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目前,世界核电已经历了半个多世纪的发展历程,已经有了非常丰富的核电发展经验,事实证明了核能是一种安全、清洁、高效的能源。但从核电发展初到现在,也出现了不少核电事故。为了让核电工作者更清楚地了解历史核电事故概况,了解核电事故产生的影响以及正确看待核电事故、核电发展,通过调研,收集大量资料,详细统计了历史上发生的主要核电事故,对其事故原因及对核电发展影响进行简略分析。研究指出历史核电事故主要原因是因人失误,但早期事故和核电设计也有关;另外,核电事故给世界带来了巨大的负面影响,但同时也是推动核电安全发展的重要推手,每次核电事故发生后都是核电安全提升一个新台阶的开始,最终促使核电趋向越来越安全。 相似文献
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山西三交煤层气区块某煤层气参数井+生产试验井施工中遇到的一次钻杆折断,孔底遗留钻具为78.38m的孔内事故。在事故分析和施工经验总结的基础上,为弥补钻探设备对孔内钻具提升力的不足,尝试将千斤顶应用到事故处理中,并成功地处理了这次由于断钻具引起的卡、埋钻事故,避免了处理事故过程中次生事故的发生,减少了处理事故的时间,保证了施工工期和钻孔质量,大大减少了由于孔内事故引起的经济损失,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。 相似文献
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王洼103-1号水文地质钻孔施工过程中出现沉砂卡钻,在处理卡钻事故过程中又使套铣筒也被卡在钻孔内,强力起拔套铣筒,造成断裂,且断口不平整、倾斜靠边,形成了极其复杂的孔内事故。事故原因是泥浆中含沙量过大所致。另外处理钻铤卡钻时下入的表层套管直径偏小,也给后期处理事故造成了很大困难。根据孔内事故特点,制定了先起拔表层套管,更换大直径表套,再套反套铣筒、钻铤的处理方案。为此专门设计制作了起拔表层套管钻进的主动钻进钻杆、钻头;设计加工了加长套铣筒、扶正事故套铣筒的扶正工具等,及时成功处理好了本次超复杂卡钻事故。本文详细论述了钻孔事故的处理过程及措施,总结了事故教训和处理经验,对于处理类似卡钻事故具有指导和借鉴意义。 相似文献
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事故和灾害预测中的突变模型 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
简要介绍了事故与灾害的特征、发展过程的形式及产生的主要原因,指出事故和灾害预测中的难点,依据突变论的思想提出了预测事故和灾害的最佳模型——突变模型,并建立了安全决策尖点突变模型、事故与灾害原因分析尖点突变模型和事故与灾害预测分析尖点突变模型,以1998年的洪水灾害为实例,阐述了模型的应用。 相似文献
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汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目WFSD-4S孔地层复杂,钻探施工难度大,孔内缩径、坍塌、掉块事故频发,给钻探施工带来了极大的困难。就WFSD-4S孔在孔深517 m发生的卡钻事故进行了详细的阐述,分析发生卡钻事故的原因及条件,采用了强力起拔、反钻杆、可退式打捞矛打捞、套铣等手段,最终成功处理该起卡钻事故。该起事故的经验,为同类事故的处理提供借鉴及参考。 相似文献
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汶川地震断裂带科学钻探三号孔(WFSD-3)事故处理与认识 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
WFSD-3孔因地层破碎、缩径,不可预知因素多,发生多起孔内事故,通过对钻铤脱扣、下套管卡钻、埋钻等不同事故原因分析、事故处理,对WFSD-3孔施工工艺做出了改进与调整,总结了对科学钻探孔事故预防与处理的经验体会。 相似文献
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本文从工程风险的角度对所搜集的52例城市轨道交通车站基坑事故进行分析,归纳了6种事故类型,并明确指出"渗流破坏、支撑失稳、坑内滑坡"为最常见的三类事故。通过对各事故类型进行事故原因的统计分析,得知地下水的防治是关乎基坑工程安全的首要因素,不规范作业是基坑事故发生的第二诱因。 相似文献
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CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。 相似文献
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Julie Okpala 《GeoJournal》1990,20(1):37-43
This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics,
students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional
nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students.
The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status
in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs. 相似文献
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Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
David N. Petley Gareth J. Hearn Andrew Hart Nicholas J. Rosser Stuart A. Dunning Katie Oven Wishart A. Mitchell 《Natural Hazards》2007,43(1):23-44
Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates.
In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers
of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing
with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the
increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005.
The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that
the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide
fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the
relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of
precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased
dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the
effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward
trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and
natural systems. 相似文献
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Takeshi Nose Dr. 《GeoJournal》1985,10(3):261-276
Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry. 相似文献
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2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。 相似文献
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硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水(地热水)中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于(亚)砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。 相似文献
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