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1.
B. S. Khangarot 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1981,9(6):639-649
Static bioassay acute toxicity tests of Zinc, Copper and Mercury were conducted to determine the median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of a freshwater teleost Channa marulius (HAM .) The 96 h LC50 and 95% confidence limits for Zn2+ were 25.61 (24.13 … 27.12) mg/l; 0.90 (0.80 … 1.038) mg/l; for Cu2+ and 0.314 (0.257 … 0.371) mg/l for Hg2+. However, these values decreased at 240 h of exposure and were: 21.09 (18.29 … 24.60) mg Zn2+/l; 0.66 (0.568 … 0.841) mg Cu2+/l; and 0.131 (0.103 … 0.158) mg Hg2+/l. The relative potency ratio of Zn/Hg, Zn/Cu and Cu/Hg suggests that fish were most sensitive to Hg, followed by Cu and Zn ions. The acute toxicities of mixtures of Zn2+?Cu2+; Zn2+?Hg2+, Cu2+?Hg2+ and Zn2+?Cu2+?Hg2+ up to 48 h of exposure were also investigated. The additive index and ranges for Zn2+?Cu2+ were ?0.241 (-0.577 … 0.054); 0.056 (-0.269 … 0.475) for Zn-Hg; 0.285 (-0.043 … 0.718) for Cu-Hg; and -0.542 (-1.215 … 0.005) for Zn-Cu-Hg. All the mixtures tested showed a greater than additive toxicity because index ranges overlapped zero. 相似文献
2.
In static bioassays the toxicity of heavy metal ions against Lymnaea acuminata over 24 … 96 h is tested. The values of the LC50,96h for the metals tested are, in mg/l: Hg2+ ?0.023; Cu2+-0.034, Cd2+ ?0.872, Ni2+ ?2.78, Cr6+ ?5.97 and Zn2+ ?10.49. In the combined solutions of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ at least an additive effect of toxicity occurs in the presence of two metals. The same holds for the presence of the three metals; in this case, the relative toxicity against the mixture of two metallic salt solutions appears to be slightly reduced. The acute manifestation of the toxic effect occurs within 48 h, subsequently the relative mortality decreases especially in the mixed solutions. 相似文献
3.
In the daily exchange of the medium with only 7.1 mg/l Ca2+ and 0.7 mg/l Mg2+ during the batch experiment the LC50,96h for Cyprinus carpio is 0.063 mg/l Cu2+ and 3.12 mg/l Zn2+ at water temperatures of 11 to 14°C. Significant differences in mortality as referred to the LC50,12h occur for copper only after 72 h of exposure and for zinc after 48 h of exposure. The values of LC50,96h are clearly lower for both metals in the investigations described than most data given in literature for different fish species. 相似文献
4.
The short-term toxicity of mercury, copper and zinc was studied using a freshwater pulmonate snail, Lymnaea luteola (LAMARCK ). The median period of survival increases with decreasing the toxicant concentration. The 96 h LC50 values and their confidence limits were 0.135 (0.112 … 0.186) ppm of Hg2+; 0.172 (0.118 … 0.355) ppm of Cu2+; and 6.13 (5.73 to 7.19) ppm of Zn2+. The relative potency ratio indicates that the Hg2+ ions were most toxic, followed by Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions. 相似文献
5.
In batch experiments for 6 to 48 h, individuals of Cyprinus carpio (2 g individual weight) were exposed to mixed solutions of copper and zinc sulphate: pH = 6.3, temperature 15 °C, 6.8 mg/l O2, 7.1 mg/l Ca2+, 0.7 mg/l Mg2+. The LC50 for the individual substances on exposures of 24 and 48 h amount to 9.04 and 7.28 mg/l, resp., of Zn and 0.11 and 0.095 mg/l, resp., of Cu. The sum of the biological activity of the two kinds of metal ions is assessed according to MARKING'S index: at low concentrations of the mixed solutions the two metals show an additive effect, at higher concentrations a synergistic effect occurs. 相似文献
6.
Francisco C. F. Barros Francisco W. Sousa Rivelino M. Cavalcante Tecia V. Carvalho Francisco S. Dias Danilo C. Queiroz Luiz C. G. Vasconcellos Ronaldo F. Nascimento 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2008,36(3):292-298
In this work, 8‐hydroxyquinoline is used as the active sites in cross‐linked chitosan beads with epichlorohydrin (CT‐8HQ). The CT‐8HQ material was shaped in bead form and used for heavy metal removal from aqueous solution. The study was carried out at pH 5.0 with both batch and column methods and the maximum adsorption capacity of metal ions by the CT‐8HQ was attained in 4 h in the batch experiment. The adsorption capacity order was: Cu2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+ for both mono‐ and multi‐component systems with batch conditions. From breakthrough curves with column conditions, the adsorption capacity followed the order Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Ni2+ for both mono‐ and multi‐component systems. The CT‐8HQ beads maintained good metal adsorption capacity for all five cycles with absorbent restoration achieved with the use of 1.0 mol L–1 HCl solution, with 90% regeneration. 相似文献
7.
B. S. Khangarot 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1981,9(5):505-509
The acute toxicity of copper and copper plus complexing agents to common guppy Lebistes reticulatus was studied for 96 h by a static bioassay technique. The addition of complexing agents viz. disodium salt of EDTA, citric acid, sodium thiosulphate and glycine in Cu2+ solutions caused a great decrease in the per-cent mortality as compared to that of Cu2+ test solutions alone. 10 mg/l of complexing agent was added in each copper concentration in all the test series. The 96 h LC50 values and 95% confidence limits in mg/l of Cu2+ plus were 1.23 (0.95…1.65) for Cu2+ alone; 4.30 (4.04 … 4.55) for Cu2+ plus EDTA; 1.94 (1.69 … 2.18) for Cu2+ plus citric acid; 3.44 (2.96 … 3.74) for Cu2+ sodium thiosulphate and 2.29 (2.22 … 3.02) for Cu2+ plus glycine. 相似文献
8.
The present investigation is designed to work out the isolated and in-combination effects of Zn2+, Cr6+ and Ni2+ to a fish Mystus vittatus. From all the 12 combinations, 6 are antagonistic and 6 are synergistic. The combination Cr/Ni is highly synergistic while combination (Cr + Ni)/Zn is highly antagonistic in nature. The possible mechanisms responsible for antagonistic and synergistic combinations have been discussed and indicated as the occupation of critical receptor sites by less toxic metal (antagonism) or intrinsic affinity of the individual metal for the critical site or relative concentration and distribution of the metals within the target organ site (synergism). The results drawn can be indicated in terms of the effective concentration required to reach a particular level for a particular biological end point and can be expressed as follows. 相似文献
9.
The method is based on the determination of the number of the nonmotile sperms and/or the lethally damaged sperms with the aid of the fluorescent dye primuline. Incubation takes place at a suspension density of 10.000/mm3… 38.000/mm3, at 40°C or 46 °C for 15… 60 min. During the test with sublimate the loss of motility amounts to 55% at 4 mg/l Hg2+, the LC50 is 7.3 mg/l Hg2+. Phenyl-mercuric acetate causes the total loss of motility with 20 mg/l, the LC50 is above 168 mg/l (equivalent to 100 mg/l Hg2+). The LC50 of sodiumpentadecylmonosulphonate and dodecylpyridinchloride are 11.6 and 15.8 mg/l, resp. Filtrates of blooming of cyanophyceae on Baltic, having been digested by repeated freezing and thawing, with 1.5… 6.4 g/l dry matter showed motility losses of 30… 100 % for Nodularia spumigena, whereas no significant effect was produced by a filtrate of Microcystis aeruginosa with 28.2 g/l dry matter as well as water-blooming of Nodularia spumigena from the Small Jasmund Bodden. 相似文献
10.
The LC50 for exposure of 48 and 96 h is 34.64 and 18.5 mg/l Cd2+, respectively. During the exposure to 3.5 mg/l Cd2+ from the 13th day significant differences of length and mass occur with respect to the control. Over a total of 31 days of experiment the reduction of growth rates is 11% for the longitudinal growth and 16% for the increase in weight. 相似文献
11.
There is determined the LC50 for 24 … 96 h of phenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol and pentachlorophenol as sodium salt by static assay at water temperatures of 16, 23 and 36°C. In addition, the combinations of the three substances were tested in the same way. With decreasing temperature, the toxicity of the individual substances decreased by 6.5 … 22%, that of the mixtures by 10 … 87%; with rising temperature, the toxicity increased by 38 … 747% and 75 … 744%, respectively. The safety limits at 23°C lie between 0.3 μg/l for a synergistically acting mixture and 0.9 mg/l for an antagonistically acting one; for the individual substances this range is 3.5 μg/l to 0.5 mg/l. 相似文献
12.
Acute toxicity bioassays were conducted on mine tailings produced by pilot plant testing for the proposed Quartz Hill molybdenum mine, which will be situated near Ketchikan, Alaska. Tailings bioassays were conducted in seawater with juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), mussel larvae (Mytilus edulis), infaunal amphipods (Rhepoxynius abronius), and euphausiids (Euphausia pacifica). The same general range of mine tailings concentrations was acutely toxic to all four test species with acute effects observed between 61 000 to 277 000 mg l?1 (wet wt) tailings solids (range of 95% confidence limits for LC50 and EC50 values). Chemical analyses of bioassay test solutions and leaching test solutions were conducted for metals (including Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn and Mo), EPA Priority Pollutant base/neutral organics, and more general parameters such as sulphate, nitrate/nitrite, cyanides, phosphate and ammonia. Parameters possibly contributing to the observed toxicity were complex contaminant mixtures including total suspended solids and heavy metals. The present study provides information related to the marine disposal of mine tailings and shows that these mine tailings present a relatively low level of acutely toxic effects. 相似文献
13.
Sublethal and lethal effects of biocide Slimicide C-30 on the developmental stages of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis and juvenile and adult mysid Leptomysis mediterranea were studied.Biocide at a concentration as low as 0.02 mg l?1 caused an incipient effect in the embryonic development of mussels where a decreased number of normally developed larvae from eggs was evident. Slimicide C-30 effective concentration (EC 50/96) was 0.07 mg l?1.In the mysids, the median lethal concentration (96 h LC50) was 0.11 mg l?1.Previous incubation of Slimicide C-30 at 38°C affected a small delay in mortality time (LT50) but did not cause marked change in the acute toxicity to mysids. 相似文献
14.
Lebistes reticulatus (Peters) was exposed to various concentrations of phenol, pentachlorophenol and sodium pentachlorophenolate to determine their toxicity, lethal concentrations and slope functions by a static bioassay procedure. Simultaneous controls were also run. The 94h LC50 values were 47.5mg/l (42.04 … 53.68) for phenol, 0.77 mg/l (0.616 … 0.963) for sodium pentachlorophenate and 0.97 mg/l (0.866 … 1.086) for pentachlorophenol. On this basis, the rank order is sodium pentachlorophenolate-pentachlorophenol-phenol. During the treatment, fish showed an abnormal swimming reflex, excessive mucus secretion, haemorrhage near lips, abdomen and basis of fins and loss of equilibrium followed by death. 相似文献
15.
Sea mullet (Mugil cephalus) were exposed to aqueous suspensions of tech-DDT in seawater, salinity . The 48 h LC50 calculated from these static bioassays ranged from 0.042 to 0.056 mg l.?1 DDT. Median survival times were then estimated at 15, 20, 25 and 30°C using the upper level of the 48 h LC50 range of concentrations, i.e. 0.056 mg l.?1. Results indicated that an increase in temperature produced a decrease in toxicity. However, 25°C was the only temperature at which the increase in survival time was statistically significant. Size differences within experimental fish did not contribute to MST. 相似文献
16.
The effects of short-term exposure to tetravalent platinum on survival, opercular movement and post-treatment growth of coho salmon fry (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was investigated. Employing a static water acute toxicity bioassay with platinum as PtCl42HCl·6 H2O, at 8.5±0.2°C, and a water hardness of 55.9±3.5 mg l.?1 (as CaCo3), the 24, 48, and 96-h LC50 values were 15.5, 5.2, and 2.5 mg Pt4+ l.?1 respectively.Rates of opercular movement for fish exposed to platinum increased with increasing concentrations to a level of 1.0 mg l.?1. No further significant increases were evident above this level. Hypoactivity of fish exposed to 0.3 mg l.?1 and higher was evident during the acute toxicity bioassay and much of the post-treatment study. Post-treatment rate of growth for fish exposed to sublethal concentration of platinum for 96 h was less than that of the controls.All organs examined histopathologically were within normal ranges with the exception of the gills and olfactory organ. Lesions in fish exposed to concentration of 0.3 mg l.?1 and higher were characterized by branchial epithelial hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and necrosis of olfactory epithelial cells. 相似文献
17.
以泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)、铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)、河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)为受试生物,以死亡率、渗血率、体质量变化、行动迟钝率、挖洞率为测试指标,探究沉积物中Zn和Cd对底栖生物的21 d慢性毒性效应,并对鄱阳湖Zn和Cd的沉积物基准值进行了验证.结果表明,沉积物中Cd对底栖生物的毒性效应强于Zn,沉积物中Zn、Cd对泥鳅、铜锈环棱螺、河蚬的LC50(半数致死浓度)分别为644和61 mg/kg、751和54 mg/kg、652和81 mg/kg,EC50(半数效应浓度)值分别为526和49 mg/kg、589和35 mg/kg、474和45 mg/kg.经验证,沉积物Zn和Cd的TEL(临界效应浓度)、PEL(必然效应浓度)值比较合理,具有一定适用性,即当Zn、Cd的加标含量低于TEL值时,QTEL<1,不具有毒性;当加标含量高于PEL值时,QPEL>1,毒性明显. 相似文献
18.
A report is given on laboratory investigations into model waters containing Cu2+-, Ni2+- or Zn2+-ions and tartrate, citrate, NTA or EDTA as complexing agents. There were determined residual concentrations of the metal ions at different shares of complexing agents, which are achieved by the precipitation with lime and chalk. Chalk is added in order to secure the required exess of calcium ions without causing an overalkalinization of the water. In the range of pH = 8…9, however, residual concentrations lower than 1 mg/1 are achieved only for copper ions in the presence of tartrate. 相似文献
19.
Short-term tests of the acute toxicity of Cu2+ (from copper sulphate) to a freshwater ostracod, Cypris subglobosa SOWERBY were carried out at five different pH values from 5.5 to 8.5. The toxicity of copper abruptly decreased with an increase in pH of the Cu-containing medium. The 48 h EC50 value of Cu increased from 0.35 ppm at pH =5.5… 5.1 ppm at pH =8.5. The per cent survival, median period of immobilization (ET50), slope functions and the 95 per cent confidence limits were determined at each pH level. The direct correlation between EC50 value and pH indicated that the acute toxicity of Cu decreased as the pH increased from 5.5… 8.5. 相似文献
20.
In the batch test with daily exchange of medium the effect of copper ions at 2.4 mmol/l (Ca2+ + Mg2+) over 10 d of exposure is investigated. The LT50 values and 95% confidence limits at 3.7, 2.1 and 1.0 ppm of Cu were 26.7 (23.6… 29.9), 47.5 (39.6… 57.0) and 101.5 (78.5… 130.7) h, respectively. The LC50 values of copper in ppm were 4.05 (24 h), 1.69 (48 h), 0.829 (9.96 and 0.776 (240 h). 相似文献