豫西卢氏八宝山铁铜多金属矿床黄铁矿成分研究

<正>东秦岭地区不仅是我国世界级钼矿的聚集区也是一个重要的金矿和多金属矿聚集区(Mao et al.,2011)。这些矿床主要形成在235¹10Ma,且在过去的十年间得到了众多学者的大量研究(Stein et al.,1997;Mao et al.,2002,2011;李永峰等,2005;叶会寿等,2006;Zhang et al.,2007,2011;Chen et al.,2008,2009;Zhu et al.,2009;Xu et al.,2010;     

江西德兴地区中侏罗世斑岩铜成矿系统、冷却、剥蚀历史:来自同位素年代学和低温热年代学的制约

<正>目前,对于斑岩铜矿的研究主要集中于探讨温度区间为200⁸00℃范围内矿床的成因问题,例如岩体形成时代及顺序、矿化和热液蚀变时代以及热液活动时限等(Barra et al.,2002;Masterman et al.,2004;Deckart et al.,2005;Pollard et al.,2005;Campbell et al.,2006;Mao et al.,2006;Baumgartner et al.,2009;Redmond and Einaudi,2010;Sillitoe and Mortensen,2010;Vry et al.,2010;Shen et al.,2012;Zhu et al.,2012)。虽然这些问题很重要,但是仍然不足以全面的认识和     

加热白云母的穆斯堡尔效应及光学吸收光谱的研究

近年来,层状硅酸盐加热后氧化态的变化以及阳离子在各晶位的迁移引起了人们的兴趣,由于穆斯堡尔效应和光学吸收光谱是测定铁以及某些过渡族离子的氧化状态变化及位置分布的最有效的方法,因此,一些研究主要集中在黑云母等层状硅酸盐的穆斯堡尔效应和光学吸收光谱的研究上(Tripathi et al.,1978;Hogg et al.,1975)。     

Nd-Sr Isotopic Geochemistry of the Late Archean-Paleoproterozoic Granitoids in the Lüliang-Wutai Terrain,North China Craton,and Implications for Petrogenesis

1 Introduction The tectono-thermal evolution of the North China Craton (NCC) in Late Archean to Paleoproterozoic times has long been attractive to many researchers (Wan et al., 2000; Zhao et al., 2000, 2002; Guo et al., 2001; Liu et al., 2002; Zhai and Liu 2003; Zhai, 2004; Yu et al., 2004; Kr?ner et al., 2005; Wilde et al., 2005). Zhao et al. (2000, 2002) proposed a tectono-thermo framework for the evolution of the NCCbased on detailed petrological and geochronological data, and they …     

Modification of the High-Pressure-Type Chromites into the Low- Pressure-Type: Petrological Investigation of the Podiform Chromitites in the Luobusa Ophiolite, Tibet

<正>The podiform chromitites in the Luobusa ophiolite,Southern Tibet,have received much attention because of the presence of ultrahigh-pressure minerals,such as microdiamonds(Bai et al.,1993;Yang et al.,2007;Xu et al.,2009),coesite(Yang et al.,2007)and highly reduced metal phases(Bai et al.,2000;Robinson et al.,2004).The     

东太平洋海隆2°S热液区硫化物He、Ar同位素组成

<正>自东太平洋海隆(EPR)21°N首次发现高温热液喷口(Francheteau et al.,1979;Spiess et al.,1980)以来,沿EPR发现了一系列活动热液喷口和硫化物矿床。大量热液活动调查研究表明不同喷口热液流体化学特征具有很大相似性(Von Damm,1990;Von Damm et al.,1995),例如最早报道的加拉帕格斯裂谷热液流体3He/4He比值具有很好的一致性(Lupton et al.,1977;Jenkins et al.,1978),沉淀形成的硫化物矿     

A Modified Transformed Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index for Cropland in Jilin Province,China

正1 Introduction Vegetation indices (VIs) derived from satellite observations are an essential source of information for operational monitoring of the Earth's vegetation (Qu et al.,2018;Yan et al.,2008).However,soil background dramatically affects the performances ofⅥs (Baret and Guyot,1991;Gilabert et al.,2002;Huete,1988;Qi et al.,1994).So soil-adjustedⅥs (Baret and Guyot,1991;Gilabert et al.,2002;Huete,1988;Qi et al.,1994) are     

Two Discrete UHP and HP Metamorphic Belts in the Central Orogenic Belt, China

INTRODUCTION Anew ultrahigh pressure ( UHP) metamorphicbelt ,the South Altun-North Qaidam-North QinlingUHP metamorphic belt ,has been recently discoveredand widely discussed by different workers (Yang J Set al .,2003 ,2002 ,2001 ,2000 ,1998 ;Zhang J Xetal .,2002 ,1999 ; Zhang G et al .,2001 ; Hu et al .,1996 ,1995 ,1994) . Detailed studies have also beencarried out onthe Dabie-Sulu UHP/ HP metamorphicbelt inthe central orogenic belt (COB) of China (Gaoet al .,2002 ;Sun et al …     

Zircon SHRIMP Dating for the Weiya Pluton, Eastern Tianshan: Its Geological Implications

1 Introduction Voluminous literature has resulted from study of the geology and tectonic evironments of post-orogenic granitoids in eastern Tianshan (He et al., 1995; Han et al., 1997; Gu et al., 1999, 2001; Li et al., 2003; Chen et al., 2004). Previous contributions (Hu et al., 1997; Li et al., 2003) indicate that major events of continental collision in northern Xinjiang occurred around 300 Ma. Then, the tectonics converted from compression to extension, resulting in the uplifting of th…     

A Preliminary Report on Yong''''anpu Tectonic Window in Suizhong County, Western Liaoning Province

Several thrust faults have been mapped in theYanshan belt ,as the thrust structure was first iden-tified by Wong (1928) (Ji et al .,2005 ; Wang et al .,2005a ;Davis et al .,2001 ,1998 ; Yang et al .,2001 ;Zheng et al ., 2000 ; Chen, 1998 ; Zhang et al .,1986 ; He ,1957 ;Chern and Hsiung,1935) .Becausethe Archean basement was widely involved in thethrust systemof the Yanshan belt ,domestic popularrecognition emphasized the thick-skinned characteris-tics and li mited horizontal displacement…     

Sea-level changes,facies changes and the late Precambrian—Early cambrian evolutionary explosion

An explosive increase in the fossil record coincided with a major rise in sea level during latest Precambrian—early Cambrian times. The artefactual and real effects of an onshore—offshore environmental gradient upon taxonomic diversity are considered, with particular reference to 14 fossiliferous sections from around the world. Within-taxon and within-habitat evolution through the early Cambrian are also discussed. The evidence suggests that evolution was a diversity-dependent (i.e. kinetic) growth process, made possible by the colonisation and gradual filling of habitats that were growing both in variety and area. Archaeocyatha diversified rapidly at first but may have suffered later decline and extinction because facies changes in late early Cambrian times reduced their area of habitat.     

Evolutionary and geological events across the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary

Over the last decade, palaeontologists around the world have been striving to understand one of the most remarkable episodes in the fossil record: the explosive evolution of skeletal fossils around the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary. When examined in the field, the close association of geological and biological events is apparent. An important succession in this respect is the classic Precambrian and Cambrian area of Charnwood–Nuneaton in the English Midlands. Here it can be seen that the boundary also spans a time of major tectonic and oceanographic changes. Could these have contributed to the ‘Cambrian evolutionary explosion’?     

Stratigraphical and biological significance of negative carbon isotopic anomalies in the basal Cambrian series of Guizhou Province

The early Early Cambrian strata within the bounds of Guizhou Province are almost predominated by black shale deposition. Recently, however, the authors have found a section consisting of a set of mudstones interbedded with limestones at the basement of the Cambrian at Yingping, Fuquan County,Guizhou Province, which provides favorable conditions for the study of marine geochemical characteristics of the early Early Cambrian. The characteristics of intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies near the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary at Yingping, Fuquan County, Guizhou Province, can be correlated with those of global carbon isotopic anomalies at the same time on a global scale, corresponding to the intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies near the Neoproterozoic/Cambrian boundaries at the bottom of the Xiaowaitoushan Member, Huize, Yunnan Province, at the top of the Tsagaan 0loom Formation of Mongolia and at the top of the Salarmy Gol Formation of Siberia, as well as those observed in southwestern United States, Iran, Amman, Poland, Newfoundland, the Great Britain, Canada, etc. Negative carbon isotopic anomalies can be used as the important basis for the division of the Precambrian/Cambrian boundaries.There have been found 8 m-thick black shales and cherts below the intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies in this profile. In the black shales there have been found large amounts of fossils such as Bradoricla,gernus Archotuba, indicating that during the period of sedimentation of black shales under anaerobic conditions there would be large quantities of organic species living in the sea. But in the section of grayish-green mudstones interbedded with limestones with intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies almost no organic fossil has been found. This may imply that the anaerobic event seems to have little bearing on the mass extinction near the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary, whereas the intense negative carbon isotopic anomaly event appears to be more closely related to the mass extinction occurring near the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary.     

我国西南地区震旦系陡山沱组微体遗迹化石的发现

目前世界上发现的最古老并得到普遍承认的动物化石是澳大利亚南部的伊迪卡拉动物群^[15,16]。伊迪卡拉山的晚先寒武纪砂岩中发现有大型的相当进化的水母和蠕虫化石,其中含有直径数十公分的狄更逊虫(Dickinsonin costata)、体长3公分的枝沙蚕(Spriggina floundersi)以及遗迹化石等。其所在地层为寒武纪灰岩之下160米的庞德砂岩^[1]。     

Mass Extinction——A Fundamental Indicator for Major Natural Divisions of Geological History

In the Phanerozoic, there are three major geological boundaries: Precambrian/Cambrian.Permian/Triassic and Cretaceous/Tertiary. Studies of these boundaries in China and over the world stronglysuggest that they have the following similar features: mass extinctions of many taxa, positive anomalies ofplatinum-group metals, and abrupt changes of stable isotopes (δ~(13)C). It is quite probable that these were theconsequences of some rare catastrophic events of extraterrestrial origin. Hence, the three above-mentionedmass extinction events may be regarded as key indicators for the division of the geological history of thePhanerozoic.     

Triggers for the Cambrian explosion: Hypotheses and problems

Abrupt appearance of major bilaterian clades in the fossil record during the first three stages of the Cambrian Period has puzzled the scientific world since 1830s. Many proposed causes including environmental, developmental, and ecological hypotheses, are reviewed. Nutrient availability, oxygenation, and change of seawater composition are commonly supposed to be environmental triggers. The nutrient input, e.g. the enrichment of phosphorus in an environment, would cause excess primary production, but it is neither directly linked with diversity nor disparity. Fluctuating abiotic conditions during the Snowball Earth and the associated oxygenation event may have stimulated the diversification of complex multicellular organisms including diverse of macroscopic and morphologically differentiated algae in the early Ediacaran, but did not lead to the ecological success of metazoan or bilaterian lineages. Further increase of oxygen level and change of seawater composition just before and during early Cambrian are suggested by the high weathering rate of the trans-Gondwana mountains, Great Unconformity, and decline of oceanic salinity. These are potential candidates of environmental triggers for the Cambrian explosion but require future more detailed geochemical studies to confirm. The molecular phylogeny calibrated with the molecular clock data suggested that the developmental system of bilaterians was established before their divergence. This, in turn, suggests that the Cambrian explosion require environmental triggers. However, there still exists the contention between deep or shallow divergence of bilaterian clades, which remains to be solved in the future. The deep divergence model is supported by a majority of molecular clock studies, but is challenged by the paucity of bilaterian fossils before and during the Ediacaran Period. The shallow model is generally consistent with the fossil record, but has to explain the rapidity of increase in diversity, disparity, morphological complexity, acquisition of biomineralized shells, etc. Regardless of deep or shallow model, the conservation of lineage-specific kernels within the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) provides an explanation for the long-term stability of body plans after the Cambrian explosion, and continuous addition of microRNAs into the GRNs seems to correspond well to the increase in morphological complexity. As for ecological causes, some hypotheses (e.g. adaptive radiation after mass extinction, cropping, and geosphere–biosphere feedbacks) cannot explain the uniqueness of the event, some others (such as Cambrian substrate revolution, predator–prey pressure, evolution of zooplankton, and roughening of fitness landscapes) fall into the trap of chicken-and-egg problem because of considering the consequence as a cause. Expansion of ecosystem engineering in the early Cambrian might also be caused by the Cambrian explosion. However, ecosystem engineering associated with Ediacaran ecosystems is likely a pivotal ecological prerequisite for the later ecological success of bilaterian clades, particularly the engineering effect by Ediacaran sponges that ventilated seawater by sponge pumping and removing organic material from the water column. However, the ecological abundance of Ediacaran sponges needs to be further investigated. Finally, a working plan is proposed for future research. For paleontologists, searching for ancestors of early Cambrian faunas is crucial to testify the earlier divergence of bilaterian lineages. Environmentally, precise values on the oxygen level and seawater composition are required during the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition.     

Precambrian paleontology and acrochrons of the biosphere evolution: On the theory of the expanding biosphere

What is pre-life? We have no idea, since it is hidden in chemical molecules that conceal its future genetic potential. From the biological standpoint, a prokaryotic cyanobacteria cell represents a culmination of biochemical evolution. Its appearance on the Earth marked the starting point of the formation of the first biogeocoenosis on the planet, i.e., the onset of its biosphere. After having started, approximately 4.0–3.7 Ga ago, biosphere evolution has continued uninterrupted on the Earth. Its whole course is reflected in the geochronological record of the stratisphere, the stratified shell of the Earth. In the stratigraphic sense, this record comprises the Archean, Proterozoic (i.e., Karelian and Riphean), and Phanerozoic (i.e., Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic). They correspond to acrochrons, i.e., the main stages in biosphere evolution. According to the Precambrian paleontology, the first three acrochrons represent a pre-Vendian stage in the evolution of unicellular prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms that terminated in the Riphean with the appearance of their colonial communities. The true metacellular structure of tissue Metaphyta and Metazoa started forming only in the Late Neoproterozoic (Late Riphean). The Vendian Period was marked by a radiation of macrotaxonomic diversity with the appearance of the main multicellular types of the Phanerozoic organization level. Therefore, the last acrochron (lasting from approximately 650 Ma ago) should be considered as corresponding to the Vendian-Phanerozoic period. The Cambrian explosion corresponds to the mass expansion of skeletal Metazoa.     

解读国际地层委员会2004年前寒武纪地层表及2004-2008年参考方案

国际地层委员会前不久公布了2 0 0 4年“国际地层表”,并专门提出了“2 0 0 4—2 0 0 8年前寒武纪年表参考方案”。在2 0 0 4年版“国际地层表”中,新建了埃迪卡拉系,其时限从6 30 Ma至5 4 2 Ma。“2 0 0 4—2 0 0 8年前寒武系划分参考方案”指出应该根据唯一客观的物理标准——现存的岩石记录,对前寒武纪地质年表重新进行界定。前寒武纪的地层界线应标定于地层记录中的关键事件或转变点上,以突出反映地球系统演化的巨变。在介绍有关埃迪卡拉系的背景、地质特征和时限的同时,对“参考方案”中有关前寒武系划分原则和具体划分方案的新思路进行了介绍和评述,对“参考方案”中值得商榷的问题进行了初步分析,并对我国前寒武纪年代表制定中有关重点提出了建议     

重大地史事件、节律及圈层耦合

文章讨论了岩石圈的联合古陆事件，生物圈的重要生物类别的出现、生物爆发事件和集群绝灭事件，水圈和大气圈的海平面变化事件和气候的变冷、变暖事件。联合古陆事件包括陆核型联合古陆（２５００Ｍａ）、初始原地台型联合古陆（１９００Ｍａ）、成熟原地台型联合古陆（１４５０Ｍａ）、地台型联合古陆（８５０Ｍａ）和大陆型联合古陆（２５０Ｍａ）事件；生物圈事件包括原核生物、真核生物、后生动物、带壳后生动物的出现事件，寒武纪生物大爆发事件，奥陶纪—志留纪之交（４３９Ｍａ）、晚泥盆世弗拉斯期—法门期之交（３６７Ｍａ）、二叠纪—三叠纪之交（２５０Ｍａ）、三叠纪—侏罗纪之交（２０８Ｍａ）、白垩纪—第三纪之交（６５Ｍａ）的生物集群绝灭事件，并从遗迹化石的角度，阐述了后生动物及其行为习性的起源和演化的新观点。水圈和大气圈事件包括晚震旦世、奥陶纪—志留纪之交、晚石炭世的自节律海平面变化事件，奥陶纪和白垩纪的他节律高海平面事件，震旦纪—寒武纪和二叠纪—三叠纪之交的耦合节律海平面变化事件，并以泥盆纪为例作了进一步阐述。这些事件是岩石圈、生物圈、水圈和大气圈发展、演化的重要里程碑。上述事件的重要特征是，在时间上的节律性和在成因上的圈层耦合效应。     

Submarine hydrothermal contribution for the extreme element accumulation during the early Cambrian,South China

Throughout the geological history of the Earth, submarine hydrothermal activity has played an important role in seawater chemistry, biological evolution and enrichment of metals in the Earth crust. However, the prospect of hydrothermal activity for extreme element accumulation during the early Cambrian, a key geological period, in South China has not been well-constrained. This study reports geochemical (e.g. REE and Sr isotope) investigations of a coarse-grained limestone layer and associated calcite veins in Zunyi and Nayong areas, Guizhou Province, to constrain the hydrothermal activity and evaluate the significance of hydrothermal contribution to extreme element accumulation during the early Cambrian, South China. Our results reveal positive Eu anomalies and higher initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7083–0.7150) for carbonate samples than those of early Cambrian seawater, indicating the presence of hydrothermal processes. Combined with constraints from the spatial relationships and coincidence with adjacent mineralization, these hydrothermal processes provide the most probable contribution for polymetallic Ni–Mo–PGE mineralization. Furthermore, there are abundant hydrothermal dolomite and barite-calcite veins in the dolostone of the Dengying Formation, indicating the occurrence of a variety of hydrothermal fluids. Overall, multi-stage hydrothermal pulses with different fluid compositions spanned the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition in South China. In particular, these hydrothermal fluids with positive Eu anomalies and enriched radiogenic Sr, originating from Proterozoic mafic/ultramafic rocks, may have flowed through the underlying Precambrian silicate clastic rocks (e.g., Xiajiang, Banxi and Lengjiaxi Groups) and may have been crucial for the marine environment, biological diversity and extreme element accumulation during the early Cambrian, South China.