高密度电阻率法和瞬变电磁法在煤田采空区勘查及注浆检测中的应用

从煤矿采空区诱发的地质灾害对国民经济建设的危害和采空区探测与治理的现实意义出发,总结了煤矿采空区探测中的地球物理方法技术现状,分析了开展煤矿采空区地球物理探测的物性差异前提.在简要介绍高密度电阻率法和瞬变电磁法基本原理的基础上,结合我国新疆某地区的探测实例,研究总结了高密度电阻率法和瞬变电磁法在煤矿采空区探测中的应用效果.结果表明,由于煤矿地下采空区和未采区之间存在有明显导电性(电阻率)差异,使用高密度电法和瞬变电磁法综合勘察煤田采空区效果较好,工作区120 m以上浅部采空区采用高密度电法探测,其定量解释结果精度较高,而100~350 m深度范围内采用瞬变电磁法探测作定量推断解释效果较好.文章还结合应用实例探讨了利用高密度电阻率法评价煤矿采空区注浆治理效果的可行性.     

水域电法在江、湖穿越工程中应用

水域电法在水底隧道物探中得到广泛应用,对比瞬变电磁(TEM)等其它物探方法,其中高密度电法(DC)采用不同排列布置可达到不同勘探效果和深度.以中缅输油管道工程澜沧江8号断面水域电法勘探为例,采用单极-单极排列由48电极的水下电缆,96米排列长度达到了近90米勘探深度.对电阻率剖面给出地质解释,通过与水中地质钻孔柱状结果对比,说明这种方法在水域物探中适用性和有效性.     

瞬变电磁法探测复杂地形不积水采空区的应用

针对高密度电法在探测煤矿不积水采空区对地形有严格要求的实际情况下,在煤田地表条件较为复杂的地区,采用受地形影响较小的瞬变电磁法反映地下不积水采空区的电性特征的研究与应用就有了重要的实际意义。为此首先从瞬变电磁法的基本原理出发,介绍瞬变电磁法的基本公式和正演方法;其次,结合不积水采空区的地球物理特征,设计正演模型,根据计算结果提出在地形条件复杂,不适合高密度电法施工的地方,采用小线框、配合高发射频率和大发射电流的瞬变电磁方法,探测地下高阻目标体的电性特征,推断不积水采空区的分布;最后,结合实际工程进行瞬变电磁法探测煤矿不积水采空区的实践,得到结论与实际钻探结果相符。应用效果表明,瞬变电磁法在一定程度上能够完成煤矿不积水采空区的探测,对煤矿安全生产起到了的参考作用。     

福州八一水库-尚干断裂的高密度电法和瞬变电磁法试验探测

为了检验高密度电法和瞬变电磁法在城市活断层探测中的有效性 ,在福州市区及周围进行了试验探测① ,文中主要介绍对八一水库尚干断裂的探测结果。八一水库尚干断裂是一条穿过福州市区的主要断裂带 ,其主断裂在八一水库测区位于一条由新店通往古城的水泥马路东侧 ,在横向上表现为东西宽几十米的电阻率低异常带 ,在纵向上从盖层底部向下延伸到基底深处。试验表明 ,高密度电法和瞬变电磁法可以互相补充和验证 ,从而提高整体探测效果     

福州八一水库—尚干断裂的高密度电法和瞬变电磁法试验探讨

为了检验高密度电法和瞬变电磁法在城市活断层探测中的有效性，在福州市区及周围进行了试验探测，文中主要介绍对八一水库-尚干断裂的探测结果。八一水库-尚干断裂是一条穿过福州市区的主要断裂带，其主断裂在八一水库测区位于一条由新店通往古城的水泥马路东侧，在横向上表现为东西宽几十米的电阻率低异常带，在纵向上从盖层底部向下延伸到基底深处。试验表明，高密度电法和瞬变电磁法可以互相补充和验证，从而提高整体探测效果。     

生产矿山岩溶灾害勘查中的综合物探应用研究

地下岩溶是常见的地质灾害之一,它对矿山的生产安全、周边房屋建筑和交通设施造成极大的危害;预先确定岩溶的埋深及空间分布规律,可为岩溶灾害治理提供科学依据.本文以正在生产中的某石灰石露天开采矿山为研究对象,研究地球物理方法在强噪声环境、地形起伏及切割强烈条件下的应用效果.本文采用高密度电阻率法、瞬变电磁法和天然电场选频法等方法开展地下岩溶的探测研究,勘探深度为100 m.依据现场情况和目的要求共敷设物探剖面28条,累计总长18.875 km;结合以往钻探成果,从已知到未知,对物探资料开展综合解译,共推断岩溶发育位置167处,进一步结合现场水文地质调查情况,圈定出工作区内岩溶发育集中区;最终,利用验证钻孔的成果证明物探解译成果的可靠性.实践应用表明,高密度电阻率法受到生产矿山环境与地形切割的影响较大,瞬变电磁法在使用等值反磁通瞬变电磁法采集系统的情况下,它与天然电场选频法都受环境与地形的影响较小;高密度电阻率法和瞬变电磁法可较好地确定覆盖层厚度、划分基岩面的起伏;瞬变电磁法成果对地下岩溶的反映比较清晰,可依据其局部低电阻率异常来判定岩溶的大致埋深及相对大小;天然电场选频法剖面曲线的低电位异常可以准确指明低阻岩溶发育的水平中心位置,对钻孔平面位置的布设有很好的指导作用.     

瞬变电磁法在地下水勘查中的应用综述

水是地球上最重要的天然资源,供人类需要的淡水有95％以上取自地下水,地下水在人类经济活动中发挥着重要的作用．传统的地球物理方法在地下水勘查工作中得到应用的同时,新的更先进的物探方法不断涌现．近年来,瞬变电磁法在国内外的应用得到迅速发展,在地下水勘查领域的应用也得到拓展．与其它电探方法相比,利用瞬变电磁法进行地下水勘查具有明显优势。     

综合物探技术在煤矿采空区勘察中的应用

煤矿采空区勘察是场地建设适宜性评价的基础,物探是采空区勘察的重要手段,瞬变电磁法和可控源音频大地电磁法在采空区的勘察中应用广泛。文章论述了瞬变电磁法和可控源音频大地电磁法的工作原理、参数选择和解译原则等,以济南市章丘某煤矿采空区勘察为例,对2种物探方法采集结果进行对比分析得到:①2种方法视电阻率变化趋势接近;②视电阻率总体范围变化不大;③采空区和断裂异常反映略有不同。2种方法推测结论基本一致,经钻孔验证,物探结果与钻探结果基本吻合,表明瞬变电磁法和可控源音频大地电磁法能有效查明采空区的分布情况,获得较好的地质勘察效果。     

综合物探方法在滇池补水工程中的应用

本文介绍了包括地震、瞬变电磁法、高密度电法、高频大地电磁法等在内的多种物探方法在滇池补水工程岩土工程勘察中的应用情况.通过选择其中一种或几种物探方法分别应用在河床冲积层、断层带和岩溶探测上,使得物探方法在对物探异常的分辨上能够相互印证,提高了解释成果的可靠性,在探测深度上采用适合浅部勘探的物探方法和适合深部勘探的物探方...     

城市活断层探测中电磁噪音和环境干扰对浅层电磁方法的影响

城市噪音主要指由于城市设施和人类活动 (如电网、管线、通讯设备、建筑物、交通等 )对电磁信号的干扰。克服城市噪音、提高信噪比是保证城市活断层的电磁探测能否成功的关键。因而 ,在福州市活断层的电磁试验探测中 ,噪音观测与分析被列为试验的一项重要内容 ① 。文中将主要讨论不同类型的噪音对高密度电法 (DC)和瞬变电磁法 (TEM)的影响 ,并提出一些实用的解决办法。试验表明 ,影响高密度电法观测质量的主要因素是地下噪音源 ,如地下管道、地下电缆等 ,地面以上噪音的影响相对较小。对于瞬变电磁法 ,不管地面以下还是地面以上的噪音源都将产生影响。但是 ,只要仪器的性能好 ,对不同噪音源采取相应的措施 ,可以获得满意的结果     

露天煤矿地下水电磁探测与类型判别

为准确确定露天煤矿地下水分布与类型,根据不同赋存条件电磁差异,基于磁场强度与电阻率参数进行异常划分与类型判别。以新疆某露天煤矿为例,采用高精度磁法通过磁异常强度确定烧变岩边界,并采用高密度电法和瞬变电磁法通过电阻率圈定低阻异常区,结合异常响应差异分别推断地下水分布范围与赋存类型。地面钻探验证探测成果的准确性。结果表明:露天煤矿烧变岩水与砂岩裂隙水电磁响应差异明显,基于磁场强度与电阻率的双参数综合电磁法能准确圈定其分布范围,并判别其赋存类型。     

Interpretation of magnetic resonance soundings in rocks with high electrical conductivity

Magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) is an electromagnetic method designed for groundwater investigations. MRS can be applied not only for studying fresh-water aquifers, but also in areas where intrusion of saline water is rendering the subsurface electrically conductive. In the presence of rocks with a high electrical-conductivity attenuation and a phase shift of the MRS signal may influence the efficiency of the MRS method. We investigated the performance of MRS for allowing us to propose a procedure for interpreting MRS data under these conditions. For numerical modeling, we considered a subsurface with a resistivity between 0.5 and 10 Ω m. The results show that the depth of investigation with MRS depends upon the electrical conductivity of groundwater and surrounding rocks, on the depth of the saline water layer, and on the amount of fresh water above the saline water. For interpreting MRS measurements, the electrical conductivity of the subsurface is routinely measured with an electrical or electromagnetic method. However, due to the equivalence problem, the result obtained with these methods may be not unique. Hence, we investigated the influence of the uncertainty in conductivity distribution provided by transient electromagnetic measurements (TEM) on MRS results. It was found that the uncertainty in TEM results has an insignificant effect on MRS.     

Signal detectability of marine electromagnetic methods in the exploration of resistive targets

We compare selected marine electromagnetic methods for sensitivity to the presence of relatively thin resistive targets (e.g., hydrocarbons, gas hydrates, fresh groundwater, etc.). The study includes the conventional controlled‐source electromagnetic method, the recently introduced transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines method, and the novel marine circular electric dipole method, which is still in the stage of theoretical development. The comparison is based on general physical considerations, analytical (mainly asymptotic) analysis, and rigorous one‐dimensional and multidimensional forward modelling. It is shown that transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines and marine circular electric dipole methods represent an alternative to the conventional controlled‐source electromagnetic method at shallow sea, where the latter becomes less efficient due to the air‐wave phenomenon. Since both former methods are essentially short‐offset time‐domain techniques, they exhibit a much better lateral resolution than the controlled‐source electromagnetic method in both shallow sea and deep sea. The greatest shortcoming of the transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines and marine circular electric dipole methods comes from the difficulties in accurately assembling the transmitter antenna within the marine environment. This makes these methods significantly less practical than the controlled‐source electromagnetic method. Consequently, the controlled‐source electromagnetic method remains the leading marine electromagnetic technique in the exploration of large resistive targets in deep sea. However, exploring laterally small targets in deep sea and both small and large targets in shallow sea might require the use of the less practical transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines and/or marine circular electric dipole method as a desirable alternative to the controlled‐source electromagnetic method.     

A comparison of helicopter-borne electromagnetics in frequency- and time-domain at the Cuxhaven valley in Northern Germany

Two different airborne electromagnetic methods were applied in the same area: the frequency-domain helicopter-borne electromagnetic (HEM) system operated by the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Germany, and the time-domain SkyTEM system of the HydroGeophysics Group at the University of Aarhus, Denmark. For verification of and comparison with the airborne methods, ground-based transient electromagnetics and 2-D resistivity surveying were carried out. The target of investigation was the Cuxhaven valley in Northern Germany, which is a significant local groundwater reservoir. The course of this buried valley was revealed by drillings and the shape was determined by reflection seismics at several cross sections.We applied electrical and electromagnetic methods to investigate the structure of the valley filling consisting of gravel, sand, silt and clay. The HEM survey clearly outlines a shallow conductor at about 20m depth and a deeper conductor below 40m depth inside the valley. This is confirmed by 2-D resistivity surveying and a drilling. The thickness of the deeper conductor, however, is not revealed due to the limited investigation depth of the HEM system. The SkyTEM survey does not resolve the shallow conductor, but it outlines the thickness of the deeper clay layer inside the valley and reveals a conductive layer at about 180m depth outside the valley. The SkyTEM results are very consistent with ground-based transient electromagnetic soundings.Airborne electromagnetic surveying in general has the advantage of fast resistivity mapping with high lateral resolution. The HEM system is cost-efficient and fast, but the more expensive and slower SkyTEM system provides a higher depth of investigation. Ground-based geophysical surveys are often more accurate, but they are definitively slower than airborne surveys. It depends on targets of interest, time, budget, and manpower available by which a method or combination of methods will be chosen. A combination of different methods is useful to obtain a detailed understanding of the subsurface resistivity distribution.     

Groundwater exploration using integrated geophysical techniques

The integrated approach to solving complicated geological, hydrological and environmental problems is now widely used in geophysics. Among all the geophysical methods, electrical and electromagnetic techniques are the most popular in groundwater exploration due to the close relationship between electrical conductivity and some hydrogeological properties of the aquifer (e.g. porosity, clay content, mineralization of the groundwater and degree of water saturation). Case histories presented here show that by proper combination of different techniques such as conventional direct current (DC) resistivity as well as the more advanced electromagnetic (EM) methods and the most recent nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tomography, the reliability of interpretation as compared to that typical for the individual methods can be significantly improved.     

Flawed Processing of Airborne EM Data Affecting Hydrogeological Interpretation

Airborne electromagnetics (AEMs) is increasingly being used across the globe as a tool for groundwater and environmental management. Focus is on ensuring the quality of the source data, their processing and modeling, and the integration of results with ancillary information to generate accurate and relevant products. Accurate processing and editing of raw AEM data, the topic of this article, is one of the crucial steps in obtaining quantitative information for groundwater modeling and management. In this article, we examine the consequences that different levels of processing of helicopter transient electromagnetic method data have on the resulting electrical models and subsequently on hydrogeological models. We focus on different approaches used in the industry for processing of the raw data and show how the electrical resistivity–depth models, which is the end “geophysical” product (after data inversion) of an AEM survey, change with different levels of processing of the raw data. We then extend the study to show the impact on some of the hydrogeological parameters or models, which can be derived from the geophysical results. The consequences of improper handling of raw data to groundwater and environmental management can be significant and expensive.     

高频电磁测深在地下热水勘探中的应用

高频电磁测深法是一种利用天然高频电磁场作为场源的电磁勘探方法,具有高分辨率和相对直流电法较深的勘探深度的特点,特别适合中浅层地热和地下水勘探。本文介绍了一个应用高频电磁测深评价地下热水资源的一个成功实例。野外数据采集采用了高频电磁测深系统MT-U5A,采用远参考技术,以保证数据采集质量。高频电磁测深资料二维反演成像处理结果较好地描述了地下热水的空间分布范围,为查明该区的地下热水的来源提供了较有利的证据。     

Distribution of fossil seawater and its role in Neogene sedimentary rock landslides in Niigata,eastern marginal region of the Japan Sea

The Neogene marine sedimentary rock area in the eastern marginal region of the Japan Sea is an area with some of the highest landslide densities in Japan. Some of the landslides in this area have been known to involve saline groundwater, which can be the cause of these landslides. In order to demonstrate the relationships between landslides and saline water, topographic, geological, groundwater, and electromagnetic surveys were performed in the eastern marginal region of the Japan Sea. Many landslides and gravitational slope deformations with linear depressions and small scarps were recognized in the study area. The resistivity profile obtained by an electromagnetic survey suggests that there is a wide zonal distribution of saline water with salt concentrations equivalent to seawater at depths of 50–100 m or more and that the groundwater shallower than 50 m has an electrical conductivity of less than 100 mS/m. The shallow resistive groundwater is inferred to be meteoric water that replaced the saline groundwater, which likely weakened the bedrock, resulting in landslides. A ridge of competent tuff overlying mudstone has many linear depressions from gravitational slope deformation and low‐resistivity water to a depth of 600 m, which suggests that the mudstone was weakened by water replacement and deformed under the tuff caprock. The saline groundwater is inferred to be fossil seawater trapped in pores during sediment deposition, which is brought near the ground surface along with rocks by tectonic movement in the hills. Thus, the saline water and its fresh water replacement are among the important basic causes of the landslides. The oil well data obtained in the eastern marginal region of the Japan Sea suggest that such saline water replacement has occurred widely and that replacement is likely one of the predispositions for the frequent landslides there.     

技术应用综合物探方法在张家口某工程场地地震安全性评价中的应用研究

结合地质和遥感图像解译资料,以物探方法查找活断层是行之有效的方法。针对单一的物探方法在反演解释中具有多解性的弊端,本文提出以高密度电阻率法为主,浅层地震反射波法为辅的综合物探勘察组合模式。经实际钻探证明,这种综合物探模式对隐伏活断层的勘察是完全可行的,并具有较强的实用推广性。     

EXAMPLES OF RESOLUTION IMPROVEMENT IN GEOELECTRICAL SOUNDINGS APPLIED TO GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATIONS1

One simulation and two field examples from New Jersey illustrate resolution improvement in geoelectrical soundings applied to groundwater exploration. Layered-earth parameter resolution is derived from data obtained with the commonly used methods of resistivity, induced polarization (IP) and transient electromagnetic (TEM) soundings. Resolution improvement is achieved by simultaneous inversion of two or more data sets and by constraining parameters of the inverse problem. A quantitative analysis showing the contribution of IP data to the resolution of geo-electric sections is presented. Simultaneous inversion of simple IP data with conventional resistivity and resistivity-TEM data sets resulted in improved parameter resolution. IP data improved resolution in three ways: (1) by decoupling correlated layered-earth parameters, (2) by adding information to a geological interpretation about a second physical property, namely chargeability, and (3) by increasing the electrical information available.