Seasonal variations of riverine organic carbon contents in Makou and Hekou gauge stations of the Zhujiang River, China

Water samples were collected and analyzed in high water season (July 1997) and in middle water season (October, 1997) from two main lower reach gauge stations of the Zhujiang (Pearl) River, namely Hekou and Makou, respectively. Content of particulate organic carbon is always higher than that of dissolved organic carbon in both seasons, which is obviously different from the global average pattern, i.e. dissolved organic carbon is the dominant component of the transported riverine organic carbon. The content of dissolved and particulate organic carbon changes with the water levels in a direct ratio. The percentage of organic carbon in total suspended substance changes with the content of total suspended substance in an inverse ratio. The more intense is the soil erosion in the drainage, the more concentrated is the riverine organic carbon in the river. The contribution of autochthonous organic carbon is large in high water season than in middle water season. Fundation item: This project was supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 49901002), the key funds of resources and eco-environmental research of the CAS (No. KZ952-J1-402), a funds of the state key laboratory of organic geochemistry, and Guangdong Province Science Funds (No. 984131). Biography: Gao Quan-zhou (1965 —), male, a native of Anhui Province, associate professor. His research interests are geomorphology and Quaternary geochemistry.     

Assessment of soil organic carbon stock in the upper Yangtze River basin

Soil organic carbon is of great importance to terrestrial ecosystems.Studies on the amount and spatial distribution of soil organic carbon stock in various types of soil can help to better understand the role of soil in the global carbon cycle and provide a scientific basis for the assessment of the magnitude of carbon stored in a given area.Here we present estimates of soil organic carbon stock in soils in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River based on soil types as defined by Chinese Soil Taxonomy and recently compiled into a digital soil database.The results showed that the total soil organic carbon stock of the upper Yangtze River to a depth of 100 cm was 1.452×1013kg.The highest soil organic carbon stock was found in felty soils(2.419×1012kg),followed by dark brown soils(1.269×1012kg),and dark felty soils(1.139×1012kg).Chernozems and irrigation silting soils showed the lowest soil organic carbon stock,mainly due to the small total area of such soils.The soil organic carbon density of these major soil types ranged from 5.6 to 26.1 kg m-2.The average soil organic carbon density of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River was 16.4 kg m-2,which was higher than that of the national average.Soil organic carbon density indicated a distinct decreasing trend from west to east,which corresponds to the pattern of increasing temperature from cold to subtropical.     

Labile organic matter content and distribution as affected by six-year soil amendments to eroded Chinese mollisols

Labile organic carbon （LOC） is a fraction of soil organic carbon （SOC） with rapid turnover time and is affected by soil fertilization. This investigation characterized the SOC content, LOC content and LOC distribution in the treatment plots of surface soil erosion at five levels （0-, 5-, 10-, 20- and 30-cm erosion）. The soil had received contrasting fertilizer treatments （i.e., chemical fertilizer or chemical fertilizer ＋ manure） for 6 years. This study demonstrated that both SOC and various LOC fractions contents were higher in the plots with fertilizer ＋ manure than in those with fertilizer alone under the same erosion conditions. The SOC and LOC contents de- creased as the erosion depth increased. Light fraction organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, easily oxidizable organic carbon （KMnO4-oxydizable organic carbon）, and microbial biomass carbon were 27% 57%, 37%-7%, 20%-25%, and 29%-33% higher respectively in the fertilizer ＋ manure plots, than in the fertilizer alone plots. Positive correlations （p 〈 0.05） between SOC content and different fractions contents were observed in all plots except the correlation between total SOC content and water-soluble organic carbon content in the different fertilization treatments. Obviously, fertilizer ＋ manure treatments would be conducive to the accumulation of LOC and SOC in the Black soil of Northeast China.     

An improved method for quantitatively measuring the sequences of total organic carbon and black carbon in marine sediment cores

Understanding global carbon cycle is critical to uncover the mechanisms of global warming and remediate its adverse ef fects on human activities.Organic carbon in marine sediments is an indispensable part of the global carbon reservoir in global carbon cycling.Evaluating such a reservoir calls for quantitative studies of marine carbon burial,which closely depend on quantifying total organic carbon and black carbon in marine sediment cores and subsequently on obtaining their high-resolution temporal sequences.However,the conventional methods for detecting the contents of total organic carbon or black carbon cannot resolve the following specific difficulties,i.e.,(1)a very limited amount of each subsample versus the diverse analytical items,(2) a low and fluctuating recovery rate of total organic carbon or black carbon versus the reproducibility of carbon data,and(3)a large number of subsamples versus the rapid batch measurements.In this work,(i)adopting the customized disposable ceramic crucibles with the microporecontrolled ability,(ii)developing self-made or customized facilities for the procedures of acidification and chemothermal oxidization,and(iii)optimizing procedures and carbon-sulfur analyzer,we have built a novel Wang-Xu-Yuan method(the WXY method)for measuring the contents of total organic carbon or black carbon in marine sediment cores,which includes the procedures of pretreatment,weighing,acidification,chemothermal oxidation and quantification;and can fully meet the requirements of establishing their highresolution temporal sequences,whatever in the recovery,experimental efficiency,accuracy and reliability of the measurements,and homogeneity of samples.In particular,the usage of disposable ceramic crucibles leads to evidently simplify the experimental scenario,which further results in the very high recovery rates for total organic carbon and black carbon.This new technique may provide a significant support for revealing the mechanism of carbon burial and evaluating the capacity of marine carbon accumulation and sequestration.     

Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in a two-week campaign at Ny-Alesund

The concentrations of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)in total suspended particle (TSP) were investigated at Ny-(A)lesund, Svalbard in a two-week campaign. The levels of OC and EC are 0.86 ±0.27 μgm-3 (mean±standard deviation) and 0. 19±0.10 μgm-3 , respectively. Back trajectory analysis of air masses arriving at Ny-(A)lesund reveals that long-range transport of polluted air play insignificant role in OC and EC levels, to which the potential influence of the local contamination were ascribed. The average OC/EC ratio is 5.41,suggesting the presence of the secondary organic aerosols. The estimated secondary organic carbon (SOC) in TSP is 0.59 μg/m3 , accounting for 64% of the total organic carbon.     

The Effect of Organic Carbon on Soil Bacterial Diversity in an Antarctic Lake Region

This study assessed the effects of changes in organic carbon content on soil bacterial community composition and diversity in the Antarctic Fildes Peninsula. 16 S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to investigate bacterial community composition. Firstly, we found that organic carbon(OrC) and nutrients showed an increasing trend in the lake area. Secondly, soil geochemistry changes affected microbial composition in the soil. Specifically, we found 3416 operational taxonomical units(OTUs) in 300 genera in five main phyla: Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Bacteroidetes. Although the diversity was similar among the four sites, the composition was different. Among them, Hungateii content changed very significantly, from 16.67% to 33.33%. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that most measured geochemical factors were relevant in structuring microbiomes, and organic carbon concentration showed the highest correlation, followed by NO_(3-)~-N. Hungateii was significantly correlated with the content of organic carbon. Our finding suggested organic carbon played an important role in soil bacterial communities of the Antarctic coastal lake region.     

Holocene environmental change according to lake core in Fildes Peninsula of King George Island,Antarctica

Lake core sampled from Xihu in Fildes Peninsula of King Gorge Island, Antarctica could reveal the environmental change of the district. The lake core( GA7) , 9.28 meters long , was sectioned at an interval of 2 cm. Through measuring the organic carbon, magnetic susceptibility, granularity and organic carbon isotope of GA7, by use of 14C age it was estimated that there were four periods of high temperature in Fildes Peninsula; 4800-4400 aB. P. , 3600-3350 aB. P. ,2100 - 1800 aB. P. and 900 aB. P. - present. Meanwhile, results showed that there was a strikingly positive correlation between the content of organic carbon and that of organic carbon isotope (δC01213 ) which could be the substitute indicators of environmental temperature.     

Labile and stabile soil organic carbon fractions in surface horizons of mountain soils–relationships with vegetation and altitude

Global and local climate changes could disturb carbon sequestration and carbon stocks in forest soils. Thus, it is important to characterize the stability of soil organic matter and the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions in forest ecosystems. This study had two aims: (1) to evaluate the effects of altitude and vegetation on the content of labile and stabile forms of organic carbon in the mountain soils; and (2) to assess the impact of the properties of soil organic matter on the SOC pools under changing environmental conditions. The studies were conducted in the Karkonosze Mountains (SW Poland, Central Europe). The content of the most labile fraction of carbon (dissolved organic carbon, DOC) decreases with altitude, but the content of fulvic acids (FA), clearly increases in the zone above 1000 m asl, while the stabile fraction (humins, non-hydrolyzing carbon) significantly decreases. A higher contribution of stabile forms was found in soils under coniferous forests (Norway spruce), while a smaller - under deciduous forests (European beech) and on grasslands. The expected climate change and the ongoing land use transformations in the zone above 1000 m asl may lead to a substantial increase in the stable humus fraction (mainly of a non-hydrolyzing carbon) and an increase in the SOC pools, even if humus acids are characterized by a lower maturity and greater mobility favorable to soil podzolization. In the lower zone (below 1000 m asl), a decrease in the most stable humus forms can be expected, accompanied by an increase of DOC contribution, which will result in a reduction in SOC pools. Overall, the expected prevailing (spatial) effect is a decreasing contribution of the most stable humus fractions, which will be associated with a reduction in the SOC pools in medium-high mountains of temperate zone of Central Europe.     

Soil organic carbon pool along different altitudinal level in the Sygera Mountains,Tibetan Plateau

Labile organic carbon (LOC) is one of the most important indicators of soil organic matter quality and dynamics elevation and plays important function in the Tibetan Plateau climate. However, it is unknown what the sources and causes of LOC contamination are. In this study, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and LOC were analyzed based on different soil horizons and elevations using turnover time in an experimental site (3700 m to 4300 m area) in Sygera. SOC and LOC in higher-elevation vegetation types were higher than that of in lower-elevation vegetation types. Our results presented that the soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN) were positively correlated with SOC. The content of easily oxidized carbon (EOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and light fraction organic carbon (LFOC) decreased with depth increasing and the content were the lowest in the 60 cm to 100 cm depth. The total SOC, ROC and POC contents decreased with increasing soil horizons. The SOC, TN, MBC and MBN contents increased with increasing altitude in the Sygera Mountains. The MBC and MBN contents were different with the changes of SOC (p<0.05), meanwhile, both LFOC and POC were related to total SOC (p<0.05). The physical and chemical properties of soil, including temperature, humidity, and altitude, were involved in the regulation of SOC, TN, MBC, MBN and LFOC contents in the Sygera Mountains, Tibetan Plateau.     

Seasonal variations of organic carbon and nitrogen in the upper basins of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers

The profound impacts exerted by climate warming on the Tibetan Plateau have been documented extensively, but the biogeochemical responses remain poorly understood. This study was aimed at seasonal variations of total organic carbon (TOC) and total organic nitrogen (TON) in stream water at two gauging sections (TTH, ZMD) in the upper basin of Yangtze River (UBYA) and at four gauging sections (HHY, JM, JG, TNH) in the upper basin of Yellow River (UBYE) in 2013. Results showed that concentrations of TON exhibit higher values in spring and winter and lower values in summer. TOC exhibits higher concentrations in spring or early summer and lower concentrations in autumn or winter. Seasonal variations of TOC and TON fluxes are dominated by water flux. In total, the UBYE and UBYA delivers 55,435 tons C of organic carbon and 9,872 tons N of organic nitrogen to downstream ecosystems in 2013. Although the combined flux of TOC from UBYA and UBYE is far lower than those from large rivers, their combined yields is higher than, or comparable with, those from some large rivers (e.g. Nile, Orange, Columbia), implying that organic carbon from the Tibetan Plateau may exert a potentially influence on regional and/or global carbon cycles in future warming climate.     

Changes of soil labile organic carbon in different land uses in Sanjiang Plain,Heilongjiang Province

In the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China,the natural wetland is undergoing a rapid conversion into agricultural land,which has resulted in drastic ecological changes in the region. To investigate the effects of different land uses on soil labile organic carbon,soils of Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland,Carex lasiocarpa wetland,dry farmland,paddy field,forest land and abandoned cultivated land were collected for measuring the contents of soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC),dissolved organic carbon (DOC),readil...     

土地利用变化对吴江市水田土壤有机碳储量的影响分析

 农业表层土壤碳库容易受人为强烈干扰,而又可以在较短的时间尺度上进行调节,当今我国经济发达地区土地利用变化必然会对土壤固碳产生重要影响。本研究以江苏省吴江市水稻土为例,利用新一代中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)和TM/ETM影像提取了1984年稻田面积,以及这部分稻田在2000-2005年的土地利用变化状况。研究中以最大似然法对TM/ETM、MODIS影像应用归一化植被指数(NDVI)、增强型植被指数(EVI)和陆地水分指数(LSWI)掩膜的方法作了识别提取;同时,结合第二次全国土壤普查、2003年耕地地力调查点和吴江市农林局土肥指导站长期定位点的土壤有机碳数据估算了1984年和2000-2005年土壤碳库变化情况。结果表明:近20多年来尽管吴江市水稻土水耕熟化过程中有机碳总体呈增加的趋势,但由于大量稻田被非农用地所取代,导致土壤固碳能力大幅度下降,尤其从2001年开始从"碳汇"变成"碳源"。因此,在我国经济发达区应密切关注耕地转换成非农用地而导致的土壤有机碳的损失。     

Effects of land management practices on labile organic carbon fractions in rice cultivation

A research trial with four land management practices, i.e., traditional tillage-fallow (TTF), traditional tillage-wheat (TTW), conservation tillage-fallow (CTF) and conservation tillage-wheat (CTW), was sampled in the 15th year after its establishment to assess the effects of different management practices on labile organic carbon fractions (LOCFs), such as easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in a typical paddy soil, Chongqing, Southwest China. The results indicated that LOCFs were significantly influenced by the combination of no-tillage, ridge culture and crop rotation. And, different combination patterns showed different effectiveness on soil LOCFs. The effects of no-tillage, ridge culture and wheat cultivation on EOC, DOC, POC and MBC mainly happened at 0–10cm. At this depth, soil under CTW had higher EOC, DOC, POC and MBC contents, compared to TTF, TTW and CTF, respectively. Moreover, the contents of LOCFs for different practices generally decreased when the soil depth increased. Our findings suggest that the paddy soil in Southwest China could be managed to concentrate greater quantities of EOC, DOC, POC and MBC. Foundation item: Under the auspices of Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40231016)     

Middle Holocene Organic Carbon and Biomarker Records from the South Yellow Sea: Relationship to the East Asian Monsoon

The East Asian monsoon system influences the sedimentation and transport of organic matter in East Asian marginal seas that is derived from both terrestrial and marine sources. In this study, we determined organic carbon (OC) isotope values, concentrations of marine biomarkers, and levels of OC and total nitrogen (TN) in core YSC-1 from the central South Yellow Sea (SYS). Our objectives were to trace the sources of OC and variations in palaeoproductivity since the middle Holocene, and their relationships with the East Asian monsoon system. The relative contributions of terrestrial versus marine organic matter in core sediments were estimated using a two-end-member mixing model of OC isotopes. Results show that marine organic matter has been the main sediment constituent since the middle Holocene. The variation of terrestrial organic carbon concentration (OCter) is similar to the EASM history. However, the variation of marine organic carbon concentration (OCmar) is opposite to that of the EASM curve, suggesting OCmar is distinctly influenced by terrestrial material input. Inputs of terrestrial nutrients into the SYS occur in the form of fluvial and aeolian dust, while concentrations of nutrients in surface water are derived mainly from bottom water via the Yellow Sea circulation system, which is controlled by the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). Variations in palaeoproductivity represented by marine organic matter and biomarker records are, in general, consistent with the recent EAWM intensity studies, thus, compared with EASM, EAWM may play the main role to control the marine productivity variations in the SYS.     

江汉平原高砷地下水稳定碳同位素特征及其指示意义

溶解性有机碳（DOC）是地下水中砷释放过程的关键因素,为查明江汉平原高砷地下水稳定碳同位素特征,识别有机质的降解过程对砷富集的影响,采用稳定碳同位素分析测试技术并结合地下水化学特征,对江汉平原典型砷中毒病区的浅层地下水进行了区域采样分析。结果表明:浅层承压水的砷质量浓度为0.23~2 621 μg/L。地表水较地下水具有更负的δ13C_DOC、δ13C_DIC值。地下水中溶解性无机碳（DIC）的δ13C_DIC值在-11.9‰~-3.99‰之间,溶解性有机碳的δ13C_DOC值在-28.5‰~-19.6‰之间。地下水的δ13C_DIC-δ13C_DOC差值与ρ（As）呈一定负相关关系,表明微生物作用下有机质的降解促进了As的富集。δ13C_DIC-δ13C_DOC差值与δ13C_DIC和ρ（DOC）均具有较显著的正相关关系,表明地下水中有机质的氧化分解是导致δ13C_DIC贫化的重要过程,微生物作用下溶解性有机质的降解是地下水中无机碳的重要来源。此外,江汉平原少数高砷地下水呈现较大的δ13C_DIC值,推断江汉平原高砷含水层强还原环境下可能存在的产甲烷过程导致了明显的碳同位素分馏。      

Comparison of HTC method and UV/persulphate method to determine colloidal organic carbon in seawater

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Importance of kelp-derived organic carbon to the scallop <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chlamys farreri</Emphasis> in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture system

Bivalves and seaweeds are important cleaners that are widely used in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) systems. A beneficial relationship between seaweed and bivalve in the seaweed-based IMTA system has been confirmed, but the trophic importance of seaweed-derived particulate organic materials to the co-cultured bivalve is still unclear. We evaluated the trophic importance of the kelp Saccharina japonica to the co-cultured scallop Chlamys farreri in a typical IMTA farm in Sungo Bay (Weihai, North China). The dynamics of detritus carbon in the water were monitored during the culturing period. The proportion of kelp-derived organic matter in the diet of the co-cultured scallop was assessed via the stable carbon isotope method. Results showed that the detritus carbon in the water ranged from 75.52 to 265.19 μg/L, which was 25.6% to 73.8% of total particulate organic carbon (TPOC) during the study period. The amount of detritus carbon and its proportion in the TPOC changed throughout the culture cycle of the kelp. Stable carbon isotope analysis showed that the cultured scallop obtained 14.1% to 42.8% of its tissue carbon from the kelp, and that the percentages were closely correlated with the proportion of detritus carbon in the water (F =0.993, P= 0.003). Evaluation showed that for 17 000 tons (wet weight) of annual scallop production, the kelp contributed about 139.3 tons of carbon (535.8 tons of dry mass). This confirms that cultured kelp plays a similar trophic role in IMTA systems as it does in a natural kelp bed. It is a major contributor to the detritus pool and supplies a vital food source to filter-feeding scallops in the IMTA system, especially during winter and early spring when phytoplankton are scarce.     

The effects of estuarine processes on the fluxes of inorganic and organic carbon in the Yellow River estuary

Riverine carbon flux is an important component of the global carbon cycle. The spatial and temporal variations of organic and inorganic carbon were examined during both dry and wet seasons in the Yellow River estuary. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the Yellow River during dry seasons were higher than those during wet seasons. The effective concentrations of DOC (C_DOC*) were higher than the observed DOC at zero salinity. This input of DOC in the Yellow River estuary was due to sediment desorption processes in low salinity regions. In contrast to DOC, the effective concentrations of DIC were 10% lower than the DIC measured at freshwater end, and the loss of DIC was caused by CaCO₃ precipitation in low salinity region. Particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) contents of the particles stabilized to constant values (0.5%±0.05% and 1.8%±0.2%, respectively) within the turbidity maximum zone (TMZ) and showed no noticeable seasonal variations. A rapid drop of PIC and rise of POC occurred simultaneously outside the TMZ due to an intense dilution of riverine inorganic-rich particles being transported into a pool of aquatic organic-poor particles outside the TMZ. Annually, the Yellow River transported 6.95×10⁵ t of DIC, 0.64×10⁵ t of DOC, 78.58×10⁵ t of PIC and 2.29×10⁵ t of POC to the sea.     

中国西南喀斯特地区水库溶解态与颗粒态碳研究进展

为了阐明喀斯特水库对河流水体碳循环造成的影响, 总结了近年来喀斯特流域筑坝作用对不同形态碳迁移转化和环境影响的研究进展。通过光谱学、稳定及放射性同位素等手段等对喀斯特地区河流-水库系统中的溶解无机碳(DIC)、溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒无机碳(PIC)和颗粒有机碳(POC)迁移转化及其控制机制的研究, 发现喀斯特水库碳循环展现出明显的季节性分布特征以及梯级水库群可能会进一步放大单个水库的生态效应, 这一结果不仅极大地促进了人们对水库碳循环的认识, 还有利于探索河流碳循环中"遗失"的碳汇以及更加准确的评估岩溶水库在全球河流碳循环中扮演的角色。喀斯特水库相比非喀斯特水库对人为活动加剧的影响可能具有更强的响应强度, 这也意味着喀斯特水库在全球变暖的趋势中发挥的作用需要得到更准确的评估, 而在未来的研究中, 通过不同分析手段从微观到宏观系统性的总结不同形态碳迁移转化特点将更准确的回答该问题。      

Composition,diversity and distribution of tree species in response to changing soil properties with increasing distance from water source – a case study of Gobind Sagar Reservoir in India

Construction of big dams on rivers develops artificial lakes or water reservoirs which conceive alterations in soil properties of the upstream catchment area. An undulating topography and freckly soil properties cause ups and downs in tree diversity, composition and distribution. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of Gobind Sagar reservoir on soil properties relative to the distance from it and assess its effect on tree diversity, evenness and their distribution in tropical and subtropical forests. Based on data analysis it was found that the soil moisture and organic carbon decreased along with increasing distance from the reservoir. It played a significant role in varying tree diversity. The sites distributed within0-2 km showed significantly higher α and β-diversity indices. Tree species richness and diversity indices showed a strong correlation(p 0.05) with soil moisture and organic carbon content. Simpson's and Mc Intosh evenness indices showed a strong negative correlation with soil bulk density. Indirect Detrended Correspondence Analysis(DCA) identified soil moisture and soil organic carbon as two major environmental gradients that influenced tree diversity and their distribution in five tropical and four subtropical forests in an upstream catchment of the reservoir. Mixed forests inhabited moist sites andAcacia-Pinus forests showed an inclination to dry areas. Canonical Correspondence Analysis(CCA)revealed that the tree species in tropical forests were mainly affected by driving forces such as soil moisture,organic carbon and bulk density whereas, in subtropical forest tree species were influenced by elevation, soil p H, EC and clay content.