沼泽沉积剖面特征元素比值及其环境意义——盐碱化指标及气候干湿变化

沼泽发育过程中堆积的各类沉积物真实地记录下区域环境演变与沼泽发育过程的信息。以向海沼泽湿地为研究对象,由¹³⁷Cs、²¹⁰Pb法定年实现沉积层深度坐标向年代坐标的转换,对典型沉积剖面特征元素比值进行了综合剖析。结果表明: Sr/Ba、Rb/K、(CaO+K₂O+Na₂O)/Al₂O₃等比值具有盐碱化和气候干湿变化的指示意义。该区域的盐碱化并非只发生在近几十年,而是由来已久,只是近年来人类活动促进了盐碱化进程。霍林河流域近240年来气候存在冷干-暖湿-冷干的多次波动,1880年之前气候以冷干为主,并有小幅度波动;1880年后气候开始转暖,但仍以冷暖波动振荡为主。     

金露梅灌丛草甸氧化亚氮排放特征及冻融交替的影响研究

在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位研究站地区,利用密闭箱-气相色谱法对金露梅灌丛草甸群落中的丛间草地(GC)、金露梅灌丛(GG)和裸地(GL)3种斑块的氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放季节特征和冻融过程、降水事件的影响进行了初步研究.结果显示:GG年平均排放速率显著高于C.C和GL(P＜0.05),C.C与GL差异不显著(P＞0.05).3种斑块N_2O排放速率表现出明显的季节波动,生长季高于休眠季,其中GC和GG排放速率在8月出现明显峰值,2月最低;而GL的排放速率2004年最大值出现在3月,2005年在3月和8月出现了两个峰值,最低值均出现在1月.冻融交替过程中各斑块N_2O平均排放速率白天高于夜间,并且除了2005年GL斑块外,均为封冻期土壤排放速率较低,而冻融期提高.2004-07 GC和GG斑块在降雨时排放速率降低,降雨后迅速上升;而2005年时3种斑块在降雨时以及积雪融化时排放速率均大幅升高.各斑块排放速率与土壤5 cm地温呈极显著(GC和GG;P＜0.01)或显著正相关关系(GL,P＜0. 05).金露梅灌丛草甸2004年和2005年平均排放速率分别为0.043和0.046 mg/(m~2·h),是大气N_2O的一个源,粗略估算整个青藏高原高寒灌丛草甸N_2O排放的辐射强迫约为0.125 Tg CO_2,其在整个青藏高原温室气体收支中的作用不应忽略.     

生物土壤结皮对风沙土和黄绵土膨胀特性的影响

作为重要的土壤物理性质,膨胀性在影响土壤导水性、持水性、抗蚀性以及土壤结构的形成和发育等方面发挥着重要作用。为了探讨生物土壤结皮（BSCs）土壤的膨胀特性及其主要影响因素,针对黄土高原风沙土和黄绵土两种典型土壤,利用膨胀仪测定并比较了有、无藓结皮及其在不同因素（初始含水量、干湿循环、冻融循环、温度）下膨胀率的差异,分析了BSCs对土壤膨胀性的影响及其与环境因素和BSCs性质的关系。结果显示：风沙土上藓结皮的膨胀率为1.93%,较无结皮增加了8.65倍;而黄绵土上藓结皮的膨胀率为2.05%,与无结皮相比降低了76.68%。藓结皮的生物量和厚度与其膨胀率在风沙土上均呈线性正相关关系（P < 0.05）,在黄绵土上分别呈二次函数（P=0.02）和线性正相关关系（P=0.02）。初始含水量同时影响了土壤最大膨胀率和稳定膨胀时间,影响程度风沙土远大于黄绵土（包括藓结皮和无结皮）;干湿循环次数对无结皮土壤膨胀率的影响程度大于藓结皮土壤,其中风沙土和黄绵土上无结皮的膨胀率分别是50.00%~620.00%和-2.28%~10.81%,而两种土壤上藓结皮的膨胀率分别是-5.70%~10.88%和-10.24%~-21.46%;冻融循环下4种土壤的膨胀率均有不同程度的降低,降幅为0~18.54%。黄绵土无结皮的膨胀率受温度影响程度较大,50℃下黄绵土无结皮的膨胀率分别是25℃和35℃下的1.17倍和1.21倍。BSCs显著地改变了风沙土和黄绵土表层的膨胀性,其影响的程度和方向取决于土壤类型。同时,BSCs的膨胀性受含水量、温度、干湿以及冻融循环等关键因素影响。     

Sandstone-concrete interface transition zone (ITZ) damage and debonding micromechanisms under freeze-thaw

The sufficient bond between concrete and rock is an important prerequisite to ensure the effect of shotcrete support. However, in cold regions engineering protection system, the bond condition of rock and concrete surface is easily affected by freeze-thaw cycles, resulting in interface damage, debonding and even supporting failure. Understanding the micromechanisms of the damage and debonding of the rock-concrete interface is essential for improving the interface protection.Therefore, the micromorphology, micromechanical properties, and microdebonding evolution of the sandstone-concrete interface transition zone(ITZ) under varying freeze-thaw cycles(0, 5, 10, 15, 20) were studied using scanning electron microscope, stereoscopic microscope, and nano-indentation. Furthermore, the distribution range and evolution process of ITZ affected by freeze-thaw cycles were defined. Major findings of this study are as follows:(1) The microdamage evolution law of the ITZ under increasing freeze-thaw cycles is clarified, and the relationship between the number of cracks in the ITZ and freeze-thaw cycles is established;(2) As the number of freeze-thaw cycles increases, the ITZ's micromechanical strength decreases, and its development width tends to increase;(3) The damage and debonding evolution mechanisms of sandstone-concrete ITZ under freeze-thaw cycles is revealed, and its micromechanical evolution model induced by freeze-thaw cycles is proposed.     

Non-Poissonian earthquake occurrence in coupled stress release models and its effect on seismic hazard

Most seismic hazard estimations are based on the assumption of a Poisson process for earthquake occurrence, even though both observations and models indicate a departure of real seismic sequences from this simplistic assumption. Instrumental earthquake catalogues show earthquake clustering on regional scales while the elastic rebound theory predicts a periodic recurrence of characteristic earthquakes on longer timescales for individual events. Recent implementations of time-dependent hazard calculations in California and Japan are based on quasi-periodic recurrences of fault ruptures according to renewal models such as the Brownian Passage Time model. However, these renewal models neglect earthquake interactions and the dependence on the stressing history which might destroy any regularity of earthquake recurrences in reality. To explore this, we investigate the (coupled) stress release model, a stochastic version of the elastic rebound hypothesis. In particular, we are interested in the time-variability of the occurrence of large earthquakes and its sensitivity to the occurrence of Gutenberg–Richter type earthquake activity and fault interactions. Our results show that in general large earthquakes occur quasi-periodically in the model: the occurrence probability of large earthquakes is strongly decreased shortly after a strong event and becomes constant on longer timescales. Although possible stress-interaction between adjacent fault zones does not affect the recurrence time distributions in each zone significantly, it leads to a temporal clustering of events on larger regional scales. The non-random characteristics, especially the quasi-periodic behaviour of large earthquakes, are even more pronounced if stress changes due to small earthquakes are less important. The recurrence-time distribution for the largest events is characterized by a coefficient of variation from 0.6 to 0.84 depending on the relative importance of small earthquakes.     

Different discretization method used in coupled water and heat transport mode for soil under freezing conditions

A coupled water and heat transport mode is established based on the Richards equation to study water flow and heat transport in soil during freezing process. Both the finite difference and finite element method are used in the discretization, respectively. Two different computer programs are written and used to simulate an indoor unidirectional frozen test. The freezing depth, freezing rate and temperature variation are compared among lab tests, finite difference calculation simulation and finite element calculation simulation. Result shows that: the finite difference method has a better performance in freezing depth simulation while the finite element method has a better performance in numerical stability in one-dimensional freezing simulation.