鄂尔多斯盆地临兴区块盒8段致密砂岩物性影响因素

通过分析铸体薄片、物性、扫描电镜及压汞等资料,探讨了鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘临兴区块盒8段致密砂岩的储层特征及物性影响因素。结果表明：盒8段储层岩性以岩屑砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主,平均孔隙度为7.1%,平均渗透率为0.38 mD;主要孔隙类型为次生溶孔,孔喉半径的分布以双峰状为主,主峰值偏向于相对小的半径,砂岩以相对小孔隙为主;成岩作用主要包括压实作用、溶蚀作用、胶结作用及交代作用等,具有压实强而普遍、溶蚀普遍但不充分、胶结和交代作用强等特征;受贫石英、富岩屑和长石的碎屑组分特征影响,各组分含量对物性有影响但无明显控制作用;粒度是物性的主控因素,粒度越粗物性越好;此外,溶蚀作用对砂岩物性也有一定的积极作用,而封闭成岩体系下的强胶结作用是导致储层致密的主要因素。     

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田苏6区块二叠系下石盒子组8段砂岩储层致密成因模式

利用岩石薄片、扫描电镜、电子探针、能谱分析、包裹体测温及拉曼光谱分析等分析方法,对鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田苏6区块二叠系下石盒子组8段储层的致密化模式进行研究。结果表明,(1)储层的致密化过程主要为前期压实和Ⅰ期硅质胶结→Ⅱ期硅质胶结和绿泥石包膜→Ⅰ期溶蚀(天然气充注)→后期压实和Ⅲ期硅质胶结(储层致密化)→Ⅱ期溶蚀和Ⅳ期硅质胶结→绿泥石胶结和交代→碳酸盐胶结和交代。(2)储层的致密化模式有三种类型,中粗粒岩屑砂岩为强机械压实致密化模式,中粗粒岩屑石英砂岩为强硅质胶结、较强机械压实致密化模式,细粒(长石)岩屑砂岩为强压实、较强硅质胶结致密化模式。(3)机械压实作用和硅质胶结作用是储层致密化的主要原因;致密化后封闭条件下成岩流体的Ⅱ期溶蚀作用较弱,也是储层现今保持致密化的重要原因。(4)两类中粗粒砂岩在天然气主要充注时期之后达到致密,有机酸的注入导致溶蚀孔隙相对较发育,细粒(长石)岩屑砂岩在有机酸充注之前已经致密,溶蚀作用较弱。(5)储层致密化过程的差异,导致了中粗粒砂岩孔隙度、渗透率的大小以及渗透率—孔隙度的相关程度明显高于细粒砂岩。     

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田盒8气藏含水特征及气水分布主控因素分析

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田是低渗透砂岩气藏的典型代表,主力含气层盒8段储层物性差、非均质性强、气水关系复杂。根据储层非均质性、孔喉结构配置关系将盒8段储层水分为吸附水、毛细管水、自由水3类,其中吸附水主要吸附于岩石颗粒表面;毛细管水存在于非均质性较强储层的毛细管中;自由水发育在孔隙结构和物性较好的储层。根据区域生烃强度、储层非均质性及微观孔隙结构特征,分析了控制气水分布的主要因素:生烃强度控制气水分布总格局,储层横向非均质性控制储层局部气水分布,微观孔隙结构控制地层水赋存状态。     

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田储层成岩作用与模拟

通过苏里格气田气层与非气层的岩石学特征、成岩作用、储集特征对比,分析了气层与非气层成岩相的差异。气层主要发育在粗粒岩屑石英砂岩溶孔成岩相和含泥粗粒岩屑石英砂岩溶孔相中,非气层则主要发育在含泥(中)细粒岩屑石英砂岩致密压实相和含泥(中)粗粒岩屑石英砂岩残余粒间孔相中。通过流体-岩石相互作用物理和数学模拟,在成岩演化中成岩阶段A期,大量有机酸的排出,溶蚀了苏里格气田储层凝灰质和长石等易溶组分,形成次生孔隙。由于沉积水体能量强弱差别、成岩作用的不同,中粗粒与细粒沉积物成岩演化途径不同,中粗粒沉积物次生孔隙发育,残余一定的原生孔隙,总孔隙度较大,易形成气层;细粒沉积物原生孔隙消失殆尽,次生孔隙少,总孔隙度很小,不易形成气层。     

鄂尔多斯盆地杭锦旗地区盒一段致密砂岩储层特征及其主控因素

鄂尔多斯盆地杭锦旗地区盒一段富含天然气,但储层致密、非均质性强,从而制约了该地区天然气的增储上产.利用岩心、铸体薄片和场发射扫描电镜观察、孔渗测试、X射线衍射分析、高压压汞及恒速压汞分析等,分析致密砂岩储层的特征及其主控因素.以此将储层划分为优势储层和差储层两类,优势储层主要以心滩和河道内的粗粒岩屑石英砂岩,岩屑砂岩为主,泥质含量低,溶蚀孔隙发育,差储层主要以河道间的细粒岩屑砂岩为主,泥质含量高,孔隙不发育.物源的差异导致了西部石英含量高于东部.水动力条件的强弱是决定储层优劣的初始条件,早期泥质充填导致差储层的原始孔隙度较低.优势储层中泥质含量较少,更能抵抗上覆压力,孔隙流体更活跃,能形成更多的溶蚀孔.      

鄂尔多斯盆地高桥地区盒8段砂岩储层致密成因

运用常规薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜及恒速压汞等实验手段,对鄂尔多斯盆地高桥地区盒8段储层特征进行研究,并以孔隙演化过程为线索分析了储层致密成因。研究结果表明:盒8段储层主要为岩屑石英砂岩、石英砂岩与岩屑砂岩,成分成熟度和结构成熟度均较高,储层物性差;砂岩分选性好,初始孔隙度整体较高,平均可达34.7%;受岩石组分、埋深及煤系烃源岩酸性流体的影响,压实作用强烈,破坏了大约20.4%的原生孔隙度,胶结作用破坏了其余13.9%的原生孔隙度,原生孔隙几乎被破坏殆尽;早期溶蚀产生的孔隙被压实作用破坏,而晚期溶蚀作用较弱,仅增加了大约3.4%的次生孔隙度,难以大幅度改善储层物性。因此,成岩期原生孔隙被破坏殆尽及次生孔隙形成较少共同导致该区储层致密。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部盒8段致密砂岩储层微观孔隙结构表征与评价

鄂尔多斯盆地南部上古生界致密砂岩气藏储层的研究程度较低,而微观孔隙结构一直是致密砂岩油气藏储层研究的热点和重点。运用岩心观察、铸体薄片、恒速压汞、常规压汞曲线、气水相对渗透率曲线和核磁共振等多种实验方法,对鄂尔多斯盆地南部盒8段储层储集空间类型及微观孔隙结构进行了详细研究及分类表征与评价。结果表明,鄂尔多斯盆地南部盒8段储层的孔隙类型以岩屑溶孔、晶间孔和粒间孔为主。主流喉道半径与渗透率相关性较好,渗透率可作为致密砂岩储层的分类依据。依据渗透率和压汞参数,将盒8段储层分为4类。Ⅰ类~Ⅳ类储层孔隙度和渗透率不断变差,中值半径不断减小;气、水等渗点相对渗透率不断增大;自由流体驰豫时间和饱和度不断减小。选取孔隙度、渗透率、中值半径、可动流体饱和度、等渗点相对渗透率、测井解释结论六项参数,建立了鄂尔多斯盆地南部盒8段储层微观孔隙结构分类评价标准。其中Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类储层为有效储层,Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类储层为无效储层。     

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格大气区天然气近源运聚的证据剖析

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气区是中国最大的非常规连续型致密砂岩大气区,探讨其天然气分布与聚集机制可为非常规致密砂岩气的勘探提供理论依据。研究区地球化学方面的直接证据和储层、古构造背景等方面的间接证据包括:天然气主要分布在生气强度高值区,天然气组分未发生明显的混合效应,含气饱和度远离源岩明显减少,天然气碳同位素反映与原地烃源岩来源相同、成熟度一致的特征;储层经历了强烈的压实、硅质胶结和钙质胶结3种主要的致密化成岩作用,储层完成致密化过程、形成低孔渗、细孔喉致密储层的时间(R_o小于1.3%,早白垩世早期)要早于天然气大量生成的时间(R_o为1.5%~2.5%,早白垩世早期到晚白垩世初期);晚侏罗世到现今古构造坡降都较为平缓,缺乏形成较高垂直连续气柱的条件,综合多方面的证据,论证了现今苏里格大气区天然气分布聚集为近源短距离运聚的结果。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东部盒8致密砂岩沉积特征及沉积模式

野外露头剖面和井下岩心的岩石学与岩相组合、沉积特征与岩相标志、室内砂岩碎屑矿物组成及其平面分布规律的研究结果表明,鄂尔多斯盆地东部盒8致密砂岩以岩屑砂岩为主,其次为岩屑石英砂岩,主要为深灰色、灰色、灰白色中砂岩和粗砂岩。研究区从北到南依次为冲积扇、辫状河及辫状河三角洲沉积体系。冲积扇以扇中和扇端为主,主要由冲积水道块状构造含砾粗砂岩组成。往南演化为辫状河沉积,主要包括河道砂坝和泛滥平原微相,其中河道砂坝为其骨架相,由大型交错层理和平行层理发育的粗砂岩和含砾粗砂岩组成。南部发育辫状河三角洲平原和前缘沉积,进一步划分出分流河道、泛滥平原、水下分流河道和分流间湾微相,其中分流河道及水下分流河道为其骨架相,类似于河道砂坝沉积,主要由板状、槽状交错层理粗砂岩及中-细砂岩组成,纵向上多期砂体叠置,横向上叠合成片,成为盒8致密砂岩气藏的良好储集层。     

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田致密砂岩储层孔隙类型及其渗流特征

为了探讨致密砂岩气藏不同孔隙结构的控制因素以及其内部流体渗流行为的差异,本文利用铸体薄片分析、高压压汞、核磁共振、气水相渗等一系列储层岩心分析资料从定性到定量的角度分别对鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田东南地区盒8段储层的孔隙类型、渗流特征进行研究,将储层按照溶蚀孔与晶间孔的相对含量划分为四类:晶间孔主导型储层、溶蚀孔—晶间孔混合型储层、晶间孔—溶蚀孔混合型储层、溶蚀孔主导型储层,并重点分析了四种储层类型所对应的可动流体、气水两相渗流特征。研究结果表明:成岩作用差异是导致储层具有不同孔隙结构类型的主要因素;不同孔隙类型储层之间的孔隙结构差异显著;从晶间孔主导型到溶蚀孔主导型储层,储层孔隙结构特征具有明显的改善趋势,可动流体饱和度增加明显,同时气、水两相干扰程度也逐渐增强,气相渗透率对含水饱和度的敏感程度也随之上升;晶间孔—溶蚀孔混合型储层是研究区广泛发育的储层类型,沉积微相对不同孔隙类型储层在平面上的分布起到了较大的控制作用。     

A Volumetric Model for Evaluating Tight Sandstone Gas Reserves in the Permian Sulige Gas Field,Ordos Basin,Central China

To accurately measure and evaluate reserves is critical for ensuring successful production of unconventional oil and gas. This work proposes a volumetric model to evaluate the tight sandstone gas reserves of the Permian Sulige gas field in the Ordos Basin. The reserves can be determined by four major parameters of reservoir cutoffs, net pay, gas-bearing area and compression factor Z, which are controlled by reservoir characteristics and sedimentation. Well logging, seismic analysis, core analysis and gas testing, as well as thin section identification and SEM analysis were used to analyze the pore evolution and pore-throat structure. The porosity and permeability cutoffs are determined by distribution function curve,empirical statistics and intersection plot. Net pay and gas-bearing area are determined based on the cutoffs, gas testing and sand body distribution, and the compression factor Z is obtained by gas component. The results demonstrate that the reservoir in the Sulige gas field is characterized by ultralow porosity and permeability, and the cutoffs of porosity and permeability are 5% and 0.15×10~(–3) μm~2, respectively. The net pay and gas-bearing area are mainly affected by the sedimentary facies, sand body types and distribution. The gas component is dominated by methane which accounts for more than 90%, and the compression factor Z of H_8(P_2h_8) and S_1(P_1s_1) are 0.98 and 0.985, respectively. The distributary channels stacked and overlapped, forming a wide and thick sand body with good developed intergranular pores and intercrystalline pores. The upper part of channel sand with good porosity and permeability can be sweet spot for gas exploration. The complete set of calculation systems proposed for tight gas reserve calculation has proved to be effective based on application and feedback. This model provides a new concept and consideration for reserve prediction and calculation in other areas.     

致密砂岩储层束缚水饱和度影响因素:以鄂尔多斯盆地临兴地区为例#br#

为了有效指导储层描述、评价及产能预测,为致密砂岩油气勘探和开发提供理论依据,以鄂尔多斯盆地临兴地区致密砂岩储层为例,利用铸体薄片、X射线衍射、核磁共振、高压压汞、气水相渗及扫描电镜等实验,分析了致密砂岩中束缚水饱和度的影响因素.结果表明:研究区致密砂岩束缚水饱和度为３４．７７％~８３．７８％,平均值为６３．８６％,T２谱截止值(T２cutoff)为３．８６~６５．６０ms,平均值为２０．９６ms;致密砂岩束缚水饱和度受储层物性、润湿性、敏感性、黏土矿物类型、质量分数和粒径共同作用;致密砂岩粒径越细,黏土矿物质量分数越高,岩石亲水性越强,岩石比表面积和水膜厚度越大,则毛细管束缚水和薄膜束缚水越高;水敏和盐敏是造成致密储层渗透率改变的主要因素;致密砂岩发育残余粒间孔、粒间溶蚀孔、粒内溶蚀孔、晶间孔和微裂缝;充填于孔隙中黏土矿物的类型、形态存在差异,致使致密砂岩储层的孔隙结构复杂,微观非均质性强,束缚水饱和度变化大.     

Pore-Throat Combination Types and Gas-Water Relative Permeability Responses of Tight Gas Sandstone Reservoirs in the Zizhou Area of East Ordos Basin,China

With the aim of better understanding the tight gas reservoirs in the Zizhou area of east Ordos Basin, a total of222 samples were collected from 50 wells for a series of experiments. In this study, three pore-throat combination types in sandstones were revealed and confirmed to play a controlling role in the distribution of throat size and the characteristics of gas-water relative permeability. The type-Ⅰ sandstones are dominated by intercrystalline micropores connected by cluster throats, of which the distribution curves of throat size are narrow and have a strong single peak(peak ratio 30%). The pores in the type-Ⅱ sandstones dominantly consist of secondary dissolution pores and intercrystalline micropores, and throats mainly occur as slice-shaped throats along cleavages between rigid grain margins and cluster throats in clay cement.The distribution curves of throat size for the type-Ⅱ sandstones show a bimodal distribution with a substantial low-value region between the peaks(peak ratio 15%). Primary intergranular pores and secondary intergranular pores are mainly found in type-Ⅲ samples, which are connected by various throats. The throat size distribution curves of type-Ⅲ sandstones show a nearly normal distribution with low kurtosis(peak ratio 10%), and the micro-scale throat radii(0.5 μm) constitute a large proportion. From type-Ⅰ to type-Ⅲ sandstones, the irreducible water saturation(Swo) decreased; furthermore, the slope of the curves of Krw/Krg in two-phase saturation zone decreased and the two-phase saturation zone increased,indicating that the gas relative flow ability increased. Variations of the permeability exist in sandstones with different porethroat combination types, which indicate the type-Ⅲ sandstones are better reservoirs, followed by type-Ⅱ sandstones and type-Ⅰ sandstones. As an important factor affecting the reservoir quality, the pore-throat combination type in sandstones is the cumulative expression of lithology and diagenetic modifications with strong heterogeneity.     

致密砂岩储层变岩电参数法饱和度计算模型:以苏里格气田西区盒8段例

致密砂岩储层是油气勘探的重点方向之一,由于致密砂岩储层具有低孔低渗、孔隙结构复杂、非均质性强和岩电参数变化等特点,在测井解释过程中不同于常规储层。Archie公式在致密砂岩地层中使用时,强非均质性导致岩电参数a、b、m和n会随着储层的变化而变化。针对苏里格西区盒₈段致密砂岩储层提出利用变岩电参数建立饱和度模型。依据研究区盒₈段储层25块岩心岩电实验分析发现胶结系数m与lgϕ呈二次函数关系、m与岩性系数a呈幂函数关系、束缚水饱和度S_wb对饱和度指数n有较大的影响。因此,在对孔隙度、束缚水饱和度和孔隙结构指数等因素分析的基础上,综合各因素影响特征建立了变岩电参数的饱和度模型。结果表明,该方法相对传统Archie公式饱和度解释,模型精度更高,为解释复杂孔隙结构砂岩储层提供了一种有效预测方法。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陕北地区延长组致密砂岩储层敏感性评价

以鄂尔多斯盆地陕北地区延长组致密砂岩储层为研究对象,在岩石学、孔隙结构、储层物性特征研究的基础上,开展储层敏感性流动实验,以此评价该地区致密储层的敏感性及敏感机制。研究结果表明：陕北地区延长组致密砂岩储层敏感性主要表现为中等偏强速敏、中等偏弱水敏、无酸敏到弱酸敏、弱碱敏、强压敏;临界流速、临界矿化度、临界pH值3个特征临界值分别为1.0 mL/min、8 500 mg/L、8.5。敏感程度主要受矿物成分和孔隙结构的影响。研究区储层速敏的形成源于其孔隙填隙物——高岭石的存在;绿／蒙混层及伊/蒙混层矿物是引起水敏及盐敏的主要因素;铁白云石及含铁绿泥石等酸敏矿物的存在使部分岩样显弱酸敏;极其复杂的孔喉结构、极易受压变形的片状喉道以及岩样中云母、黏土等塑性矿物导致储层具强压敏性。     

Geological Controls on High Production of Tight Sandstone Gas in Linxing Block,Eastern Ordos Basin,China

Tight sandstone gas in the Linxing Block, eastern Ordos Basin, has been successfully exploited. The high performance is mainly a result of the special geological conditions. The key geological controls for high production have been discussed on the basis of seismic data, field observation, sample features, mercury porosimetry, mechanical properties, and basin modeling. Firstly, the coal measures have good gas generation potential, not only because of the existence of coalbeds and organic-rich shales, but also because coal laminae and microbial mats in the shales significantly increase their total organic carbon(TOC) contents. Secondly, except for the uplifted zone of the Zijinshan complex and the eastern fault zone, rare large faults develop in the Carboniferous–Permian sequence, ensuing the sealing capacity of cap rock. Small fractures generally concentrated in the sandstones rather than the mudstones. Thirdly, gas accumulation in the Linxing Block was controlled by the tectonic, burial and thermal histories. Gas accumulation in the Linxing Block started in the Late Triassic, followed by three short pauses of thermal maturation caused by relatively small uplifts;the maximum hydrocarbon generation period is the Early Cetaceous as a combined result of regional and magmatic thermal metamorphisms. Field profiles show abundant fractures in sandstone beds but rare fractures in mudstone beds. Mechanical properties, determined by lithostratigraphy, confine the fractures in the sandstones, increasing the permeability of sandstone reservoirs and retaining the sealing capacity of the mudstone cap rocks. The modern ground stress conditions favor the opening of predominant natural fractures in the NNW-SSE and N-S directions. These conclusions are useful for exploring the potential tight sandstone gas field.     

致密气储层孔喉分形特征及其与渗流的关系--以鄂尔多斯盆地下石盒子组盒8段为例

选取鄂尔多斯盆地盒8段16块致密砂岩样品进行恒速压汞测试,结合同位样品核磁共振实验,分析了致密气储层孔喉分布特征;在此基础上,运用分形几何原理和方法,开展了致密气储层孔喉分形研究,并表征了分形与储层渗流特征和孔隙结构参数的关系。结果表明:致密气储层有效孔隙被亚微米-微米级孔喉所控制,其中孔隙主要为大孔和中孔,喉道由微喉道、微细喉道和细喉道所组成;致密气储层孔隙分布不具分形特征,而孔喉整体和喉道则符合分形结构,且分别对应分形维数D₁和D₂;基于储层孔喉分形结构与其渗流特征,将盒8段致密气储层孔喉分形结构划分为2种类型:Ⅰ型表现为阶段式分形特征,以进汞压力1 MPa为界,大于1 MPa孔喉具有分形特征,且储层阶段进汞饱和度主要由喉道贡献,反之,孔喉不符合分形特征,其进汞饱和度增量由孔隙贡献;Ⅱ型为整体式分形,进汞饱和度几乎全由喉道贡献。储层孔喉分形维数与渗透率、平均喉道半径和主流喉道半径存在较好的负相关性,与微观非均质系数呈现较明显的正相关性,而与孔隙度、平均孔隙半径和平均孔喉半径比之间没有明显的相关性。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部二叠系山西组及下石盒子组盒8段沉积相

鄂尔多斯盆地南部指环县-延安-蒲县以南、西安以北地区，其山西组和下石盒子组盒8段是重要含气层。通过古水流方向、超稳定重矿物含量和长石含量分析以及古水系恢复，认为山西期和下石盒子期的鄂尔多斯盆地南部发育6个古水系，对应于6个长石含量分区和6个沉积相区。分别为石板沟-环县分区，平凉分区，淳化-耀县分区，韩城-澄城分区，大宁-Pu1井分区和华池-永宁分区。在此基础上重点分析了沉积相分布规律，认为山2期发育小型三角洲沉积，主要分布在西南部平凉、南部淳化-耀县和韩城-澄城一带； 山1期三角洲沉积分布范围比山2期明显扩大，北部延安-大宁发育三角洲前缘，湖泊相分布范围缩小。盒8期主要发育辫状河三角洲相，分布范围十分广泛，湖泊仅分布在镇原-环县-华池-正宁一带和大宁-Ji1井一线。实践证明有效地区分不同的古水系，有利于沉积相带展布规律的预测。     

松辽盆地南部深层致密砂岩气储层形成机制及成藏主控因素

为了加快松辽盆地南部(简称松南)深层致密砂岩气勘探开发进程,开展致密砂岩储层形成机制及成藏主控因素研究。通过对松南深层致密砂岩的分析,根据致密砂岩岩性组合特征将已发现的深层致密气类型划分为稳定厚层砂型、砂泥互层型、泥包砂型3种类型,储层物性普遍差,孔隙度多小于6%,渗透率主体<0.10×10^-3μm²,属于特低孔、特低渗储层。通过对松南典型致密储层矿物成分与微观特征的分析发现,致密砂岩有效储层形成主要受3个方面因素控制：一是早成岩期发育绿泥石包壳,有效抑制成岩中后期粒间钙质胶结、硅质胶结的发生,保护原生残余粒间孔隙;二是富火山岩岩屑溶蚀形成次生孔隙;三是生烃增压产生大量微裂缝,改善储层渗流特征。在此基础上总结出松南致密砂岩气成藏控制因素,即充足气源提供物质基础、斜坡古沟谷与断裂控砂、次生溶蚀与微裂缝控储、断裂活动与稳定盖层控富。     

Diagenesis and Their Succession of Gas-bearing and Non-gas-bearing Reservoirs in the Sulige Gas Field of Ordos Basin,China

Abstract: Comparisons have been made among lithology, diagenesis, and reservoir characteristics of gas-bearing and non-gas-bearing ones in the Sulige gas field of the Ordos Basin based on the laboratory analysis of thin sections, scanning electron microscope, and liquid inclusion of the reservoirs. The reservoirs of the Sulige gas field are now in the middle stage of diagenesis and have undergone compaction, cementation and dissolution. The secondary pore of the reservoir originated from the dissolution of the feldspar and tuff because of the organic acid action from the source rocks during the diagenetic middle stage. Gas-bearing reservoirs are common in soluble pore diagenetic facies of coarse detritus quartzose sandstone, whereas non-gas-bearing ones are common in tense compaction diagenetic facies of mud-bearing medium-fine detritus quartzose sandstone and residual intergranular pore diagenetic facies of mud-bearing medium-coarse detritus quartzose sandstone. The secondary pore is developed in gas-bearing reservoirs of the Sulige gas-field as the medium-coarse grain reservoirs formed in a powerful sedimentary environment and experienced strong dissolution. However, the sediments of fine grain size form the non-gas-bearing reservoirs because of less residual primary pore and secondary pore.