Analytical modelling of hammer impact for pile driving

Estimation of the drivability of piles requires modelling of the hammer impact in order to provide the input force wave at the pile head. Historically, this has been achieved through a numerical model of the hammer components (ram, cushion and anvil), which is then linked with that of the pile in order to effect the drivability analysis. This paper presents an analytical model of hammer impact, based on lumped ram and anvil masses separated by a cushion with internal damping, and connected to the pile which is modelled as a dashpot. Force–time responses derived from the analytical model are compared with actual field data, and also with results from commercially available numerical models of hammer impact. The analytical model is then used to explore the characteristics of hammer impact, with particular attention to combinations of parameters that lead to hammer bounce and, hence, significant loss of energy transferred to the pile.     

Multivariate adaptive regression splines for analysis of geotechnical engineering systems

With the rapid increases in processing speed and memory of low-cost computers, it is not surprising that various advanced computational learning tools such as neural networks have been increasingly used for analyzing or modeling highly nonlinear multivariate engineering problems. These algorithms are useful for analyzing many geotechnical problems, particularly those that lack a precise analytical theory or understanding of the phenomena involved. In situations where measured or numerical data are available, neural networks have been shown to offer great promise for mapping the nonlinear interactions (dependency) between the system’s inputs and outputs. Unlike most computational tools, in neural networks no predefined mathematical relationship between the dependent and independent variables is required. However, neural networks have been criticized for its long training process since the optimal configuration is not known a priori. This paper explores the use of a fairly simple nonparametric regression algorithm known as multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) which has the ability to approximate the relationship between the inputs and outputs, and express the relationship mathematically. The main advantages of MARS are its capacity to produce simple, easy-to-interpret models, its ability to estimate the contributions of the input variables, and its computational efficiency. First the MARS algorithm is described. A number of examples are then presented that explore the generalization capabilities and accuracy of this approach in comparison to the back-propagation neural network algorithm.     

海洋石油平台超长桩拒锤分析及工程实例

桩基础是海洋石油平台常用的基础形式,受海上环境的限制通常分段制造、运输和锤击贯入,各桩段通过焊接连为整体,若接桩等造成停锤时间较长,后继打桩可能产生拒锤现象。打桩过程中桩周土体会积累很大的超静孔隙水压力,使桩周一定范围内土体发生水力劈裂现象,导致桩周土体排水固结及强度恢复速度加快,停锤时间越长,土体强度恢复程度越大,造成后继打桩困难甚至拒锤。提出了一种通过疲劳因子? 考虑停锤期间土体强度的恢复,利用GRLWEAP软件计算后继打桩贯入所需锤击数并判断拒锤风险的分析方法。将工程实例和实测结果进行了对比,文中方法计算得到后继打桩贯入锤击数和实测值接近,表明其可行且应用性较强,可为工程设计和施工提供指导。     

动力打桩一维波动方程的改进及其工程应用

对桩的可打入性进行准确的分析和预测是打桩施工的关键环节,同时也关系到整个工程的进度与成败.近年来,在海洋工程和港口工程中都出现了大直径、超长桩,由于这种桩的重量大对桩的可打入性有显著影响,考虑桩身自重和桩周土阻力,对打桩分析的一维应力波动方程进行改进、推导.采用有限差分法求解波动方程,编制计算程序结合实际工程进行打桩分析,分析结果与实测数据吻合较好,表明经改进的动力打桩一维波动方程能很好的预测桩的可打入性及打桩过程中桩身应力分布情况.     

Numerical modelling of large deformations associated with driving of open‐ended piles

This paper presents a ‘Eulerian‐like’ finite element technique to simulate the large accumulated displacements of piles subjected to multiple hammer blows. For each hammer blow, results are obtained using a standard small strain finite element model and, at the end of each hammer blow, material flow is taken into account with reference to a fixed finite element mesh. Residual stresses calculated at the Gauss integration points of the deformed finite element mesh are mapped on to the fixed finite element mesh, and these stresses are used as initial stresses for the next hammer blow. At the end of each hammer blow, stiffness and mass matrices are recalculated for the volume of material remaining inside the fixed finite element mesh. Results obtained with and without allowing material to flow through the fixed mesh are compared for several hammer blows. Build up of residual stresses, soil flow and yielded points around the pile are presented for plugged, partially‐plugged and unplugged piles. Using the new finite element technique, the driving of a pile from the soil surface is studied. The ability to analyse this and other large deformation problems is the main advantage of the new finite element technique. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大直径超长桩打桩过程中桩周土体的疲劳与强度恢复

大直径超长桩的出现给海上的打桩施工增加了难度和复杂性,也使得打桩分析和预估锤击数具有重要的意义。研究表明,当连续进行打桩施工时,桩长时间连续运动导致桩侧土体强度降低,土体产生了疲劳,沉桩相对容易,使得桩体的贯入度与锤击数较预测偏低;当施工停止一段时间后,土体固结排水,强度得到恢复甚至提高,导致继续打桩时难度增加,锤击数增高或出现无法继续贯入的现象。结合一维应力波动理论、桩-土相互作用模型、土体的有效应力原理和固结理论,提出了模拟土体疲劳和强度恢复的数值分析方法,对采油平台的桩基工程进行了打桩分析,计算结果与实测数据吻合较好,说明提出的数值模拟方法具有可靠性。     

大直径嵌岩斜桩冲击成孔速度的影响因素分析

随着工程建设向外海、深水区域不断发展,大直径嵌岩灌注斜桩因其具有更好的承受水平载荷能力,在港口、码头等构筑物基础施工中得到了广泛应用。受工程场地和桩孔设计参数等的影响,该类嵌岩桩多采用冲击成孔的施工方式,且其成孔速度相对其他灌注桩施工方法仍然非常低（约为0.1 m/h）。基于此,本文建立了大直径嵌岩斜桩冲击成孔过程中的冲锤下落受力模型,并通过单因素分析和双因素耦合分析的方式研究了冲锤质量、冲击行程、桩孔斜度,以及冲锤与钢护筒之间的摩擦系数等因素对冲击成孔速度的影响规律。分析认为,在桩孔斜度确定的情况下,冲锤质量和冲击行程是影响冲击成孔效率的主要因素,而摩擦系数的影响可以不作具体要求。     

软黏土中PHC管桩打入过程中土塞效应研究

当开口管桩打入土层中,土体进入桩内形成土塞,土塞效应对桩的打入特性和承载能力具有重要影响。基于上海典型软土地基中长PHC桩的现场试验,统计分析3个不同场地共44根桩打桩过程中的土塞数据,探讨软土地基中PHC桩打桩过程中土塞长度与内径之比、土塞增量与桩打入深度增量之比(IFR)随打入桩长与内径之比变化的规律,并线性拟合出土塞增量与桩打入深度增量之比与土塞高度和桩打入深度之比(PLR)的经验公式。研究表明,大部分PHC桩在打桩过程中,土塞部分闭塞,桩从浅部较硬土层打入较软土层,IFR值减小,土塞闭塞作用大;桩从较软土层打入深部较硬土层,IFR值逐渐增大,土塞闭塞作用小,且土塞长度增量与桩打入深度增量之比与土塞长度与桩打入深度之比基本呈线性关系。     

Field measurements regarding the influence of the installation method on soil plugging in tubular piles

Soil plugging in open-ended piles leads to an increase in compressive bearing capacity but also influences pile driving resistance. Many different factors affect the tendency for soil plugging, for example, pile diameter, penetration depth and installation method. In this paper, the influence of the installation method on soil plugging is investigated. In situ measurements during the installation of two instrumented tubular piles are carried out to investigate the internal and external stresses acting on the pile during the installation process. Furthermore, the cone penetration resistance inside one pile is measured during the installation, and the accelerations and strains at the pile head are monitored to predict the bearing capacity. The installation method is varied between vibratory and impact pile driving. The results show that a significant increase in horizontal stresses inside the pile occurs during impact driving which leads to the conclusion that a soil plug is formed. During vibratory pile driving, no stress increase was observed.     

Determination of Bearing Capacity for Piles with CASE Method

A method named CASE method is presented for determining the statically axial bearing capacity of piles from dynamic measurements of force and acceleration performed under the impact of a large hammer. The basic equation for calculating resistance against pile penetration is derived. The examples of field measurements are given. In order to use CASE method effectively, it is necessary to determine “damping ”constant by comparison the pile bearing capacity from static method with that from CASE method, or by changing hammer weight or dropping height to cause the Vb to close on zero and to obtain the static bearing capacity of pile.     

Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline (Mars) for Prediction of Elastic Modulus of Jointed Rock Mass

This article presents multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) for determination of elastic modulus (E_j) of jointed rock mass. MARS is a technique to estimate general functions of high-dimensional arguments given sparse data. It is a nonlinear and non-parametric regression methodology. The input variables of model are joint frequency (J_n), joint inclination parameter (n), joint roughness parameter (r), confining pressure (σ₃) and elastic modulus (E_i) of intact rock. The developed MARS gives an equation for determination of E_j of jointed rock mass. The results from the developed MARS model have been compared with those of artificial neural networks (ANNs) using average absolute error. The developed MARS gives a robust model for determination of E_j of jointed rock mass.     

凯司(CASE)法确定桩的承载力

本文介绍了用测量大锤撞击作用下的力和加速度以确定桩的静态轴向承载力的凯司(CASE)法。介绍了推导计算桩贯入阻抗力的基本方程,并给出了现场测量的例子。要有效地使用这种方法,就要将其测得的承载力与静力法测得的桩承载力对比来确定“阻尼”常数,或通过改变锤重和落距使V_b。趋近零,获得桩的静承载力,并求得“阻尼”常数。     

复合载体夯扩桩技术在河漫滩区的应用

复合载体夯扩桩是由干硬性混凝土及填充料等经细长锤夯扩形成的复合载体和钢筋混凝土桩身组成。它具有挤密地基及扩大桩端面积的双重作用。此技术以环境污染小（无泥浆）、节约资源且较经济（桩径小）,而得到较快的发展和应用。本文结合工程实际,对其在河漫滩地区的应用进行探讨,为今后在同类地区的设计和施工提供参考。     

Determination of ultimate capacity of driven piles in cohesionless soil: A Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline approach

The determination of ultimate capacity (Q) of driven piles in cohesionless soil is an important task in geotechnical engineering. This article adopts Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline (MARS) for prediction Q of driven piles in cohesionless soil. MARS uses length (L), angle of shear resistance of the soil around the shaft (?_shaft), angle of shear resistance of the soil at the tip of the pile (?_tip), area (A), and effective vertical stress at the tip of the pile as input variables. Q is the output of MARS. The results of MARS are compared with that of the Generalized Regression Neural Network model. An equation has been also presented based on the developed MARS. The results show the strong potential of MARS to be applied to geotechnical engineering as a regression tool. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新桩贯入对邻近再利用既有桩的影响

采用理论分析的方法,首先基于半无限土体中改进的球孔扩张理论,求解新桩沉桩挤土效应引起的土体位移场。然后将其作为已知条件施加于邻近既有桩,分析既有桩变形和内力变化规律,探讨既有桩桩端约束条件、桩身刚度及土体模量对既有桩响应的影响;同时结合数值分析,对本文理论方法进行验证。最后分析了新旧桩之间距离和新桩半径对挤土效应引起的既有桩变形和内力的影响。结果表明：桩端约束形式仅影响桩端附近桩身变形;随着新旧桩之间距离的增加,既有桩变形和内力显著减小;随着桩径的增加,既有桩变形和内力均逐渐增大。最后提出采用远离既有桩和采用长细桩的措施来降低新桩施工对既有桩的影响。     

盾构施工对桩基的影响及桩基近邻度划分

隧道盾构施工过程中因盾构对土体的扰动和盾构脱出而没有及时注浆或注浆量不够,通常会对隧道邻近的桩基造成影响,如桩基内力发生改变从而使桩基变形、移位等,影响了桩基的承载力和正常使用。正交试验是一种高效、快速的找出某种指标的主要和次要影响因素的方法。通过建立盾构施工过程中近邻桩基的弹塑性有限元模型,结合正交试验和方差分析,得到了盾构施工对近邻桩基的影响因素大小。结果表明,盾构隧道施工过程中对近邻桩基沉降影响大小的因素依次为：桩与隧道的距离、桩顶荷载、应力损失和土体物理力学性质;桩基在(2.5～3.0)D0（D0为隧道直径）以外,则桩基基本上不受盾构开挖的影响;桩顶沉降与桩顶原来的荷载相关性显著,桩顶荷载的大小反映了土体应力水平的高低。根据方差分析的显著性检验结果提出桩基近邻度的概念和计算公式,把盾构隧道周围的桩基分为非常近、近邻、远邻和非常远等4类桩,表明Ⅰ类桩和Ⅱ类桩受到盾构施工的影响较大,施工前应对桩基采取必要的保护和加固措施,Ⅲ类桩视情况进行处理,Ⅳ类桩一般不需要处理。     

A full-scale field study for performance evaluation of axially loaded large-diameter cylinder piles with pipe piles and PSC piles

This paper presents the results from a pile load testing program for a bridge construction project in Louisiana. The testing includes two 54-in. open-ended spun cast concrete cylinder piles, one 30-in. open-ended steel pile and two (30- and 16-in.) square prestressed concrete (PSC) piles driven at two locations with very similar soil conditions. Both cone penetration tests (CPTs) and soil borings/laboratory testing were used to characterize the subsurface soil conditions. All the test piles were instrumented with vibrating wire strain gauges to measure the load distribution along the length of the test piles and measure the skin friction and end-bearing capacity, separately. Dynamic load tests were performed on all test piles at different times after pile installations to quantify the amount of setup with time. Static load tests were also performed on the PSC and open-ended steel piles. Due to expected large pile capacities, the statnamic test method was used on the two open-ended cylinder piles. The pile capacities of these piles were evaluated using various CPT methods (such as Schmertmann, De Ruiter and Beringen, LCPC, Lehane et al. methods). The result showed that all the methods can estimate the skin friction with good accuracy, but not the end-bearing capacity. The normalized cumulative blow counts during pile installation showed that the blow count was always higher for the PSC piles compared to the large-diameter open-ended cylinder pile, regardless of pile size and hammer size. Setup was observed for all the piles, which was mainly attributed to increase in skin frictions. The setup parameters “A” were back-calculated for all the test piles and the values were between 0.31 and 0.41.     

桩端沉降测量对试桩成果分析的意义

桩端沉降测量和试桩资料的分析结果表明,桩在传递上部荷载与地基土之间产生的应力应变过程,表现为桩的弹性杆件和地基土的弹—塑性变形特征。从而对受荷桩,尤其是长柱和超长桩的应力应变特征有了更切合实际的认识。     

BP、Hopfield神经网络在位场反演中的应用比较

比较了BP、Hopfield二种神经网络模型的特性及其运行机制,分别用于位场反演,还比较了各自在位场反演中的应用效果。结果表明:这二种神经网络模型虽然都可用于位场反演,但由于Hopfield网络缺乏学习能力,不能较好地利用已知地质、地球物理信息而受到限制。而BP神经网络具有较强的学习能力,能从已知的信息中得到有利于解决最优化问题的结论,比Hopfield神经网络更加适合于位场的反演问题。     

被动桩中土拱效应问题的数值分析

被动桩对侧向位移的土层起到遮拦作用的机理主要是土拱效应。采用有限元软件Plaxis 8.1,详细地研究了被动桩中土拱效应的产生机理,分析了导致侧向位移的荷载大小、土体性质、群桩以及桩土接触面性质等影响因素对土拱效应性态和桩土应力分担比的影响,分析表明,桩间距是影响土拱效应的最主要因素。