Molar tooth structures: Formation and specificity of carbonate diagenesis in the Late Precambrian,Middle Riphean Sukhaya Tunguska Formation of the Turukhansk Uplift,Siberia

A new way of formation of the problematic Molar Tooth (MT) structures, which, along with stromatolites, could be considered as a “visiting card” of the Riphean, was examined on the example of carbonate sediments of the Riphean Sukhaya Tunguska Formation from the Turukhansk Uplift, Siberia. These structures were formed due to the consequent replacement of oozy constituent of carbonate sediments with calcitic microsparite in the course of diagenesis with substantial shift of the dynamic equilibrium toward the solution in the sediment—porous solution—microsparite system. An excess of soluble magnesium significantly hampering precipitation of crystal cores of the future calcitic microsparite could be one of the possible causes of the shift. It is suggested that magnesium mole fraction of the porous solutions was related to the early dissolution of the metastable high-Mg calcite of the silty sediment brought from the areas of active stromatolite formation. The facies occurrence of the MT-structures indicates that they occurred in descending trails of the most productive zones of carbonate platforms tapering toward the basin. The synchronism of stratigraphic trends of the MT-structures and stromatolites in the Precambrian resulted from the evolution of carbonate-productive microbe-mineral systems which were the immediate suppliers of fine-grained carbonate sediment into external zones of carbonate platforms.     

Platforms: Shorikha formation of the Turukhansk uplift, Siberia

the shorikha basin characterized by a thick (>800 m) sequence of carbonate sediments in the upper part of the riphean section in the turukhansk uplift of siberia illustrates the dynamics of taxonomic diversity and abundance of stromatolite buildups related to changes in the structure of a carbonate platform (replacement of the relatively deep ramp by a spacious shallow shelf) and fluctuations of the relative sea level. it is shown that abundance and taxonomic diversity of stromatolite buildups were maximal in deep zones of the outer ramp being reduced to almost zero values in shallow settings of the carbonate shelf. the appearance of columnar stromatolites coincided in this basin only with brief sea-level rises (second-order transgressions). stromatolite-forming microbial communities represented an active producer of carbonate sediments for the entire basin, while the distribution of stromatolites through ramps was determined by geochemical barriers. disappearance of stromatolites from shallow carbonate shelves was controlled by rapid reduction in carbonate-production rates.     

Microbial Mats As a Source of Carbonate Sediments in the Late Precambrian: Evidence from the Linok Formation, the Middle Riphean of the Turukhansk Uplift, Siberia

The Linok Formation is made up of clayey and carbonate strata, 180–300 m thick, formed at the terminal Middle Riphean on the northwestern margin of the Siberian Platform. In the modern structure, it is exposed in the lower part of the Turukhansk Uplift section. The sediments accumulated in the distal part of the epiplatformal basin as a symmetrical transgressive–regressive cycle. Its lower part represents a deep-water basin environment with the mixed carbonate–clayey sedimentation, whereas the upper part reflects the origination and evolution of a carbonate platform. Microstructures discussed in this work suggest not only the ancient existence of benthic microbial assemblages (mats) but their active influence upon the facies pattern of sediments as well. The influence was determined by the ability of mat-forming communities to produce carbonate sediments under certain environmental conditions. The analysis of the facies succession suggested the absence of an appreciable influx of carbonate material to the basin from other sources. Based on the carbonate generation ability, one can distinguish three (carbonate-free, low-productive, and high-productive) groups of microbial communities. Groups 1 and 2 represent deep-water basin mats, whereas group 3 represents relatively shallow-water platformal microbial–mineral systems. The carbonate productivity of communities is inversely proportional to the depth of their dwelling and the relative rate of clayey sedimentation. The morphological reconstruction of microbiolite structures showed that the structures in basins and platforms greatly differed in terms of the size of elements. The ability of microbial communities to generate carbonate could be realized only within large ecosystems.     

Molar tooth structures and origin of peloids in proterozoic carbonate platforms (Middle Riphean of the Turukhansk Uplift,Siberia)

Structures and textures of the peloidal wackestones, as well as size, shape, and composition of peloidal grains, from the Mesoproterozoic (Middle Riphean) Sukhaya Tunguska carbonate platform in the Turukhansk Uplift (Siberia) are considered. It is shown that these grains formed in the course of diagenesis were closely associated with the microsparitic replacement and the formation of molar tooth (MT) structures. Diagenetic transformations of rocks were related to the activity of anaerobic microbial communities inside the buried carbonate silt layers. The microbial activity during diagenesis was governed by the carbonate sediment composition and conservation mechanism of the high-molecular organic matter of primary producers therein, since this organic matter was the nutritious substrate for the primary anaerobe communities.     

Microbial Mats and Terrigenous Sedimentation Settings in the Precambrian: The Middle Riphean Bezymyannyi Formation of the Turukhansk Uplift

The Bezymyannyi Formation is a thick (up to 900 m) terrigenous rock complex that formed in the distal part of the ciliciclastic shelf with the storm-influenced sedimentation settings. The barrier belt of coarse-grained sandy sediments divided different-depth zones of the outer and inner shelf that included spacious areas populated by mat-forming communities. Development peculiarities of these communities and their relationship with erosion–flow structures are considered in detail. Microbial mat domains represented transient zones that both determined the internal sedimentation patterns and influenced sediment flows in the entire basin. The model explaining peculiarities of the Precambrian terrigenous sedimentation by the influence of intrabasin factor (wide development of matground microbial communities) is proposed.     

Microfossils in cherts from the Mesoproterozoic (Middle Riphean) Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, northeastern Siberia.

Silicified shallow-water marine carbonate deposits of the Proterozoic Debengda Formation (the Olenek Uplift, northeastern Siberia) contain well preserved microfossils. One or two distinct assemblages consists only of filamentous Siphonophycus microfossils, which are presumably the extracellular sheaths of hormogonium cyanobacteria. The other is dominated by coccoidal microfossils, first by the entophysalidacean cyanobacterium Eoentophysalis. The coccoidal assemblage was recognized in the layered carbonate precipitate structures of a superficially stromatolite appearance. Despite its simple composition, the microfossil assemblage supports the generally accepted Mesoproterozoic (middle Riphean) age of the Debengda Formation. This conclusion corresponds to the available data on isotopic geochronology, and to the composition of columnar stromatolites from the Dehengda Formation. Both the structural features and carbon isotopic composition of its rocks are comparable to those of rocks of known Mesoproterozoic age, but differ from the characteristics of definitely Neoproterozoic deposits.     

Sedimentation rate in Cheko Lake (Evenkia,Siberia): New evidence on the problem of the 1908 Tunguska Event

Doklady Earth Sciences - We estimated the age and sedimentation rate of bottom sediments in Cheko Lake located in southern Evenkia, in the territory of Tunguska Nature Reserve, near the supposed...     

Sediments from Lake Cheko (Siberia), a possible impact crater for the 1908 Tunguska Event

Cheko, a small lake located in Siberia close to the epicentre of the 1908 Tunguska explosion, might fill a crater left by the impact of a fragment of a Cosmic Body. Sediment cores from the lake’s bottom were studied to support or reject this hypothesis. A 175‐cm long core, collected near the center of the lake, consists of an upper ～1 m thick sequence of lacustrine deposits overlaying coarser chaotic material. ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs indicate that the transition from lower to upper sequence occurred close to the time of the Tunguska Event. Pollen analysis reveals that remains of aquatic plants are abundant in the top post‐1908 sequence, but are absent in the lower pre‐1908 portion of the core. These results, including organic C, N and δ¹³C data, suggest that Lake Cheko formed at the time of the Tunguska Event.     

Geochronology and paleomagnetism of mafic igneous rocks in the Olenek Uplift, northern Siberia: Implications for Mesoproterozoic supercontinents and paleogeography

We present a new, reliably dated Mesoproterozoic paleopole for Siberia, based on a combined geochronological and paleomagnetic study of mafic rocks within the Mesoproterozoic Sololi Group of the Olenek Uplift in northern Siberia. Ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U–Pb analysis yields crystallisation ages of 2036 ± 11 Ma for zircon from a basement granite and 1473 ± 24 Ma for baddeleyite from a large dolerite sill within the Kyutingde Formation. The baddeleyite result indicates that the lower Sololi Group is significantly older than was suggested by previous K–Ar results. Paleomagnetic analysis of the dolerite sill and related mafic intrusive rocks yields a paleopole at 33.6°N, 253.1°E, A₉₅ = 10.4°. A positive baked-contact test between the Kyutingde sill and sedimentary country rocks shows that the magnetisation is primary. Comparison of this paleopole with coeval results for Laurentia provides a revised reconstruction between Siberia and Laurentia, and implies that these two continents were parts of a single Mesoproterozoic supercontinent since at least 1473 Ma. We argue that Siberia, Laurentia, and Baltica belonged to the same supercontinent between 1473 Ma and mid-Neoproterozoic time.     

Facies characteristics and terrigenous sedimentation features of the lower Riphean Mukun Group (Anabar Uplift,Siberia)

The Mukun Group represents a thick (>750 m) complex of terrigenous features sediments in the lower part of the Riphean sedimentary cover of the Anabar region was formed on the spacious cratonic block. The complex is remarkable for its pure quartzarenitic composition. The facies analysis with emphasis on the genetic interpretation of various sedimentary structures revealed three facies associations in its sedimentary succession: alluvial, eolian-fluvial, and fluvial-sabkha. It is shown that sedimentary material was transported into the terminal basin by a braided system of permanent rivers. Relationships between the eolian and fluvial components in the single sedimentation system of the Mukun paleobasin is considered in line with the proposed model, according to which alternation of long periods with the eolian and fluvial sedimentation was controlled by tectonics.     

黔中隆起的形成时间及形成机制探讨

黔中隆起经历了水下和陆上两个发育阶段;都匀运动是这一发育转变的成因。问题的焦点是水下隆起的开始时间和都匀运动发生的具体时间。根据沉积相研究,受郁南运动控制,黔中隆起在下奥陶统桐梓组沉积期间已具雏形。对贵阳乌当发现的珊瑚化石Plasmoporella、Heliolites、Amsassia等重新厘定后认为黔中隆起大规模露出水面的时间为晚奥陶世五峰组沉积期结束之时,这也是都匀运动发生的时间。都匀运动本身,受到自南而北方向的滇桂—北越地块的挤压和南东—北西方向的加里东造山运动的挤压,因此在黔中及周缘地区形成了以黔中背斜、乌当—二比向斜为代表的东西向构造和以麻江背斜为代表的南北向构造并存的地质现象。     

Granitoid Massifs of the Krasnoleninsky Arch in Western Siberia: Composition,Structure, Age,and Formation Conditions

Geotectonics - In our research we summarized data obtained on the composition, structure, and geochemical characteristics of the granitoid plutons of the eastern part of the Krasnoleninsky arch of...     

塔里木盆地基底卷入扭压构造与巴楚隆起的形成

在板块斜向碰撞中,与走滑断层相伴生的隆升是弯曲挤压的必然结果。印度板块与欧亚板块的斜向碰撞使得塔里木盆地边界和内部发育的基底卷入构造大多表现出逆冲与走滑断裂的双重特征。本文通过地震、钻井和构造几何学、地面资料约束研究表明,巴楚隆起两侧的阿恰-吐木休克和色力布亚-玛扎塔格断裂是由基底卷入构造和扭压构造复合而成的基底卷入扭压构造。这种构造样式的组合包括3个部分,即两端的基底走滑断裂和中段的基底卷入逆冲断裂。巴楚隆起的形成主要与阿恰-吐木休克断裂的基底卷入扭压构造活动有关。巴楚隆起的形成过程具有“跷跷板”特点,可分两个阶段:巴楚隆起前石炭纪沿南缘的玛扎塔格断裂抬升,地层最大剥蚀厚度至少530m;前古近纪,主要剥蚀区沿吐木休克断裂以南展布,推测最大剥蚀厚度超过1100m。巴楚隆起南段的主变形期是在前石炭纪完成的,地层缩短量约占55%;北段推迟到前古近纪,缩短量占55%;而中段的地层缩短量一直在逐步增强,前上新世达到最大,占52%。     

Rb-Sr geochronology of Vendian shales,the Staraya Rechka Formation,Anabar Massif,northern Siberia

Fine-grained clayey subfractions (SF) with particle sizes of 1–2, 0.6–1.0, 0.3–0.6, 0.2–0.3, 0.1–0.2, and <0.1 μm were extracted from shales of the Vendian Staraya Rechka Formation in the Anabar Massif and studied by XRD and Rb-Sr methods. All the clayey subfractions are represented by illite with high crystallinity indices, which are characteristic of the low-temperature diagenesis/catagenesis zone and grow with the decrease of the particle size. The Rb-Sr systematics in clayey subfractions combined with mineralogical data provide grounds for the conclusion that illite from clayey rocks of the Staraya Rechka Formation was forming during two periods: approximately 560 and 391–413 Ma ago. The first illite generation was likely formed in the course of lithostatic subsidence of the Staraya Rechka sediments and the second one, during the Devonian lithogenesis stage. It is assumed that age of the first generation (∼560 Ma) is close to that of the Staraya Rechka Formation. This inference is consistent with biostratigraphic, chemostratigraphic, and geochronological data obtained for both rocks of the Anabar Massif and Vendian sediments from other regions of Siberia.     

Late Precambrian OIB magmatism in the Kuznetsk Alatau,Siberia: Geochemical features of the Kulbyurstyug Formation volcanics

Basaltoids of the Vendian–Cambrian Kulbyurstyug volcanic complex in the eastern part of Kuznetsk Alatau have a high content of titanium (TiO₂ 3–4 wt %). They are relatively enriched with LILE and HFSE (Ba 360–900, Zr 160–726, Nb 66–101, ΣREE up to 225–329 ppm), and demonstrate a fractionated spectrum of REEs (La/Yb ～ 13–17), high Nb/U (44–66), and low Th/Ta and Th/Nb. These features are comparable with derivatives of OIB (Ocean Island Basalts) magmatism. The rock geochemistry suggests the possible formation of an initial mafic melt in the garnet-bearing peridotite mantle with 2–4% degree of melting and the presence of a small amount of spinel. By the age and composition, the studied volcanics are correlated with the OIB magmatism products, occurring in the adjacent Gorny Altai and also considered to be derivatives of intraplate magmatism of Riphean–Early Cambrian age. This magmatism was caused by plume activity during formation of the Paleo-Asian Ocean.     

塔北隆起X型走滑断裂成因机制的新解释

塔里木盆地塔北隆起发育两组呈小角度相交(40°)的透入性X型走滑断裂,分别沿着NNE走向和NNW延伸。在对塔北哈拉哈塘地区三维地震资料解释的基础上,对走滑断层的几何展布特征以及断层的剖面变形特征进行研究;同时重点解析了RP6断裂和HA13断裂,分析比较NNW向与NNE向断层的变形及发育特征差异;结合盆地重磁资料以及周缘造山带的活动特征,对塔北隆起小角度的X型走滑断层的发育机制以及演化进行了分析。研究表明,塔北隆起走滑断层在垂向上具有明显的分层变形特征,分为三个构造层:震旦系-中寒武统下构造层(TH₃界面以下)、上寒武统-中奥陶统中构造层(TH₃-TO₃t界面)和上奥陶统-石炭系上构造层(TO₃t-TP界面)。断层在下构造层和中构造层中整体处于压扭环境,多发育正花状构造;上构造层中断层主要发育负花状构造或正断层,整体处于张扭环境。两组断裂比较,NNW向断裂活动性强,在各构造层中均有显著的断裂特征发育,垂向连通性强,发育先存基底断裂,而NE向断层主要发育在中构造层,在下构造层和上构造层中断层发育不明显。活动性分析表明,断层的形成与演化具有多期性,走滑断层的形成经历了三期主要活动:中寒武世末、中晚奥陶世和志留纪-石炭纪。塔北隆起X型走滑断裂的形成受到了NNW向基底断裂和薄弱带的控制,NNW向先存基底断裂带或薄弱带优先发育走滑断裂,基底断裂与主挤压应力方向的夹角小于45°-Φ/2,NNE断层的发育受NNW向先存断裂限制,最终形成小角度相交的X型断裂。     

四川盆地泸州古隆起嘉陵江组储层特征研究

对研究区嘉陵江组沉积背景认识的基础上,通过岩心观察、岩石薄片确定了不同类型的储集岩和储集空间,得出本地区储层岩石类型和储渗空间类型均多样化的特点。从成因角度识别出来了溶蚀孔隙型储层、膏溶孔洞型储层、裂缝型储层等三类储层。研究不同类型储层的孔、渗特征及关系表明,溶蚀孔隙型储层物性要优于膏溶孔洞型储层,而溶蚀孔隙型储层中的颗粒云岩溶蚀孔隙型储层物性最好、颗粒灰岩溶蚀孔隙型物性其次、粉晶云岩溶蚀孔隙型储层物性最差,其原因是不同储层受沉积环境和成岩作用控制和影响。     

Rocks of the Bazhenovo and Abalak Formations, Central Krasnoleninsk Arch, Western Siberia: Composition, Structure, and Formation Conditions

The finding of hydrocarbon accumulations in Upper Jurassic rocks of the Krasnoleninsk Arch, which were previously considered fluid trap and oil source sediments, stimulated us to have a new look at these rocks. The analysis of geophysical data on boreholes revealed that reservoirs in Upper Jurassic rocks are mainly represented by siliceous and carbonate varieties, which were named potentially productive beds. This work presents results of the detailed investigation of the lithology of Upper Jurassic rocks for distinguishing different rock types (including potentially productive beds) with the aim of their correlation and prediction of lateral distribution.