隐伏区活动断层遥感地质解译研究——以新乡—商丘断裂南支为例

综合利用GF-1、PALSAR雷达数据、Landsat 8 OLI等多种数据源,分析了商丘路河地区地质地貌的遥感影像特征,进行了水文地质解译和地层遥感解译,综合判定新乡—商丘断裂南支为NW走向并建立了该断层解译标志,有效地弥补了传统技术手段无法在较深覆盖区进行活动断层探测的缺陷,对覆盖区隐伏活动断层探测工作具有借鉴意义。     

三峡工程运行前后的长江中游河段冲淤变化(1975-2017年)

气候变化和流域人类活动等综合影响改变了河道演变的自然进程,尤其是流域大型水库的影响,深刻改变了下游的水沙通量与河道演变过程及趋势.以三峡工程为对象,研究坝下游水沙通量及河道演变过程对三峡工程运行的响应关系,可加深大型水利枢纽运行对下游河道演变影响的认识.本文以长江中游河段(宜昌—湖口河段)为研究对象,分析1975-20...     

浅谈潍坊地区活动断裂与地壳稳定性的关系

借助遥感手段，结合综合地质特征，对解译出的7条主要断裂带，利用热释光化验对其相对活动性进行了研究分析。并结合地震资料，对该地区的地壳稳定性进行了分析。     

稳态河道高程剖面分析的新方法——积分法

以稳态的河水动力侵蚀方程为基础,分析河道高程剖面,可以得到河道陡峭系数,从而反映区域基岩隆升速率的空间分布特征。利用传统的坡度-面积分析法计算陡峭系数时,需要对原始高程数据进行平滑、重采样和微分等一系列操作来计算坡度,这会造成信息丢失和重复引入误差。而近5a来逐渐得到推广应用的积分方法,通过直接求解河水动力侵蚀方程,将稳态的河道高程剖面变换成1条直线,直线斜率即河道陡峭系数,避免了计算坡度带来的缺点。同时,该方法用积分函数表示基岩河道高程剖面,可以将陡峭系数和其他一些地貌参数(坡度长度指数、面积高程曲线积分)联系起来,为用这些参数表示区域构造活动信息提供理论依据。此外,该方法还可用于判别分水岭迁移方向。因此,综合这些优势,积分法在分析流域地貌特征和进行构造地貌的研究中具有广阔的应用前景。     

基于多源数据的活动断裂遥感图像处理技术

本文在综合分析活动断裂遥感影像特征的基础上, 主要研究了活动断裂与隐伏断裂调查中遥感图像处理。基于SAR影像、 ETM+影像、 SPOT-5影像及高精度DEM数据, 运用SAR图像与ETM+多光谱图像融合方法、 ETM+图像纹理特征和光谱特征组合增强方法等, 结合断裂周围高分辨率影像及其三维影像, 综合分析解译了济南市周边活动断裂, 为该地区地震地质调查和精确定位活动隐伏构造提供了依据。     

基于CSAMT和3D重磁地球物理模型综合解译相山石洞地区深部地质结构

本文利用CSAMT方法对相山石洞地区进行了深部地质结构探测.并尝试借助于先进的专业软件平台Oasis montaj对研究区已有的重磁数据生成3D重磁地球物理模型,从重磁模型中切取与实测CSAMT剖面大小、位置一致的密度切片和磁化率切片.将实测CSAMT剖面与密度切片和磁化率切片共同应用于解译石洞地区的深部地质结构.研究结果表明:CSAMT法较清晰的划分出了该地区的主要岩层的组间界面,刻画出了岩性界面的起伏形态,且与重磁资料共同识别出了3条已知断裂以及推测出了1条隐伏断裂;通过充分利用已有的重磁数据,不仅可以为CSAMT的地质解译提供依据,还可以提高地球物理数据的利用率降低地质工作的勘探成本.     

基于迁移学习的青藏高原东北缘地震诱发滑坡易发性评估模型

通过研究,旨在提出一种迁移学习方法,以应对机器学习在缺乏历史滑坡点数据的大区域很难取得良好的评估效果的挑战。首先,通过结合10个影响因子利用随机森林算法对2013年芦山7.0级地震极震区进行预训练,得到高精度的预训练模型。随后,采用直推式迁移学习方法进行初始迁移,并利用“半监督”评估方式补充青藏高原东北缘地区的标签数值点。最后,利用归纳式迁移学习进一步训练预训练模型,得到在青藏高原东北缘地区评估更准确的地震诱发滑坡易发性评估图。此外,使用Kullback-Leibler散度计算迁移前后区域影响因子数据的相似性,并对2022年泸定6.8级地震极震区进行评估应用,验证基于迁移学习的青藏高原东北缘地震诱发滑坡易发性评估模型的准确性。研究结果可为该区域地震诱发滑坡灾害预防提供一定的参考。     

国产GF-2和ZY-3卫星数据在活动断裂定量研究中的应用以哈思山南麓断裂带为例

利用国产GF-2和ZY-3卫星数据, 以海原断裂带哈思山南麓断裂为例, 应用目视综合解译、 三维立体解译, 结合野外验证, 定量分析国产高分数据在活动构造定量研究中的应用潜力。 GF-2融合影像展示了清晰的断层陡坎、 冲沟左旋断错及同震破裂等现象, 依据解译结果哈思山南麓断裂可分为正走滑型的荒凉滩—沙葱沟段、 左旋走滑型的沙葱沟—黄河段以及以左旋运动为主黄河—沈家庄段。 沿断裂带进行的1∶50000遥感解译工作在地层边界、 构造微地貌细节信息提取等方面均有较大的改进, 解译得到的最小左旋水平位移量4.3 m, 反映1920年海原地震的水平同震位移量, 而最大左旋水平位移量333.5 m, 则反映该段晚第四纪的持续运动。 研究表明, 海量国产高分辨率卫星数据在中国西部活动构造定量研究中可替代国外同等分辨率的数据, 具有较强的应用价值。     

山东成武——曹县地区磁异常特征及铁矿预测

BIF型铁矿是发育于华北克拉通内的主要铁矿类型之一,在鲁西南多地也发育该类型铁矿.通过收集以往地质、物探、矿产等成果资料,本次研究工作优选了成武—曹县航磁异常区开展1∶2.5万高精度磁法测量,同时在磁异常重点地段辅以大比例尺重磁精测剖面来进行异常综合解译;上述测量成果查明了研究区磁异常特征和异常较高部位分布范围,即该区磁场表现为"南东、北西低;中部、西部高"的特点,同时该重、磁异常具有同源的特征,与区域上已勘查发现的单县铁矿床物探异常形态相类似.物探数据解译推断了研究区内的构造格架(NW向和NE向2条基岩断裂,分别为曹县断裂和王集断裂),圈定了泰山岩群山草峪组及古近纪地层的分布范围,前者分布于研究区北部地区,后者分布于研究区南侧和西侧地区.本次物探解译工作共圈出了4处磁异常(分别为冉堌镇磁异常、普连集磁异常、九女集磁异常、安仁集磁异常);通过对以上磁异常的对比分析和综合研究,本次研究工作共在该4处磁异常中进一步圈定了4处找矿靶区(分别为冉堌镇找矿靶区、普连集找矿靶区、九女集找矿靶区、安仁集找矿靶区).综合分析上述找矿靶区的勘查前景认为以上找矿靶区具有一定的勘查价值,其中安仁集找矿靶区的铁矿勘查前景较好.     

使用高分辨率的地形数据作为地震场地条件替代指标的研究

近年来,从美国航天飞机雷达地形测绘使命（SRTM）30弧秒（arcsec）的数字高程模型（DEM）中提出一种估计全球地震场地条件或者地下30m的平均剪切波速（Vs30）的新方法。在缺少基于地质和岩土的场地条件分布图的地区,使用该方法的前提是通过Vs30的测量值和地形坡度的相关性,可以把地形坡度作为一个可靠估计Vs30的替代指标。在这里,我们来检验使用高分辨率（3弧秒和9弧秒）的数字高程模型数据是否能够解析出比使用低分辨率航天飞机雷达地形测绘数据更详细的Vs30数据。在全球范围内,并不能全部获得比30弧秒更高分辨率的数字高程模型数据。然而,在存在这些数据的许多地区,这些数据被用来解译地形坡度的精尺度变化,并最终解译Vs30。我们使用美国地质调查局地球资源观测和科学（EROS）数据中心的国家高程数据集（NED）,在美国几个地区研究使用高分辨率的数字高程模型数据来估计VS30,这些地区包括加利福尼亚州的旧金山湾地区、洛杉矶、加利福尼亚州及密苏里州圣路易斯市。我们将这些结果与全球范围内都能获取的台湾台北市使用9弧秒航天飞机雷达地形测绘数据的例子作比较。使用较高分辨率的美国国家高程数据集重新得到更精细尺度的地形坡度变化,这可更好地与地质和地貌特征相关联,特别是在丘陵—盆地之间的过渡带,确保使用30弧秒的航天飞机雷达地形测绘数据是可行的。然而,统计分析表明,与低分辨率地形所得到的Vs30测量值相比,测量值很少或者没有得到改善提高。这表明一些地形平滑处理可能会提供更稳定的Vs30估计。此外我们发现,在精度高于30弧秒的航天飞机雷达地形测绘数据有遮盖的地区高程变化范围过大,不能解译出可靠的坡度,特别是在较低坡度的沉积盆地．     

Fractal sinuosity of stream channels

Analysis of a diverse set of twelve stream channel planforms indicates that at scales relevant to river meandering, river traces are most reasonably treated as fractal curves. The atypically high degree of channel wandering apparent at such scales is a common characteristic of all single-channel streams, while identifiable meandering appears to be only one way in which this tendency is expressed. At smaller scales of view river paths have shapes of smooth curves appropriate to Euclidian geometry, and toward larger scales a distinct change in degree of wandering marks the transition to bends that are considered to be changes in general river course rather than parts of channel pattern. This analysis method provides a natural, objective calculation of river sinuosity as well as other parameters that more completely specify channel planform.     

The impact of afforestation on stream bank erosion and channel form

Modification of the land use of a small catchment through coniferous afforestation is shown to have influenced stream bank erosion and channel form. Field mapping and erosion pin measurements over a 19-month period provides evidence of more active bank erosion along forested channel reaches than along non-forested. Extrapolation of downstream increases in bankfull width, bankfull depth, and channel capacity with increasing basin area for the non-forested catchment has demonstrated that afforestation of the lower part of the catchment has had a marked effect on channel form. Channel widths within the forest are up to three times greater than that predicted from the regression. These changes in bankfull width have led to stream bed aggradation and the development of wide shallow channels within the forest, and channel capacities within the forest are over two times that predicted from the basin area. The relationship between channel sinuosity and valley gradient for non-forested reaches of the river also indicated decreased sinuosity resulting from afforestation. These changes in channel form result from active bank erosion within the forest with coarse material being deposited within the channel as point-bars and mid-channel bars. Active bank erosion is largely attributed to the suppression by the forest of a thick grass turf and its associated dense network of fine roots, and secondly to the river attempting to bypass log jams and debris dams in the stream channel.     

城市化对水系结构及其连通性的影响——以秦淮河中、下游为例

针对当前城市化所引起水系衰减、河流连通受阻以及由此所引起洪涝与水环境的问题,以秦淮河中、下游为例,选取1979和2006年两期流域遥感影像,分析了城市化影响下的下垫面变化特征;选取1980s和2009年的地形图对河流水系进行提取,借鉴景观生态学中河流廊道空间结构分析方法,通过不同时期水系分级,探讨了城市化对水系结构及其连通性的影响.结果表明:(1)城市化使得2006年城镇用地面积相比1979年增加84.54 km²,增加了9倍多,大量林草地、耕地以及水域转变成城镇用地;(2)河流长度在过去的30年里减少了41%,河道主干化趋势明显;河流发育呈现由多元到单一、由复杂到简单的趋势;(3)连通性参数连接率、实际结合度分别由原来的1.28、0.43下降到0.79、0.26,河流的连通性呈下降趋势.该研究将为城市化地区河流水系保护提供支持与参考.     

Channel precipitation dynamics in a forested Pennsylvania headwater catchment (USA)

Seasonal and event variations in stream channel area and the contributions of channel precipitation to stream flow were studied on a 106‐ha forested headwater catchment in central Pennsylvania. Variations in stream velocity, flowing stream surface width and widths of near‐stream saturated areas were periodically monitored at 61 channel transects over a two‐year period. The area of flowing stream surface and near‐stream saturated zones combined, ranged from 0·07% of basin area during summer low flows to 0·60% of total basin area during peak storm flows. Near‐stream saturated zones generally represented about half of the total channel area available to intercept throughfall and generate channel precipitation. Contributions of routed channel precipitation from the flowing stream surface and near‐stream zones, calculated using the Penn State Runoff Model (PSRM, v. 95), represented from 1·1 to 6·4% of total stream flow and 2·5–29% of total storm flow (stream flow–antecedent baseflow) during the six events. Areas of near‐stream saturated zones contributed 35–52% of the computed channel precipitation during the six events. Channel precipitation contributed a higher percentage of stream flow for events with low antecedent baseflow when storm flow generated by subsurface sources was relatively low. Expansion of channel area and consequent increases in volumes of channel precipitation with flow increases during events was non‐linear, with greater rates of change occurring at lower than at higher discharge rates. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

武威盆地晚更新世河流阶地变形与新构造活动

根据武威盆地 7条河流的阶地测量资料和测年数据探讨了河流阶地变形与新构造活动的关系。河流阶地的变形特征反映出新构造活动的方式 ,断层活动以逆冲为主 ,河流阶地的错断状况表明活动断层活动的次数 ,盆地西部活动至少有 7次 ,东部活动至少有 5次 ;同时可表明断层活动的幅度与强度 ,以及不同时期活动强烈区具有迁移变化的特点。武威盆地晚更新世以来发育的第四纪断层主要有 3条 ,各条断裂活动次数、强度不尽相同 ,以山前断裂活动最为强烈 ,至今活动仍未停息。 6 0ka前后西部活动强烈 ,2 0ka以来东强西弱     

Seismicity and neotectonic uplift in the Augrabies Falls National Park,Namaqualand,Northern Cape,South Africa

Gneissic rocks in the Augrabies Falls National Park are part of the Proterozoic Namaqua-Natal mobile belt. Finding neotectonic evidence in old terranes is always not an easy task. In South Africa, the mid-Miocene is believed to be the beginning of neotectonics. This study investigated the occurrence and recurrence of earthquake activity, occurrence of faulting, jointing, uplift, and potholes in the gneisses cropping out around the Augrabies Falls area that may account for neotectonics. A historic seismic event obtained from the United States Geological Survey(USGS), and seismic epicenters downloaded in October 2015 from IRIS earthquake browser and overlaid on a satellite image with digitised faults and lineaments,indicates that the area is seismically active and is a zone of seismic risk. Potholes occurring today on a dry surface at approximately 613 m above sea level are a direct consequence of the Griqualand-Transvaal neotectonic uplift,which generated a major fault along which water flows continuously. It is concluded that the Augrabies Falls National Park area is a zone of neotectonics. This zone should not be considered for the storage of nuclear wastes.     

Invariance and scaling properties in the distributions of contributing area and energy in drainage basins

The cumulative probability distributions for stream order, stream length, contributing area, and energy dissipation per unit length of channel are derived, for an ordered drainage system, from Horton's laws of network composition. It is shown how these distributions can be related to the fractal nature of single rivers and river networks. Finally, it is shown that the structure proposed here for these probability distributions is able to fit the observed frequency distributions, and their deviations from straight lines in a log-log plot.     

The headward extent of fluvial landforms and associated vegetation on massanutten mountain,Virginia

Variation in fluvial landforms and associated vegetation in the headward (upstream) direction has received little study and the controlling factors are not well understood. The relations among channel gradient, basin area, stream order, and the headward extent of fluvial landforms and vegetation was studied in 18 small basins and larger nearby stream reaches in the Massanutten Mountain area, northern Shenandoah Valley, Virginia. Low-order streams were traversed to their basin heads. Notice was made of the point or region of the disappearance of fluvial landforms. Indicator species were used to confirm landform identification. The studied landforms include the channel bar, channel shelf, floodplain, and terraces. Basin geomorphic characteristics were determined from topographic and geologic maps and ground surveys. Results suggest that gradient is the most important factor controlling the development of fluvial landforms. Floodplains have not developed along stream reaches where average channel gradients exceed 0.15. Channel shelves and associated vegetation occur farther upstream than floodplains.     

Wood storage in a wide mountain river: case study of the Czarny Dunajec,Polish Carpathians

Storage of large woody debris in the wide, mountain, Czarny Dunajec River, southern Poland, was investigated following two floods of June and July 2001 with a seven‐year frequency. Within a reach, to which wood was delivered only by bank erosion and transport from upstream, wood quantities were estimated for eighty‐nine, 100 m long, channel segments grouped into nine sections of similar morphology. Results from regression analysis indicated the quantity of stored wood to be directly related to the length of eroded, wooded banks and river width, and inversely related to unit stream power at the flood peak. The largest quantities of wood (up to 33 t ha^?1) were stored in wide, multi‐thread river sections. Here, the relatively low transporting ability of the river facilitated deposition of transported wood while a considerable length of eroded channel and island banks resulted in a large number of trees delivered from the local riparian forest. In these sections, a few morphological and ecological situations led to the accumulation of especially large quantities of wood within a small river area. Very low amounts of wood were stored in narrow, single‐thread sections of regulated or bedrock channel. High stream power facilitated transport of wood through these sections while the high strength of the banks and low channel sinuosity prevented bank retreat and delivery of trees to the channel. Considerable differences in the character of deposited wood existed between wide, multi‐thread channel sections located at different distances below a narrow, 7 km long, channellized reach of the river. Wood deposited close to the downstream end of the channellized reach was highly disintegrated and structured into jams, whereas further downstream well preserved shrubs and trees prevailed. This apparently reflects differences in the distance of wood transport and shows that in a mountain river wider than the height of trees growing on its banks, wood can be transported long distances along relatively narrow, single‐thread reaches but is preferentially deposited in wide, multi‐thread reaches. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The influence of sediment size,relative grain size and channel slope on initiation of sediment motion in boulder bed rivers. A lichenometric study

Sediment transport of four boulder bed rivers is studied using lichenometry. The presence of lichens on boulders in the river channel is used to date the last mobilization of the blocks. Using size frequency diagrams and regional growth curves calibrated with dated reference points it is possible to determine the flood event responsible for the last mobilization of each boulder with lichens present. The specific stream power of flood events over the last 60 years is then calculated, and thresholds of sediment transport based on the sediment size are calculated. The results from the four studied rivers are compared to similar relationships in the literature. Sediment motion thresholds appear to be very variable within the same type of river (mountainous boulder bed rivers). The critical specific stream power necessary to mobilize a particle of a given diameter may vary by up to 10 times from one river to the next. Bed sediment size and river slope may explain this large range of stream powers. Calculation of the relative size of the transported particles (D_i/D₅₀) also shows that both hiding and protrusion effects, as well as channels slope, are important factors in sediment transport. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.