A Correlation Analysis of Tourism Based on Gray Theory——A case of Xingwen County

Tourism industry has already become an important part of national economy,which not only played a positive role in the development of the economy,but promoted the adjustment and optimization of industrial structure.The paper analyzes the correlation between the tourism industry and the other industry through changes of the Xingwen County tourism industrial output value in the past seven years.With the Gray Model,the correlation degree among the tourism industry and agriculture,industry,transport,wholesale and retail trade,postal and telecommunications industries is measured.The analysis result indicates that the order of the corresponding correlation degree:catering accommodation is 0.691> wholesale and retail is 0.617 > agriculture is 0.616 > Postal and telecommunications industry is 0.610> Transport is 0.602> Industry is 0.537.In accordance with the actual conditions of the industry in Xingwen,the industrial development policies and measures are put forward,which help the tourism industry Xingwen their rapid,coordinated and highly efficient operation.     

Stratigraphical Time——Correlation and Mass Extinction Event Near Permian——Triassic Boundary in South China

Shaw’s method used to correlate40 sections across the Permo-Triassic boundaryin South China is applied in the paper.Two steps are adopted to get an Integral Compo-site Section(ICS)by synthesizing these data:First,South China is divided into fiveareas and composite section developed for each area.Then the second step,theChangxing composite section is regarded as a composite standard(CSRS)while the ICSis produced by matching the CSRS with composite sections of the other areas.Threebiozones in the Changxingian and two biozones in the Griesbachian can be discerned onthe basis of computing Z values in the ICS.These biozones are marked by the Z values which quantitatively represent their time ranges;therefore,they may increase accuracy ofstratigraphic time correlation.The mass extinction at the end of the Permian is an ab-rupt event that is supported by the relative rate of extinction near the P/T boundary.About90％of invertebrate species died out by the end of the Permian.The duration ofthe mass extinction     

Genesis of Coal Metamorphism of Late PalaeozoicCoals in the South of North China——A Further Approach to the Effects of ThermalGroundwater on Coal Metamorphism

The close relationship between the genesis of coal metamorphism and the evolution of the regional tectonic framework is expounded on the basis of an analysis of the geological factors causing the metamorphic zonation of the Late Palaeozoic coals in southern North China; in terms of the mechanism for the formation of palaeogeothermal anomalies, the effects of thermal groundwater on coal metamorphism is highlighted and a geological model for thermal groundwater metamorphism of coal established; with the concept of the palaeogeotherm-coal metamorphism system, the genesis of coal metamorphism is analysed according to the distribution pattern of three geological factors: heat source, heat-carrier and channel, and heat-collector.     

An Interesting Element Association of Au—Sb—As—W and Its Geochemical Interpretation—A Review

The occurrences and characteristics of the association of Au-Sb-As-W are summarized.An interpretation of the association is given according to the fact that the content of reduced sulfur in the ore-forming solution is much high relative to Cl in this kind of ore deposits especially for the Au-Sb-As with W,using the data on their complexes and solubility,The high dfineness of gold and the separation of gold from the base metals Cu,Pb,Zn,and sometimes from Ag in this kind of ore deposits are also interpreted.     

An Experimental Study on Picromerite Equilkibrium in the Five—Component Brine System K—Na—Mg—Cl—SO4—H2O

This paper presents the results of experiments on the physicochemical conditions for the formation of picaromerite in the five-component brine system K-Na-Mg-Cl-SO4-H2O and the process of isothermal evaporation-crystallization of picromerite from brines.The metastable phase fields of picromerite at 15,10 and 5℃and its stable equilibrium phase field at -5℃ have been established.In addition,the phase equilibrium relationships have also been established for other salt minerals.The lower limit of formation temperature of picromerite has been deduced on the basis of experi-mental results.The isothermal evaporation crystallization path of the invariant assemblage(point D) of picromerite,epsomite,sylvite and halite at 25,15,10 and 5℃ has been revealed.Furthermore,some controversial problems are approached concerning the 25℃“solar” diagram and the 25℃ metastable phase diagram of this system.     

A New Fauna——Qinghezhen Fauna——from the Northern Margin of the North China Platform

In the Inner Mongolia axis and Jiaoliao anteclise along the northern margin of the North China Platform.it has been found that the strata formerly considered as Archaean and Proterozoic are in fact an ophiolite suitesimilar to the Early Palaeozoic Ondor Sum Group in the Northern Geosyncline region of China. The stratahave been named in northern Liaoning as the Qinghezhen Group. The emphasis of this paper is on the discus-sion of the simall shelly fossils found in the siliceous rocks in the upper part of the Qinghezhen Group. Thisophiolite suite stretches in an E-W direction for about 1000 km along the northern margin of the North ChinaPlatform. in which 15 fossil localities with stable stratigraphic horizons have been discovered. In this paper. 4types. 7 genera (including 5 new ones) and 10 species (including 8 new ones and 1 new subspecies) aredescribed, which are collectively referred to as the Qinghezhen Fauna. The characteristics of these fossils are:shell form simple. the maximum length not exceeding 4 mm. with obvious shell wall and wall ornaments. TheQinghezhen Fauna is comparable in shell structure of some genera and species with the Meishucun Fauna inSouth China, but differs from the latter in having only monotonous fossil groups developed in a distinctly va-ried ecological environment. The two faunas may belong to the same evolutionary stage of the Early Cambrianbut have developed parallelly in different regions. The existence of the Qinghezhen Fauna represents an impor-tant biological event in the Early Cambrian in the Northern Geosyncline region of China. The discovery of theQinghezhen Fauna will bring new knowledge and profound influence to a series of problems on basic geologyand mineral deposit prospecting such as the Cambrian faunas. biogeographical povincialism in China and thegeotectonic features of the northern margin of the North China Platform.     

Minerogenetic Mechanism of the Songxi Silver—Antimony Deposit of Northeastern Guangdong—Ore—Controlling Role of Organic Matter

Organic geochemistry and comparisons of characteristics of the organic matter in wall rocks of the ore-controlling strata and ores of the Lower Jurassic Songling black shale formation and the related Songxi silver-antimony deposit of northeastern Guangdong have been studied in this paper.The results show that the Lower Jurassic Songling shale formation is a suite of biologic-rich and organic-rich ore-bearing marine sedimentary rocks.Micro-components of the organic matter in the Songling black shale formation consists primarily of algae,amorphous marine kerogen,solid bitument,and pyrobitument.The thermal evolution of organic matter is at the over-maturity stage.There is a general positive correlation between total organic carbon(CO)and metallogenetic elements such as Ag and Sb in the black shale formation.Organic matter in the host rocks in the Songxi ore deposit played a role in controlling the silver-antimony depositing environment during the forming process of the black shale ore-bearing formation.In the absence of vitrinite,the relative level of thermal maturity calculated by solid bitument reflectance indicates that the ore-forming temperatute of the Songxi silver-antimony deposit was about 150-170℃,which was considered as an epithermally reworked ore deposit.The roles of organic matter in the formation of the Sonxi ore deposit are a primitive accumulation of the metallogenetic elements(Ag,Sb) in the sea-water cycle system for ore source and a concentration of metals by ion exchange of chelation as well as reductionn of the oxidzed metals.     

Reclamation or succession——A case study of transformation of soils and vegetation in reclaimed areas or in areas left for succession as exemplified by the sand mine excavation （southern Poland）

The aim of the study was to evaluate the vegetation and initial soils forming in the area of the ＂Szczakowa＂ Sand Mine cast （located approx. 50 km NW away from Krakow in southern Poland） that have either been reclaimed or left for succession. In the course of changes of the production fields in the 1970 and the 1980 parts of this open cast were left unreclaimed. Vegetation there appeared spontaneously, and the formation of initial soils began without human interference. Simultaneously, following the termination of exploitation the remaining part of the cast was reclaimed. This is why it was possible to compare the soil and vegetation formative processes in these two site categories. A total of 20 research areas were selected （each 400 m^2） in 4 surface age groups in the chronosequence of 4, 17, 21, 25 years. Field and laboratory studies included the characteristics of selected physical, chemical and microbiological properties of initial soils; the volume and rate of carbon and nitrogen accumulation： humus composition; ground water depth and selected features of ground and surface water; herbaceous and arborescent vegetation; the condition of community biomass.     

Fractal and Multifractal Propertiesof the Spatial Distribution of Natural Fractures——Analyses and Applications

The Cantor's dust theory is applied to investigate the scaling properties of the spatial distribution of natural fractures obtained from detailed scanline surveys of 27 field sites in the Appalachian Plateau of western New York, USA. The results obtained in this study indicate: 1) fracture spacing is characterized by fractal and multifractal properties. On small scales analyses yield an average fractal dimension of 0.15, which suggests a very high degree of clustering. In contrast, on large scales, fractures tend to be more regular and evenly distributed with an average fracture dimension of 0.52; 2) fractal dimension varies with different sets in different orientations, which can be attributed to interactions between pre-existing fractures and younger ones, as well as variations of the intensity of the stresses under which the fractures were formed; 3) a time sequence of fracture set formation can be proposed based on fractal and multifractal analyses, which consists of (from old to young): N-S, NW, EN     

Migration of Magnetotelluric Data in Two——Dimensional Model

Since the wave equation of magnetotelluric(MT)field is similar to the one of seis-mic,the migration techniques used in seismic can be applied to MT data.In thispaper we make use of the principle of reflector mapping(i.e.U/D imaging principle)to image MT data.That is,the MT wavefield observed on the surface of the earth canbe resolved into upgoing and downgoing waves,the waves are extrapolated downward bythe phase-shift method or the phase-shift plus interpolation(PSPI)method.Conductivi-ty interfaces of the medium could be found by using the time coincidence of the upgoingand downgoing waves.Theoretical calculations show that the migration technique of MTdata presented here is very effective.It can not only enhance the lateral resolution of MTdata,but also obtain the visual image of subsurface interfaces.As compared with theconventional 2-D inversion,this procedure is more simple in calculation and can be easi-ly put into practice on a personal computer and is able to obtain the MT depth section,which is     

Genesis of Podiform Chromite Deposits——Evidence from the Luobosa Chromite Deposits, Tibet

Taking for example the Luobosa chromite deposit in Tibet combined with other deposits of the same type in the world, the paper discusses the genetic mechanism of podiform chromite deposits. The study indicates that chromite and dunite-harzburgite are both the products of different degrees of partial melting of the same primary pyrolite(spinel lherzolite) and that chromite and dunite are the end product of higher degree of partial melting.The melting mechanism lies in the convcrsion of the two subgroups of pyroxenes(Cpx and Opx) into olivine and spinel respectively as a result of their incongruent melting, accompanied by regulation and reformation of accessory chrome spinel and such rock-forming minerals as Ol, Opx and Cpx, thus resulting in the close association of chromite deposits and dunite. The results of this study are of general significance for understanding the genesis of chromite deposits of the same type in the world.     

The calculation of hydrocarbon-generating temperature——Theory and practice

How to quantitatively evaluate the maturity of crude oils is still an open question. Mango discovered a remarkable compositional invariance of four isoheptane ratios in crude oils, and proposed a steady-state catalytic model for the origin of light hydrocarbons. According to this model, 2,4/2,3 dimethylpentane ratio is a pure temperature parameter. Bement, Mango et al. established the functional equation between the two parameters-light hydrocarbon temperature and burial temperature and applied it to the calculation of hydrocarbon-generating temperature, which provided a new choice for the study of oil maturity. In this paper, the Mango's parameters for hydrocarbons from the Tazhong area were calculated, the average K1 value is 1.06, which is in good consistency with the Mango's proposal that the K1 value is relatively stable. Calculated with the functional formula of hydrocarbon-generating temperature, the hydrocarbon-generating temperatures are with the range of 120-129℃, and the converted vitrinite reflectance (Ro) varies from 0.88% to 0.90%. This is well consistent with the maturity characteristics of neohopanes. The results have verified the reliability of this method.     

Rb—Sr Geochronology and Magma Source of the Mesozoic Fault—Granite Belt,East Shandong

Developed in the southeast coast of te East Shandong Peninsula,the Mesozoic fault-magma belt consists of five rock series:the syenite series;the monzonite series;the megaporphyritic monzogranite series;the biotite-granite series;and the alkali granite seres.Based on their Rb-Sr isochron ages(122-220Ma),these rock series may be divided into three magma subcycles dated at Triassic,Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous.The initial ^87Sr/^86Sr ration in these rock series range from 0.70436 to 0.7155.The starting points of the Rb-Sr isochrons exhibit four different distribution trends on the(^87Sr/^86Sr)i-^87Rb/^86Sr diagram.These characteristics show that the multiple granitic rock series are different in genesis and derivation.The syenite series might be derived from the combination of mantle-derived magma and crustal material,and the others could be derived from granulite-facies and amphibilite-facies rocks in the deep crust.     

Silica dust and non-occupational silicosis——A global perspective

Health risk from various particulates of dust has been of public health concern for many years and scientific observations on dust have been going on for the last 200 years. Diseases resulting from exposure to dust are generally known as pneumoconiosis and have been primarily associated with occupational exposure to silica dust. Silica, which induces silicosis, has been recognized as far back as the Hippocratic times. The aim of the research is to try to assess the nature and scale of health risks from environmental exposure to silica on a global scale, with particular emphasis on non-occupational silicosis （pneumoconiosis）. Thorough literature reviews included studies and literature from non-occupational and occupational silicosis studies along with papers from Geology and Medicine. Non-published studies and local knowledge from Ladakh were used in pertinent of the review. The commonest form of silica （SiO2） is quartz. Other particulates in the atmosphere and finer particles 〈10 when inhaled with oxygen endanger human health; silica is the most threatening for non-occupational silicosis because of its high fibrogenicity. Aerosol minerals can often travel from continent to continent creating a health risk not just in the area of dust source, but also to secluded humans. When emitted into the air environmental exposure to （silica） quartz can occur as component of particulates emissions produced by natural-industrial-agricultural activities. Human exposure to environmental （silica） quartz can be summarized into direct and indirect pathways. Health risk from exposure to silica （quartz） has been widely studied in occupational settings; however there is a scarcity of studies on environmental/non-occupational exposure. Review of epidemiological studies on environment/non-occupational silicosis showed that all the studies lack a good control group and represent a small sample size. Many of these studies are case reports with retrospective histopathology, focusing only on the prevalence and lacking robust exposure measurement. Non-occupational/environmental silicosis is a global public health concem and the areas of dust source could be modified with climate changes. Literature is very scarce in relation to health risks from environmental dust （silica/quartz）, nevertheless the review of occupational studies links silica exposure to numerous diseases in humans.     

Metasomatic Mechnanism of Weathering—Pedogenesis of Carbonate Rocks：I.Mineralogical and Micro—Textural Evidence

On the basis of mineralogical ,geochemical and micro-textural studies of the typical sections of the red weathering crust of carbonate rocks in the subtropical karst areas of Guizhou Province and Guangxi Autonomous Region,we have found,either on a microscopic or on a mac-roscopical scale and in different positions of the sections,the most direct and most important mineralogical and micro-textural evidence for the development of metasomatism in the process of weathering-pedogenesis of numerous carbonate rocks.This paper also has expounded for the first time and systematically the mechanism of metasomatism involved in the process of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks and proposed the sequence of mineral metasomatic evolution in the process of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks.     

A Novel Type of Oil—generating Organic Matter —Crystal—enclosed Organic Matter

The comparative study of organic matter in carbonate rocks and argillaceous rocks from the same horizon indicates that the organic thermal maturities of carbonate rocks are much lower than those of argillaceous rocks .Ana extensive analysis of extracted and inclused organic matter from the same sample shows that inclused organic matter is different from extracted organic matter,and the thermal maturity of the former is usually lower than that of the latter in terms of biomarker structural parameters.It seems that carbonate mineras could preserve organic matter and retard organic maturation.The inclused organic matter,abundant in most carbonate rocks,will be released from minerals and transformed into oil and gas during the high-thermal maturity stage.     

Water—Rock Interactions and Chemical Compositional Variations During Ductile Deformation of the NW—Striking Shear Zone in te Jiapigou Gold Belt,China

Two kinds of mylonite series rocks,felsic and mafic,have been recognized in the NW-striking shear zone of the Jiapigou gold belt.During ductile deformation, a large amount of fluid interacted intensively with the mylonite series rocks:plagioclases were sericitized and the An values declined rapidly,finally all of them were transformed to albites;dark minerals were gradually replaced by chlorites(mostly ripidolite).Meanwhile,large-scale and extensive carbonation also took place,and the carbonatization minerals varied from calcite to dolomite and ankerite with the development of deformation.Theδ^13 Cvalues of the carbonates are-3.0‰--5.6‰suggesting a deep source of carbon.The ductile deformation is nearly an iso-volume one(fv=1).With the enhancement of shear deformation,SiO2 in the two mylonite series rocks was depleted,while volatile components such as CO2 and H2O,and some ore-forming elements such as Au and S were obviously enriched.But it is noted that the enrichment of Au in both the mylonite series rocks did not reach the paygrade of gold.The released SiO2 from water-rock interactions occurred in the form of colloids and absorbed gold in the fluid.When brittle structures were formed locally in the ductile in the ductile shear zone,the ore-forming fluids migrated to the structures along microfractures,and precipitated auriferous quartz because of reduction of pressure and temperature.Fluid inclusion study shows that the temperature and pressure of the ore-forming fluids are 245-292℃and 95.4-131.7MPa respectively;the salinity is 12.88-16.33wt% NaCl;the fluid-phase is rich in Ca^2 ,K^ ,Na^ ,Mg^2 ,F^- and Cl^-,while the gaseous phases are rich in CO2 and CH4.The δD and δ^18O values of the ore-forming fluid are -84.48‰--91.73‰and -0.247‰- 2.715‰respectively,suggesting that the fluid is composed predominantly of meteoric water.     

REE Geochemical Indicatrices of Li—F Granite Liquid Segregation

The results of 118 REE analyses of Li-F granites from South China and other countries indicate that there are three variation types of REE pattern curves with different evolution trends from early to late stages of Li-F granite complex of from lower to upper petrofacies of the Li-F granite body;(1) the decreasing,(2) the increasing,and (3) the saltatory variation types.The first variation type is called the positive evolution type,attributed to crystallization differentiation.The second is called the reversion evolution type.which represents liquid segreation dominated by vapor-liquid distillation.The third is called the saltatory variation type,which is formed from liquid segregation dominated by immiscibilty,Therefore,the indicatices of liquid segregation dominated by immiscibility are the saltatory variation type of REE pattern evolution and the separation of the main evolution trend lines either from the sub-evolution trend lines or from the composition points of Li-F granites in the diagrams of REE-(La-Yb)N and La/Sm-La,The indicatrices of liquid segregation dominated by vapor-liquid fractional distillation are the reverstion evolution type of REE pattern curves and the main evolution trend lines of Li-F granites directing to the upper right-hand on the REE-La/Yb)N and La/Sm-La diagrams.     

Phase—Controlled and Gas—Washing Fractionations During the Formation of Petroleum Reservoirs

By PVT fractionation experiments to model phase-controlled and gaw-washing fractionations during the formation of petroleum reservoirs,the authors measured the physical and chemical properties of products formed in different fractionation staes and made a correlative analysis of the influence of depressurization and gas washing on oil/gas molecular composition and the rule of fractionation.The analytical results showed that gas washing is an important factor affecting the physical properties of crude oils.and also can be regarded as a good genetic interpretation of marine wax-high oils in the Tarim region,Xinjiang,China.Phase-controlled and gaw-washing fractionations can lead to the formation of condensates and their differences in chemical composition from crude oils are a direct reflection of evaporating fractionation.Phasecontrolled and gaw-washing fractionations have a great influence on the composition of molecular compounds and relevant parameters.So phase-controlled and gas-washing fractionations during the formation of petroleum reservoirs are not only favorable to identifying different processes of formation of petroleum reservoirs,but also to the scientific application of routine geochemical parameters.     

High—Resolution Dating of Stalagmites and Reconstruction of Paleo—Environments

The discovery of abrupt paleo-climate change events and the prediction of environmental changes in the future time have raised an urgent request for high-resolution paleo-environmental records.This paper reviews the progress made in hronology and paleo-environment of stalagmites from karst caves in China and presents some of the results of TIMS-U-series dating of stalagmites composed of secondary carbonates,taken from the Dongge,Longquan and Yamen karst caves in Libo County and the Qixing karst cave in Duyun,Guizhou Province,on a MAT-262 mass spectrometer.