃史、油气成藏期和含氮化合物示踪也具有较好的匹配关系。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861