On the causes of glacial inception at 116 kaBP

To explore processes involved in glacial inception at 116 kaBP, the response of an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) to changes in lower boundary conditions is investigated. Two 116 kaBP experiments are conducted to examine the importance of sea surface conditions (sea surface temperature and sea ice distribution): one with the present-day sea surface conditions, and the other with 116 kaBP sea surface conditions. These two different sea surface conditions are obtained from simulations using an earth system climate model of intermediate complexity. Perennial snow cover occurred over the Canadian Archipelago under 116 kaBP orbital and CO₂ forcing with present-day "warm" sea surface conditions, and further expanded over northeastern Canada when 116 kaBP "cool" sea surface conditions were applied. The net positive accumulation in northeastern Canada, with little in Alaska, is in good agreement with geological records. Two additional 116 kaBP experiments are conducted to examine the combined importance of sea surface conditions and land surface conditions (vegetation): one with the present-day sea surface and modified land surface conditions, and the other with 116 kaBP sea surface and modified land surface conditions. Modifying vegetation, based on cooling during summer induced by 116 kaBP sea surface conditions, leads to much larger areas of perennial snow cover. Only when 116 kaBP sea surface conditions are applied, is a realistic global net snow accumulation rate obtained. Contrary to the earlier ice age hypothesis, our results suggest that the capturing of glacial inception at 116 kaBP requires the use of "cooler" sea surface conditions than those of the present climate. Also, the large impact of vegetation change on climate suggests that the inclusion of the vegetation feedback is important for model validation, at least, in this particular period of Earth history.     

一次海面降雪的双线偏振多普勒雷达回波特征分析

以X波段双线偏振多普勒天气雷达在葫芦岛探测到的2004年4月1日的一次海面降雪过程为例,概述了雷达主要性能参数。通过分析雷达二次产品开发平台运行后得到的强度、速度、谱宽和双线偏振差分反射率等产品,探讨了海面降雪和海杂波Z值及差分反射率因子ZDR的取值大小及空间变化特征。结果表明:雪花降落过程中,ZDR值由正值逐渐转变到为-0.5～0.5 dB,且Z值随高度降低而增大,而海杂波Z及ZDR值空间变率不大。     

一个冰气相互作用数值模拟结果的可能统计解释

基于一个全球海-冰-气耦合模式的数值模拟结果,选取冬季格陵兰海海表面温度(SST)、海冰密集度、海表面感热通量等物理量以及3个相关区域海平面气压分别作经验正交函数展开,取第一模时间系数作相关分析。结果表明,上一年海冰密集度偏大(小)与来年的SST偏低(高)相联系,但二者同期相关性最大。当海气热通量交换变化超前一年时,其与SST相关性最大。模式最低层大气温度与海洋表面热通量之间的同时相关性最大,冬季模式最低层气温偏高(低)与海洋表面失去的感热、潜热通量偏少(多)相联系。气温、比湿都和冰岛低压区及格陵兰海的海平面气压相关性最强,冰岛低压气压偏低(高)与模式最低层气温和比湿偏高(低)相联系。所以,在海-冰-气年际尺度的相互作用中,主要关系是大气环流调整造成大气中云量和低层气温、湿度变化,进而影响海气界面上的通量交换,造成SST的变化。SST变化决定着海冰范围及海冰密集度的变化,但海冰变化时通过相变潜热的释放或吸收反过来对SST变化有较明显影响。     

近海面风场对黄东海域海平面特征影响的分析与模拟

基于1993—2012年TOPEX/Poseidon(T/P)卫星海平面异常SLA(Sea Level Anomaly)数据和FSCR(Climate Forecast System Reanalysis)再分析风场资料,分析黄东海域近20 a海平面的时空分布特征,尤其是不同时间尺度风场影响的变化特征,进而通过区域海洋模式对海面高度短期变化的可能机制进行探讨。结果表明:1)黄东海域海平面多年平均状态为南高北低,近海面季节性风场在岸线分布和海水热膨胀特征下,造成海面冬春季偏低,夏秋季偏高。近20 a黄东海域平均风速逐步减弱,平均海面上升速率为2.9 mm/a。2)风场的短期活动主要为灾害性大风,统计显示冬夏寒潮大风和台风大风均呈频数减少、强度增强的趋势。运用FVCOM(Finite Volume Community Ocean Model)模拟分析台风和寒潮作用下黄东海域海平面的变化,发现台风强风可形成辐散式海流气旋式涡旋,对应海面为下凹负值中心;北路寒潮大风可形成海流反气旋式涡旋,对应海面为上凸正值中心。两类涡旋的强海流部分增强了海面倾斜度。3)强海流部分动能和动量迅速向海水深部下传,无论在深度和强度上,寒潮造成的海流涡旋动能和动量下传比台风涡旋更迅速,更强。这与寒潮降温引起的海洋层结不稳定对流作用有关。     

海表面盛行风背景下大气对黑潮海洋锋的响应特征

采用一系列高分辨率的卫星资料,应用高通滤波等方法,研究了春季不同海表面盛行风背景下,东海黑潮海洋锋区附近的海气关系。观测分析表明:在东海,春季3种不同海表面盛行风条件下海表面温度与海表面风速之间都存在明显的正相关关系,表现为海洋对大气的强迫作用。大气对海洋锋的响应在3种不同盛行风条件下也存在明显的差异。在西北盛行风和东南盛行风背景下,即当风向垂直于海洋锋由冷侧(暖侧)吹向暖侧(冷侧)时,海表面风的辐散(辐合)出现在海洋锋上空。同时,海洋锋对海平面气压(SLP)、降水和对流活动的影响较弱,表明大气对海洋锋的响应主要局限在大气边界层内。在东北盛行风背景下,即当风平行于海洋锋时,在海洋锋的暖(冷)水侧上空为海表面风的辐合(辐散),并与SLP的异常低(高)值相对应,主要雨带出现在黑潮暖舌上空。无论从总降水还是层云、对流降水频次的空间分布来看,盛行东北风时,海表面温度对其上雨带的影响最为明显。分析结果还表明,在不同盛行风背景下,海洋锋附近的海气关系由不同的物理机制在起主导作用。当盛行平行于海洋锋的东北风时,主要由SLP调整机制起作用;而盛行垂直于海洋锋的西北风时则主要由垂直混合机制起作用。     

An investigation into the mechanisms of changes in mid-latitude mean sea level pressure as greenhouse gases are increased

When greenhouse gases are increased in coupled GCM experiments there is both a direct effect and an indirect effect due to changes in the surface conditions. In this study we carry out experiments with a perpetual winter atmosphere only model in order to investigate the influence of changes to the surface conditions (sea surface temperatures, sea-ice and snow amount) on the Northern Hemisphere winter mid-latitude mean sea level pressure response. The surface conditions for the perpetual winter model experiments are prescribed from time averages of the HadCM2 control and greenhouse gas experiments. Forcing the perpetual winter model with the HadCM2 greenhouse gas surface conditions produces a negative mean sea level pressure (MSLP) response across both Northern Hemisphere ocean basins, as was found in the coupled model HadCM2 experiment. Additional PW model experiments show that the sea surface temperature forcing from the HadCM2 greenhouse gas experiment dominates the snow and soil moisture content forcings. The sea-ice forcing from the HadCM2 greenhouse gas experiment reduces MSLP at high latitudes. In the north Pacific region MSLP decreases when the global mean warming is applied to the sea surface temperature forcing field at all open sea points. In the north Atlantic region the increased tropics to mid-latitude meridional sea surface temperature gradient is required for MSLP to decrease. These experiments show that the MSLP response in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude storm track regions is sensitive to the non-local sea surface temperature anomaly pattern.     

南海西北部一次海上海雾的微物理及化学特性分析

利用2017年3月MICAPS资料、欧洲气象中心再分析ERA-Interim数据及在南海西北部海上的海雾观测数据,分析了南海西北部一次海上海雾的微物理特征和雾水化学特性,并将海上海雾与南海岸边海雾进行对比分析。结果表明:此次海雾为南海偏南暖气流移至冷海面发生冷却并达到饱和而形成。海雾过程中气压与气温变化趋势相反,相对湿度不断增加,雾滴数浓度、液态含水量和平均直径的平均值分别为198 cm-3、0.116 g/cm3和5.6 μm。相比广东湛江东海岛和广东茂名博贺地区岸边海雾个例,本次海上海雾水汽充足,雾滴偏大。本次海雾属于酸性海雾,pH值变化范围为2.51~3.50,海雾后的雨水样本pH值则为4.05。海雾发生初期电导率比其它阶段高很多,说明海雾发生的初始阶段雾水溶解了大量的气溶胶。海上雾水中Na+和Cl-浓度最高,浓度分别为32 535 μmol/L和53 466 μmol/L,K+浓度远高于Mg2+和Ca2+,而东海岛岸边海雾相反。      

Water color and its relation to primary production

It is shown both experimentally and theoretically that the depth of the euphotic zone is related to the color of the sea defined as a color index equal to the ratio of the upwelling blue (450 nm) and green (525 nm) nadir daylight just below the sea surface. The relationship is valid for most sea waters where the albedo from the bottom is negligible near the sea surface and where the composition of suspended and dissolved matter is not largely determined either by water drainage from land or by turbidity currents. The standing stock of phytoplankton and its primary productivity within the euphotic zone can approximately be given in terms of the color of the sea. The accuracy in determining each of the above two biological quantities from color measurements at the sea surface is not satisfactory at present. This holds particularly true when the color of the sea is measured remotely by present satellite techniques.     

海冰模式CICE4.0与LASG/IAP气候系统模式的耦合试验

利用美国Los Alamos国家实验室发展的最新海冰模式(CICE4.0)替代了LASG/IAP气候系统模式(FGOALS_g1.1)中的海冰模式(CSIM4), 形成新的耦合模式。在此基础上, 利用新的耦合模式对20世纪中后期的全球气候进行了模拟, 来检验CICE4.0对耦合模式中海冰和海洋模拟结果的改进。结果表明CICE4.0对于FGOALS_g1.1的极地气候模拟有一定改进作用, 主要表现在:(1) 南北极海冰边缘碎冰区显著减少; (2) 南大洋海表温度和海冰的模拟明显改善, 分布特征与观测非常吻合。但是新耦合模式也存在如下不足: (1) 北大西洋海冰相对偏多, 北大西洋经圈翻转环流大大减弱, 这主要是由于北大西洋海表面温度的冷误差造成的; (2) 南北极大气环流场的模拟无明显改善。此外, 本文还比较了采用不同短波辐射方案对于耦合模拟结果的影响, 结果表明, 相对于CCSM3短波辐射方案, Delta-Eddington方案模拟的海表面温度偏冷, 海冰厚度偏厚, 北大西洋经圈翻转环流略有偏弱。     

北极海冰年际变化对东亚中纬度夏季陆面热力异常的指示作用及其可能原因

本文分析了夏季东亚中纬度近地面温度和春、夏北极海冰时空变化特征,探讨了格陵兰海、巴伦支海海冰异常变化与夏季东亚中纬度陆面热力异常在年际上的可能联系。结果表明:(1)1950—2014年,东亚中纬度夏季近地面温度明显增暖,并伴有明显的年际变化,年际变率最大值的区域主要位于40°N以北至贝加尔湖地区;春、夏格陵兰海和巴伦支海的海冰也呈现明显的减少趋势,同时表现出较强的年际变化特征。(2)春、夏格陵兰海、巴伦支海海冰异常对东亚中纬度夏季陆面热力异常具有一定的指示作用:春、夏格陵兰海、巴伦支海海冰异常偏多,通常对应夏季东亚中纬度近地面的东亚中纬度夏季增暖现象;反之亦然。(3)春、季格陵兰海、巴伦支海北极海冰指数(Arctic Sea Ice Index,ASII)高值年(海冰异常偏多年份),贝加尔湖及西南的蒙古高原地区通常为大范围的异常高压控制,有利于近地面温度升高;同时由于乌拉尔山阻塞高压减弱,极地南下的冷空气减弱,有利于东亚中纬度区域的温度升高。而ASII低值年的情形则相反,贝加尔湖以南地区受异常低压控制,乌拉尔山阻塞高压增强,冷空气易向南侵袭,不利于东亚中纬度近地面升温。     

一种提高气候模式对PNA年际变化模拟能力的方法

The climate modeling community has been challenged to develop a method for improving the simulation of the Pacific-North America (PNA) teleconnection pattern in climate models. The accuracy of PNA teleconnection simulation is significantly improved by considering mesoscale convection contributions to sea surface fluxes. The variation in the PNA over the past 22 years was simulated by the Grid Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG version 1.0 (GAMIL1.0) model, which was guided by observational sea surface temperature (SST) from January 1979 to December 2000. Results show that heating in the tropical central-eastern Pacific is simulated more realistically, and sea surface latent heat flux and precipitation anomalies are more similar to the reanalysis data when mesoscale enhancement is considered during the parameterization scheme of sea surface turbulent fluxes in GAMIL1.0. Realistic heating in the tropical central-eastern Pacific in turn significantly improves the simulation of interannual variation and spatial patterns of PNA.     

长江下游夏季降水与东亚夏季风及春季太平洋海温的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料、NOAA月平均海表温度资料及中国站点逐日降水资料,研究了长江下游夏季降水、东亚夏季风(区分南海热带夏季风和副热带夏季风)及春季太平洋海温之间的关系。结果表明,南海夏季风强度与长江下游夏季降水量呈反相关,而副热带夏季风强度与长江下游夏季降水量呈正相关;春季赤道东太平洋海温与当年长江下游夏季降水存在正相关,是夏季长江下游夏季降水变化趋势的较好前期预测信号;南海夏季风和副热带夏季风强度对春季赤道东太平洋海温异常的响应是相反的。     

山东省沿海冬春季海陆大风对比分析

利用山东省划分的沿海12个海区代表站和部分海岛站资料,6艘渤海和黄海救助船资料,验证了2010年11月以来冬春季海区大风过程(≥6级)中,烟台北部沿海和威海南部沿海站大风资料的可用性,并对渤海湾、渤海中部海区、黄海北部海区和山东沿海大风进行了对比分析,得到以下结论:(1)渤海湾海区,滨州北部和东营北部沿海站均比海面风速偏小。(2)渤海中部海区,当天气系统为低槽冷锋时,东营东部、潍坊北部、烟台北部和烟台西部沿海站均比海面风速偏小。(3)黄海北部海区,在统计时段内,成山头站非常接近海面风速,其次是长岛县大黑山比海面风速小3 m·s-1左右。     

冬季风风场持续异常对黑潮流域影响的数值模拟

运用一个三维斜压海洋模式对冬季风风场持续异常时期的黑潮区海洋进行了模拟，初步分析了冬季风风场持续异常对黑潮区海面高度、海流和海温的影响。结果表明：强冬季风会减弱海面高度梯度，普遍降低黑潮区海表温度，对流场有一定的影响，尤其在南海这样的封闭海区。强冬季风抑制了黑潮的发展，同时却增强了黄海暖流和对马暖流。     

南印度洋偶极子的变化特征及其与ENSO事件的联系

利用Hadley Center逐月海温资料以及NCEP/NCAR逐月风场、海平面气压场等资料探讨了南印度洋偶极子(Southern Indian Ocean Dipole,SIOD)的变化特征及其与ENSO事件的联系。结果表明:1)发生在南半球副热带印度洋地区的海温异常西南—东北反相的南印度洋偶极子现象,具有明显的季节锁相特征:10—12月发生发展,次年1—3月发展成熟达到盛期,4—6月减弱消亡;SIOD的形成主要受大尺度大气环流的影响,马斯克林高压以及澳大利亚低(高)压位置和强度的变化引起的副热带印度洋海表面风场的异常,影响了海温的变化,进而形成SIOD。2)南半球副热带印度洋地区的海温变化与赤道中东太平洋地区海温异常密切联系,前冬ENSO事件与SIOD有显著的负相关关系,大多数正SIOD发生在La Ni?a事件之后,大多数负SIOD发生在El Ni?o事件之后;也存在部分SIOD事件的发生既不伴随La Ni?a现象,也不伴随El Ni?o现象。3)ENSO事件产生的异常垂直运动和赤道异常纬向风对南半球副热带印度洋地区的海平面气压以及海表面风场的强度和位置的变化有重要作用,可以分别影响SIOD东西极子的演变,进而对SIOD产生影响。4)SIOD事件也可单独发生,一般负事件比正事件早一个月发生,同时由于没有ENSO事件的作用,海温异常反相的现象不能持续,单独发生的SIOD事件生命期较短。     

华南沿海暖海雾过程中的湍流热量交换特征

湍流交换是海雾中的关键物理过程, 在海雾的热量和水汽平衡过程中起重要作用。本文根据2007年3月24～25日一次海雾的外场观测数据, 分析了海雾过程中近海面湍流热量交换特征; 并在区分风切变机械湍流与雾顶长波辐射冷却热力湍流的基础上, 着重分析了两种不同性质的湍流对海雾发展和维持的作用。结果表明: (1) 本次海雾是在西南低压和变性冷高压的控制下, 来自南海东部暖水区的空气平流在近岸冷海面上形成的暖海雾; 暖海雾中的湍流热量交换过程比冷海雾更为复杂; (2) 在暖海雾的形成和消散阶段, 风切变机械湍流的热量输送起主要作用; 而在发展和维持阶段, 既有风切变机械湍流的热量输送作用, 也有雾顶长波辐射冷却热力湍流的热量输送作用; (3) 风切变机械湍流向冷海面输送热量, 对近海面空气起到降温和增湿作用; 热力湍流同样向冷海面输送热量, 但对雾层起到增温和降湿作用; (4) 暖海雾中的湍流热量交换机制与雾层的非充分混合结构有密切关系。     

基于交叉极化数据的海面风速反演研究

全极化数据可以获取比单极化数据更多的目标信息,研究发现C波段交叉极化数据同样可用于海面风速反演。针对RADARSAT-2 Fine Quad模式具有全极化成像的特点,以我国东部海域为研究区,结合同极化数据和交叉极化数据反演海面风速模型,探究各种极化数据的最优风速反演方法。对于同极化数据采用地球物理模型函数(GMF)和极化率模型(PR)组合的方式进行海面风速反演,对交叉极化数据采用C波段交叉极化海面散射模型(C-2PO)进行海面风速反演,反演结果与ERA-Interim风场数据进行比较分析;此外,对Scan SAR模式交叉极化数据的后向散射系数与海面风速的关系进行探索分析。研究结果表明,RADARSAT-2 Fine Quad模式四种极化数据选用合适的模型均可反演出高精度的海面风速,其中VH和HV极化数据的反演结果基本相同,交叉极化数据反演风速效果好于同极化数据,同时,Scan SAR模式交叉极化数据的后向散射系数随海面风速的增大表现出一定的线性变化趋势。全极化模式数据在海面风速反演上表现出比单极化模式数据较为明显的优势,将成为未来海面风速反演的发展方向。     

中国东北南部地区冬季气温异常的海气背景分析

利用1951—2005年中国沈阳、通化、营口、丹东气温和北半球500 hPa高度及北太平洋海温资料,分析了中国东北南部地区冬季气温的异常变化及其海气背景。结果表明:中国东北南部地区冬季气温具有明显的年代际变化特征;冬季异常冷暖年份,其同期与前期500 hPa高度和海温距平场分布具有明显不同;前期春季(3—5月)贝加尔湖高压和西太平洋副热带高压的强弱变化,西风漂流区海温、赤道东太平洋关键区海温及2个海区海温距平差,对中国东北南部地区冬季气温的异常变化均具有较好的预测指示意义。前期夏季(7—9月)赤道东太平洋关键区海温对中国东北南部地区冬季气温异常变化具有指示性。     

基于1988-2017年CCMP数据的浙江沿海海表风速变化及成因

利用1988-2017年CCMP海表风速（Cross Calibrated,Multi-Platform Ocean Surface Wind Velocity）逐月数据、沿海气象站实测风速数据及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了CCMP海表风速数据在浙江省沿海区域的适用性、浙江省沿海海表风速的年际变化特征及其可能成因。结果表明,利用CCMP海表风速数据与浙江省沿海典型气象站（嵊泗站、普陀站、大陈站、玉环站和洞头站）观测的海表风速进行对比发现,两套资料的风速变化趋势基本一致,且两者风速值偏差较小;利用CCMP海表风速研究浙江沿海风速年际变化特征是合理可信的。CCMP风速距平场的EOF分析结果显示：第一模态的方差贡献率达90.9%,空间场呈一致变化型;第二模态的方差贡献率仅为6.09%,空间场呈偶极子变化型。根据第一模态的方差贡献率和空间场的分布来看,可将浙江沿海全海域风速作为一个整体来研究。1988-2017年浙江沿海CCMP年平均风速序列表明,2002年前后海表风速发生了一次由上升到下降的趋势转变;分析海陆温度变化发现,引起浙江沿海海表风速变化的可能原因是陆地温度上升过快。     

CLIMATIC FEATURES OF SEA TEMPERATURE OF WARM POOL AND RELATIONSHIP WITH SST OF ITS ADJACENT REGIONS*

In this paper,climatic features of sea temperature of western Pacific warm pool and the relationship with sea surface temperature (SST) of its adjacent regions are analyzed based on the observed sea temperature on vertical cross section along 137°E in western Pacific,the monthly mean SST of Xisha Station in South China Sea and the global monthly mean SST with resolution of 1°×1° (U.K./GISST2.2).The results indicate that (1) in a sense of correlation.SST of western Pacific warm pool can represent its sea subsurface temperature from surface to 200 m-depth level in winter,and it can only represent sea temperature from surface to 70 m depth in summer.The sea subsurface temperature anomaly of warm pool may be more suitable for representing thermal regime of western Pacific warm pool.The sea subsurface temperature of warm pool has a characteristic of quasi-biennial oscillation.(2)Warm pool and Kuroshio current are subject to different ocean current systems (3)Furthermore,the relationship between SST of Xisha Station and SST of warm pool has a characteristic of negative correlation in winter and positive correlation in summer,and a better lag negative correlation of SST of Xisha Station with sea subsurface temperature of warm pool exists.(4)Additionally,oscillation structure of sea temperature like "a seesaw" exists in between warm pool and Regions Nino3 and Nino4.January (June) maximum (minimum) sea subsurface temperature anomaly of warm pool may serve as a strong signal that indicates maturity phase (development phase) of La Nina (El Nino) event,it also acts as a strong signal which reveals variations of SST of Regions Nino3 and Nino4.