异常高压形成机理及对储集层物性的影响——以东濮凹陷文东油田沙三中油藏为例

为研究油气藏储层异常高压的形成机理及对储集层物性的影响,以渤海湾盆地东濮凹陷文东油田沙河街组沙三中油藏为研究对象.通过镜质体反射率、显微镜下薄片、扫描电镜、X-衍射及实测压力等资料的分析表明:研究区储层异常高压形成的主要控制因素有生烃作用、膏盐岩封闭作用及断层的封闭性,油藏压力系数与储层物性参数具有较好的对应关系.异常高压对深部储集层物性的改善主要表现为:(1)减缓压实作用,有效保护原生孔隙;(2)促进溶解作用,形成大量的次生孔隙;(3)抑制黏土矿物的转化和后期成岩作用的持续进行;(4)致使储层岩石发生破裂,形成微裂缝.研究异常高压的形成机理及对深部低渗砂岩储集层物性的影响,对于深层油气勘探、开发具有重要意义.     

川中古隆起超压分布与形成的地温场因素

温度和压力是沉积盆地两个重要的物理场,温度影响着超压的形成和分布.本文根据钻孔实测温度和压力数据分析了川中古隆起现今压力与温度的关系;在实验室对封闭流体进行了多组温-压关系实验;利用等效镜质体反射率和包裹体测温数据恢复了川中古隆起不同井区在白垩纪抬升之前的最大古地温,并在此基础上分析了温度降低对研究区超压的影响;最后探讨了生烃增压和欠压实超压形成过程中温度的作用.研究结果表明,川中古隆起现今超压层的压力系数与温度呈正相关关系;在绝对密封的条件下,当压力大于15 MPa时,温度每变化1℃,压力变化1.076 MPa.川中地区不同井区自晚白垩世以来的差异性降温是现今同一超压层系超压强度不同的主要因素,此外超压层还应发生了流体的横向压力传递和泄漏.下古生界原油裂解形成超压的时间是180~110 Ma;气态烃伴生的盐水包裹体均一温度暗示了在90 Ma超压发生调整.盆地模拟结果显示温度对上三叠统须家河组的欠压实增压影响微弱.     

异常地层压力声波衰减分析及地层压力地震数据外推反演

澳大利亚西北大陆架卡拉汶盆地含有丰富的油气资源, 但其地质条件复杂, 普遍存在异常地层高压分布,特别是该区区域盖层-中深层巨厚的Muderong页岩层内存在局部异常高压带,给石油钻井带来巨大困难.本文根据卡拉汶盆地北部地区10余口井的实测地层压力资料、声波测井数据和联井地震剖面, 研究该页岩层内异常压力千赫兹尺度声波响应的衰减特征,及其与地层有效压力之间的关联计算模型.通过联井地震数据的井-震相关性分析进行井-震过渡,研究井旁地震数据在异常高压带的衰减特征,及其与地层有效压力之间的关联计算模型,从而实现井震资料联合进行地层压力地震外推反演.研究表明,Muderong页岩层地层有效压力与井中声波速度/阻抗品质因子和井旁地震阻抗品质因子具有良好的正向相关性,根据二者交汇数据拟合经验公式反算得到的各井有效压力结果基本反映出实测有效压力曲线的变化特征.卡拉汶盆地北部地区地震数据具有良好的井-震相关性,地震资料品质相对可靠,确保了声-压相关分析的井-震过渡.最后,通过地震阻抗品质因子与地层有效压力之间的关联计算模型,进行该区异常地层压力地震外推反演,预测结果与钻井证实的异常压力分布特征基本符合.本研究为卡拉汶盆地中深部区域盖层局部异常高压带的地层压力外推反演提供了一种有效途径.     

异常高压对砂砾岩弹性性质影响的实验机理研究与压力预测新模型——以准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷北斜坡三叠系为例

准噶尔盆地西北缘玛湖地区二三叠系的砂砾岩中已经发现了多个高效油气藏,勘探实践已经证实该区砂砾岩储层中广泛发育异常高压,尤其是在近生烃中心的斜坡区.正是由于异常高压的存在,玛湖凹陷斜坡区砂砾岩储层的弹性性质呈现出一些特殊的现象与规律.本项研究依据玛湖地区63块样品的岩石物理测试结果、10余口井的实测地层压力资料、常规测井和录井资料,对砂砾岩弹性参数随异常高压的变化规律进行了深入分析.结果表明,玛湖凹陷斜坡区砂砾岩受母岩区矿物成分和异常高压的影响,其弹性特征与Casatgna砂岩线和李庆忠砂岩线表征的常规砂岩储层的弹性特征具有较大差异.与以上两种砂岩相比,具有相同密度的研究区砂砾岩样品纵横波速度较低,异常高压的发育阻碍了岩石的胶结作用是造成速度较低的主要原因.在异常高压发育区岩石样品的胶结程度普遍较差,速度也普遍降低,并且这种现象对纵横波速度的影响规律还存在区别,对横波速度的影响更大.为了定量地研究异常高压对砂砾岩储层纵横波速度变化的影响规律,本文设计了系统的岩石物理实验,分别测量获得固定地层压力以及固定差应力等条件下样品的纵横波速度,从实验上解释了异常高压对玛湖凹陷斜坡区砂砾岩储层弹性性...     

柴达木盆地现今大地热流与晚古生代以来构造-热演化

依据钻孔系统稳态测温、静井温度资料与实测热导率数据分析了柴达木盆地地温场分布特征,建立了柴达木盆地热导率柱,新增了17个大地热流数据.柴达木盆地现今地温梯度介于17.1~38.6℃·km-1,平均为28.6±4.6℃·km-1,大地热流介于32.9~70.4mW·m-2,平均55.1±7.9mW·m-2.盆地不同构造单元地温场存在差异,昆北逆冲带、一里坪坳陷属于"高温区",祁南逆冲带属于"中温区",三湖坳陷、德令哈坳陷及欧龙布鲁克隆起属于"低温区",盆地现今地温场分布特征受控于地壳深部结构、盆地构造等因素.以现今地温场为基础,采用磷灰石、锆石裂变径迹年龄分布特征定性分析与径迹长度分布数据定量模拟相结合,研究了柴达木盆地晚古生代以来的沉积埋藏、抬升剥蚀和热演化史,并结合区域构造背景,对柴达木盆地构造演化过程进行了探讨,研究表明柴达木盆地晚古生代以来经历了六期(254.0—199 Ma,177—148.6 Ma,87—62 Ma,41.1—33.6 Ma,9.6—7.1 Ma,2.9—1.8 Ma)构造运动,六期构造事件与研究区构造演化的动力学背景相吻合.其中白垩纪末期(87—62 Ma)的构造事件导致了柴达木盆地东部隆升并遭受剥蚀,欧龙布鲁克隆起形成雏形,柴达木盆地北缘在弱挤压环境下形成坳陷盆地;中新世末的两期构造事件(9.6—7.1 Ma和2.9—1.8 Ma)使柴达木盆地遭受强烈挤压,盆地快速隆升,构造变形强烈,基本形成现今的构造面貌.     

垃圾填埋场渗漏污染三维分布式电学监测系统研制及应用

垃圾填埋场建设期将电极传感器网状布设于防渗层下方,垃圾场启用后通过预设电极实现观测区自然电位和地下介质电阻率测试.对比不同时期实测自然电位和视电阻率剖面特征变化,确定垃圾场渗漏与否、渗漏点的位置、数量及渗滤液形成羽状体的空间分布和扩散过程.三维分布式电学监测系统就是基于上述理念设计研制的,包括采集站、供电控制器及传感器系统,可同时完成多个位置点电位测量.粉砂层中渗滤液扩散过程的原位三维电学监测结果显示渗滤液污染区呈现自然电位负异常和低阻特征,低阻异常区分布范围和实际污染区具有良好的对应关系,污染区扩散特征可通过分析低阻异常区变化来确定.     

柴达木盆地西部第三系盐湖相天然气碳同位素特征、成因与分布

柴达木盆地西部坳陷区第三系是典型的内陆盐湖相沉积. 对于系统采集于该区第三系13个油气田的34个天然气样品, 测定了其化学组成的百分含量和碳同位素组成. 根据天然气碳同位素分布, 结合烃源岩和原油地球化学特征, 将天然气划分为腐泥型原油伴生气、混合型原油伴生气、煤成气和混合气. 天然气碳同位素特征、成因类型及分布主要与不同湖水盐度条件下的生源注入类型和分布有关. 根据湖水盐度的区域变化可以预测天然气成因类型与分布. 与中国其他盆地相比较, 柴达木盆地第三系盐湖相天然气重烃碳同位素普遍明显偏重, 因此在该盆地划分天然气成因类型应充分考虑这一因素.     

油田放射性异常成因研究

为探索地表放射性异常与地下油气藏的关系，在４种类型的９个油气藏上收集了３１０口井的测井数据，同时在５个油气藏上进行了地面放射性测量．上述资料证实，异常从油层到地表具有延续性，在同一油层上方放射性异常随测点与油层距离加大而减弱，复合式油气藏各油层异常独立存在，不同类型油藏异常总体形态相似，异常幅值与油藏圈闭条件有关．这些为油气物质垂向运移及放射性异常深部形成机制提供了直接证据．在此基础上，综合前人研究成果，提出了油田放射性异常物质来源主要是生油岩的观点和油气盆地内流体微运移循环的设想，建立了油田放射性异常综合成因模式．     

柴达木盆地石炭系地球物理特征及解释

柴达木盆地具有丰富的油气资源,柴北缘、柴西、粜东三湖地区分别以侏罗系、古近系、新近系和第四系为主要勘探目的层.随着北疆石炭系研究的进展和钻探的成功,石炭系已经成为中国西部地区重要的勘探层系,柴达木盆地的石炭系也引起了勘探家的注意,地面地质调查表明石炭系为柴达木盆地一套潜在烃源岩.为了落实石炭系在柴达木盆地内的分布,笔者充分利用近10年来在柴达木盆地及周缘完成的重、磁、电等资料进行了针对石炭系的资料解释、剥层反演和综合研究,明确了石炭系的分布特征,为柴达木盆地石炭系油气勘探指明了方向.     

酒东盆地异常流体压力带及与油气分布的关系

酒东盆地营尔凹陷中存在3个异常流体高压带,它们基本呈等深平面分布,相互间隔约1000m,温度相差约30℃.对凹陷内地层沉积发育史、地层水性质、岩石薄片观察、地温梯度变化及压力带与地层岩性的对应关系研究表明,营尔凹陷具备形成异常高压流体压力带的条件,水热增压和上覆荷载增压是形成异常高压带的主要原因.在异常高压带上、下的正常压力带内紧邻高压带的层段和高压带内部压力相对较低处是油气聚集的有利场所.     

Carbon isotope characteristics,origin and distribution of the natural gases from the Tertiary salty lacustrine facies in the West Depression Region in the Qaidam Basin

Since the Meso-Cenozoic, controlled by paleoclimate, a series of fresh to brackish water basins and salt to semi-salt water basins were developed in wet climatic zones and in dry climate zones in China, respectively[1]. The geological and geochemical char…     

柴达木盆地西北缘昆特依凹陷的双层钾盐成矿模式特征及成因

柴达木盆地是我国和世界重要的钾盐产地,目前对地表浅层盐湖钾盐研究颇多,但对深部碎屑孔隙钾盐研究较少.本文以昆特依凹陷为例,总结柴达木盆地钾盐成矿的时空变化规律,通过对该区地质、水文、古环境及卤水储层特征等分析建立“双层钾盐”成矿模式:上层为赋存在Q p2-h盐湖相化学盐类晶体裂隙间的晶间卤水,下层是Q p1冲洪积相砂砾孔隙卤水.采用聚类分析、特征系数、介稳相图、piper三线图及氢氧同位素等数理、地球化学手段分析上、下层卤水离子含量,探讨“双层钾盐”模式成因和上、下层卤水的内在联系.研究认为,昆特依凹陷内“双层钾盐”赋存卤水均为陆相沉积环境中的盐岩溶滤水,其中上层晶间卤水更多表现为盐岩溶解,但也不乏溶滤作用,下层砂砾孔隙卤水则着重表现为石盐的溶解;上层晶间卤水表现出下层砂砾孔隙卤水深度演化的特征,下层砂砾孔隙卤水具有对深部古盐岩层及上层晶间层的继承性;昆特依凹陷周边的新近纪背斜构造区油田水在成因上也与“双层钾盐”卤水密切相关.     

The Early Tertiary chemical remagnetization in the Bakjisan Syncline, Korea: Its geotectonic implications

The Bakjisan Syncline is located in the northwestern part of the Taebaeksan Basin, Korea. New paleomagnetic data for the Upper Carboniferous–Lower Triassic Pyeongan Supergroup from the Pyeongchang area on the west limb of the Bakjisan Syncline have been obtained, and synthesized and compared with previous data from the Jeongseon area on the east limb of the syncline. A total of 350 specimens were collected from 21 sites to clarify the relationship between the spatial distribution of remagnetized areas and the thrust system in the Taebaeksan Basin. The characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) isolated from all samples was a remagnetized component acquired after tilting of the strata and carried by various magnetic minerals (magnetite, hematite and pyrrhotite). From rock magnetic studies, electron microscope observations and XRD analyses, the pervasive remagnetization is interpreted to be associated mainly with a fluid-mediated chemical remanent magnetization (CRM). This is consistent with the results of previous work in adjacent areas. The paleomagnetic pole position (88.3°E, 83.9°N, A₉₅ = 4.9°) from the Pyeongan Supergroup in the Bakjisan Syncline indicates that the timing of the remagnetization event is Early Tertiary times (i.e. Paleocene to Eocene) by comparison with reliable paleopoles from the Korean Peninsula. Early Tertiary CRMs are also reported from previous studies of an adjacent region within the northwestern part of the Taebaeksan Basin. In contrast, a primary remanent magnetization was reported in the southeastern part of the Taebaeksan Basin. This implies that the major thrust system (the Gakdong thrust) which separates the two regions has caused them to experience substantially different geologic histories since deposition of the strata. Since many thrusts with NS trend are observed in the northwestern part of the Taebaeksan Basin compared with the southeastern region, it appears that the remagnetizing fluids pervasively penetrated the northwestern part of the basin by utilizing the already well-developed thrust system.     

NEW DISCOVERY OF RESHUI-TAOSTUO RIVER FAULT IN DULAN,QINGHAI PROVINCE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

The 40km-long, NEE trending Reshui-Taostuo River Fault was found in the southern Dulan-Chaka highland by recent field investigation, which is a strike-slip fault with some normal component. DEM data was generated by small unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)on key geomorphic units with resolution<0.05m. Based on the interpretation and field investigation, we get two conclusions:1)It is the first time to define the Reshui-Taostuo River Fault, and the fault is 40km long with a 6km-long surface rupture; 2)There are left-handed dislocations in the gullies and terraces cut by the fault. On the high-resolution DEM image obtained by UAV, the offsets are(9.3±0.5) m, (17.9±1.5) m, and(36.8±2) m, measured by topographic profile recovery of gullies. The recovery measurements of two terraces present that the horizontal offset of T₁/T₀ is(18.2±1.5) m and the T₂/T₁ is (35.8±2) m, which is consistent with the offsets from gullies. According to the historical earthquake records, a M5 3/4 earthquake on April 10, 1938 and a M_S5.0 earthquake on March 21, 1952 occurred at the eastern end of the surface rupture, which may be related to the activity of the fault. By checking the county records of Dulan and other relevant data, we find that there are no literature records about the two earthquakes, which is possibly due to the far distance to the epicenter at that time, the scarcity of population in Dulan, or that the earthquake occurred too long ago that led to losing its records. The southernmost ends of the Eastern Kunlun Fault and the Elashan Fault converge to form a wedge-shaped extruded fault block toward the northwest. The Dulan Basin, located at the end of the wedge-shaped fault block, is affected by regional NE and SW principal compressive stress and the shear stress of the two boundary faults. The Dulan Basin experienced a complex deformation process of compression accompanying with extension. In the process of extrusion, the specific form of extension is the strike-slip faults at each side of the wedge, and there is indeed a north-east and south-west compression between the two controlling wedge-shaped fault block boundary faults, the Eastern Kunlun and Elashan Faults. The inferred mechanism of triangular wedge extrusion deformation in this area is quite different from the pure rigid extrusion model. Therefore, Dulan Basin is a wedge-shaped block sandwiched between the two large-scale strike-slip faults. Due to the compression of the northeast and southwest directions of the region, the peripheral faults of the Dulan Basin form a series of southeast converging plume thrust faults on the northeast edge of the basin near the Elashan Fault, which are parallel to the Elashan Fault in morphology and may converge with the Elashan Fault in subsurface. The southern marginal fault of the Dulan Basin(Reshui-Taostuo River Fault)near the Eastern Kunlun fault zone is jointly affected by the left-lateral strike-slip Eastern Kunlun Fault and the right-lateral strike-slip Elashan Fault, presenting a left-lateral strike-slip characteristic. Meanwhile, the wedge-shaped fault block extrudes to the northwest, causing local extension at the southeast end, and the fault shows the extensional deformation. These faults absorb or transform the shear stress in the northeastern margin of the Tibet Plateau. Therefore, our discovery of the Dulan Reshui-Taostuo River Fault provides important constraints for better understanding of the internal deformation mode and mechanism of the fault block in the northeastern Tibetan plateau. The strike of Reshui-Taostuo River Fault is different from the southern marginal fault of the Qaidam Basin. The Qaidam south marginal burial fault is the boundary fault between the Qaidam Basin and the East Kunlun structural belt, with a total length of ~500km. The geophysical data show that Qaidam south marginal burial fault forms at the boundary between the positive gravity anomaly of the southern East Kunlun structural belt and the negative gravity anomaly gradient zone of the northern Qaidam Basin, showing as a thrust fault towards the basin. The western segment of the fault was active at late Pleistocene, and the eastern segment near Dulan County was active at early-middle Pleistocene. The Reshui-Taostuo River Fault is characterized by sinistral strike-slip with a normal component. The field evidence indicates that the latest active period of this fault was Holocene, with a total length of only 40km. Neither remote sensing image interpretation nor field investigation indicate the fault extends further westward and intersects with the Qaidam south marginal burial fault. Moreover, it shows that its strike is relatively consistent with the East Kunlun fault zone in spatial distribution and has a certain angle with the burial fault in the southern margin of Qaidam Basin. Therefore, there is no structural connection between the Reshui-Taostuo River Fault and the Qaidam south marginal burial fault.     

柴达木盆地东部晚海西-印支期剥蚀量与隆升历史--多种古温标与沉积学证据的制约

柴达木盆地东部周缘造山带内保存有较完整的晚古生代-早中生代沉积记录,但盆地内至今仍未发现二叠系-三叠系.为探讨柴东地区二叠纪-三叠纪有无沉积及隆升历史等关键地质问题,本文首先利用古温标法恢复晚海西-印支期剥蚀量,随后,通过物源分析法获得印支期柴东北缘隆升的沉积学证据.结果表明,印支运动前,柴东地区残留石炭系顶界面埋深普遍超过2500m,晚海西-印支期剥蚀量为2100~4300m,剥蚀量从南往北逐渐减小.柴东地区曾沉积了2000~3000m的二叠系-三叠系,随后被整体剥蚀.晚二叠世以来,随着古特提斯洋往北俯冲,盆地周缘开始隆升.早三叠世柴东北缘经历了一次快速隆升,先期的多套沉积地层与结晶基底被迅速剥蚀并为宗务隆南缘的隆务河群砾岩沉积提供物源.中三叠世海水往北和往东退出研究区.晚三叠世,松潘-甘孜地体强烈碰撞挤压使得东昆仑-柴达木地体下地壳显著缩短和增厚,柴东地区被整体抬升,并且形成了南高北低的古地貌格局,在古气候与水系作用下,二叠系-三叠系与部分石炭系被全部剥蚀并搬运至宗务隆、南祁连及松潘-甘孜一带.     

GEOMORPHIC FEATURES AND LATE QUATERNARY SLIP RATE OF THE SOUTHERN ZONGWULONG SHAN FAULT

With the continuous collision of the India and Eurasia plate in Cenozoic, the Qilian Shan began to uplift strongly from 12Ma to 10Ma. Nowadays, Qilian Shan is still uplifting and expanding. In the northern part of Qilian Shan, tectonic activity extends to Hexi Corridor Basin, and has affected Alashan area. In the southern part of Qilian Shan, tectonic activity extends to Qaidam Basin, forming a series of thrust faults in the northern margin of Qaidam Basin and a series of fold deformations in the basin. The southern Zongwulong Shan Fault is located in the northeastern margin of Qaidam Basin, it is the boundary thrust fault between the southern margin of Qilian Shan and Qaidam Basin. GPS studies show that the total crustal shortening rate across the Qilian Shan is 5~8mm/a, which absorbs 20% of the convergence rate of the Indian-Eurasian plate. Concerning how the strain is distributed on individual fault in the Qilian Shan, previous studies mainly focused on the northern margin of the Qilian Shan and the Hexi Corridor Basin, while the study on the southern margin of the Qilian Shan was relatively weak. Therefore, the study of late Quaternary activity of southern Zongwulong Shan Fault in southern margin of Qilian Shan is of great significance to understand the strain distribution pattern in Qilian Shan and the propagation of the fault to the interior of Qaidam Basin. At the same time, because of the strong tectonic activity, the northern margin of Qaidam Basin is also a seismic-prone area. Determining the fault slip rate is also helpful to better understand the movement behaviors of faults and seismic risk assessment.Through remote sensing image interpretation and field geological survey, combined with GPS topographic profiling, cosmogenic nuclides and optically stimulated luminescence dating, we carried out a detailed study at Baijingtu site and Xujixiang site on the southern Zongwulong Shan Fault. The results show that the southern Zongwulong Shan Fault is a Holocene reverse fault, which faulted a series of piedmont alluvial fans and formed a series of fault scarps.The 43ka, 20ka and 11ka ages of the alluvial fan surfaces in this area can be well compared with the ages of terraces and alluvial fan surfaces in the northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau, and its formation is mainly controlled by climatic factors. Based on the vertical dislocations of the alluvial fans in different periods in Baijingtu and Xujixiang areas, the average vertical slip rate of the southern Zongwulong Shan Fault since late Quaternary is(0.41±0.05)mm/a, and the average horizontal shortening rate is 0.47~0.80mm/a, accounting for about 10% of the crustal shortening in Qilian Shan. These results are helpful to further understand the strain distribution model in Qilian Shan and the tectonic deformation mechanism in the northern margin of Qaidam Basin. The deformation mechanism of the northern Qaidam Basin fault zone, which is composed of the southern Zongwulong Shan Fault, is rather complicated, and it is not a simple piggy-back thrusting style. These faults jointly control the tectonic activity characteristics of the northern Qaidam Basin.     

THE MECHANISMS OF ARCUATE STRUCTURES ON THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE ALTYN TAGH FAULT AND THEIR TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS

The giant sinistral Altyn Tagh Fault(ATF)is the northern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau. It has been playing important role in adjusting the India-Eurasia collision and the tectonic evolution of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Knowledge of the evolution of the ATF can provide comprehensive understanding of the processes and mechanisms of the deformation of the Tibetan Plateau. However, its timing of commencement, amount of displacement and strike-slip rate, as well as the tectonic evolution of the region are still under debate. South of the ATF, there exist a series of oroclinal-like arcuate structures. Knowledge of whether these curved geometries represent original curvatures or the bending of originally straight/aligned geological units has significant tectonic implications for the evolution of the ATF. The Yingxiongling arcuate belt in the western Qaidam Basin and the northern Qaidam marginal thrust belt(NQMTB)north of the Qaidam Basin are the two typical arcuate thrust belts, where the former has a "7-types" structure, and the latter has a reverse "S-type" structure. Successive Cenozoic sediments are well exposed and magnetostratigraphically dated in both belts. Paleomagnetic declination has great advantage to reveal vertical-axis rotations of geological bodies since they become magnetized. Recently conducted paleomagnetic rotation studies in different parts of these two thrust belts revealed detailed Cenozoic rotation patterns and magnitudes of the region. By integrating these paleomagnetic rotation results with regional geometric features and lines of geological evidence, we propose that these two arcuate thrust belts were most likely caused by different rotations in different parts of these curvatures, due to the sinistral strike-slip faulting along the ATF, rather than originally curved ones. The Yingxiongling arcuate belt was shaped by the significant counterclockwise(CCW)rotations of its northwestern half(the Akatengnengshan anticline)near the ATF during~16~11Ma BP, while its southeastern half(the Youshashan anticline)had no significant rotations since at least~20Ma BP. The geometry of the NQMTB was developed firstly by remarkable clockwise rotations of its middle part during~33~14Ma BP, and later possibly CCW rotations of its northwestern part during the Middle to Late Miocene, similar to that of the northwestern part of the Yingxiongling arcuate belt. The characteristics of two-stage strike-slip evolution of the ATF since the Early Oligocene were enriched:1)During the Early Oligocene to mid-Miocene, fast strike-slip faulting along the ATF was proposed to accommodate the eastward extrusion of the northern Tibetan Plateau with its sinistral shear confined to the fault itself. While in the NQMTB and farther east area in the Qilian Shan, its sinistral shear was transferred to the interior of the plateau and was accommodated by deformation of differential crustal shortenings and block rotations in these regions. Thus, the displacement along the ATF west of the NQMTB is larger than that east of the NQMTB. 2)Since the mid-late Miocene, sinistral shear of the ATF was widespread distributed within the northern Tibetan Plateau, instead of concentrated to the fault itself. Its sinistral offsets were partially absorbed by the shortening deformation within the Qaidam Basin and the Qilian Shan, leading the offsets along the ATF decreasing to the east. With the sinistral frictional drag of blocks(the Tarim Basin and the Altyn Tagh Range)on the other side during the second stage evolution of the ATF, a transitional zone south of the ATF was likely developed by remarkable CCW rotations during the Middle to Late Miocene, which is probably confined to east of the Tula syncline. Combining the sinistral offsets along the ATF derived from the paleomagnetic rotations during the Early Oligocene to mid-late Miocene and that by piercing points since the Late Miocene, the post Oligocene strike-slip offsets were constrained as at least~350~430km for the reference in the western Qaidam Basin and~380~460km for the reference in the NQMTB, with an average slip rate of at least~10.6~13.9mm/a. The post Early Oligocene offsets are consistent with the widely accepted offsets of~300~500km obtained by piercing point analyses.     

青藏高原东北缘上地幔地震各向异性:来自SKS、PKS和SKKS震相分裂的证据

基于青藏高原东北缘甘肃区域台网41个宽频带地震台站的远震记录资料,通过PKS、SKS和SKKS震相的剪切波分裂分析,获取了台站下方介质的各向异性分裂参数,得到该地区上地幔各向异性分布图像,并结合GPS速度场和地壳剪切波各向异性分析青藏高原东北缘各向异性形成机制及壳幔各向异性特征.分析结果认为,在阿尔金断裂带西侧,各向异性快波偏振呈NWW-SEE方向,与断裂带走向有一定夹角,与塔里木盆地向柴达木盆地俯冲方向一致,说明该地区上地幔物质变形主要受古构造运动的影响,属于"化石"各向异性.在祁连山-河西走廊构造区,XKS快波偏振呈NW-SE方向,一致性较好,与区域断层走向方向相同;由区域小震的地壳剪切波分裂分析得到的地壳剪切波快波偏振在该区域呈NE-SW方向,与相对于稳定欧亚大陆GPS运动速率一致,地壳和地幔快波偏振方向的差异表明壳幔变形可能有不同的形变机制.在陇中盆地及其周缘,由于处于活跃青藏地块与稳定鄂尔多斯地块之间的过渡带,相对于其他区域具有更加复杂的构造背景,地壳快波偏振和地幔快波偏振总体上呈NWW-SEE方向,说明壳幔变形机制可能相同;但不同台站结果之间存在一定离散性,推测是由于受局部构造特征差异性造成.     

Groundwater modelling with limited data sets: the Chari–Logone area (Lake Chad Basin,Chad)

One of the most important issues for water resource management is developing strategies for groundwater modelling that are adaptable to data scarcity. These strategies are particularly important in arid and semi‐arid areas where access to data is poor and data collection is difficult, such as the Lake Chad Basin in Africa. In the present study, we establish a numerical groundwater flow model and evaluate the effects of dry and wet periods on groundwater recharge in the Chari–Logone area (96 000 km²) of the Lake Chad Basin. Boundary conditions, flow direction, sources, and sinks for the Chari–Logone local model were obtained by revising and remodelling the Lake Chad Basin regional hydrogeological model (508 400 km²) developed by the BRGM (Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières) in the 1990s. The simulated aquifer water level showed good agreement with observed levels. Aquifer recharge is primarily determined by river–aquifer interactions and mostly occurs in the southern section of the study area. In wet years, groundwater recharge also occurs in the N'Djamena area. The approach we adopted provided relevant results and was useful as an initial step in more detailed modelling of the area. It also proved to be a useful method for groundwater modelling in large semi‐arid and arid regions where available data are scarce. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国西北及周边地区上地幔密度异常驱动小尺度对流

假设地震层析成像提供的地震波速异常对应于上地幔物质的密度异常分布,而该密度异常直接源于上地幔热对流相应的温度扰动. 在给定边界条件下,利用三维傅里叶变换,在波数域内求解控制流体行为的运动方程和连续性方程,得到上地幔小尺度对流流场. 利用密度异常驱动上地幔小尺度对流的数学 物理模型,采用胥颐、刘福田等提供的地震层析成像数据计算得到了我国西北及周边地区上地幔对流模式. 结果表明,对流流场的顶部在岩石圈较薄的盆地区域呈现上升发散流动特征,如塔里木盆地、柴达木盆地、哈萨克斯坦块体及准噶尔盆地;岩石圈较厚的山脉则对应了会聚下降的流动特征,如天山山脉、昆仑山山脉和祁连山山脉. 同时,塔里木盆地处于拉张状态,驱动其上地幔物质南下向青藏高原北部西昆仑运动,以及北上向天山下部流动,这可能是天山隆升的原因之一.