城市规模与土地集约利用研究

分析研究了城市发展过程中城市经济规模、人口规模和用地规模的涵义及其与城市土地集约利用的关系。指出城市人口规模增加是土地集约利用发展的前提,城市经济规模发展是土地集约利用的保障,城市用地规模扩大使土地集约利用成为必然。结果表明:城市现代土地的集约化经营不仅要有科学合理的城市规划,还要具备先进的技术和管理,优化用地结构和推行新的用地模式,才能有效地防止城市土地的低效利用和粗放经营,把集约化经营不断推向更高的水平,缓解和解决城市化进程中的人地矛盾。     

论城市土地集约利用

从土地集约利用的内涵出发,阐述了城市土壤集约利用的影响因素,提出了我国城市土地利用集约化的对策与措施。     

城市土地集约利用与生态利用灰色关联分析

采用灰色关联分析的方法分析我国内陆31个省会城市的土地集约利用与土地生态利用之间的关系,为城市土地集约与生态协同利用提供依据和支撑。结果表明:综合容积率,单位土地面积职工数,路网密度,人均城市建设用地,地均二、三产值,地均固定资产投入等,均与土地生态利用综合水平之间存在着密切关系,但密切程度不同;与31个省会城市相比,东中西部3个区域的城市土地集约与生态利用关联程度呈现出不同的特点。     

《 城市土地优化配置与集约利用评价 》书评

科学出版社出版的郑新奇博士的新著《城市上地优化配置与集约利用评价—理论、方法、技术、实证》紧紧扣住了当前我国土地资源科技研究的主题—土地资源集约利用,最近与读者见面了。根据结构和内容,全书可以分为3个部分：即,阐述城市土地优化配置与集约利用评价的理论(第1～4章)、     

锡林郭勒土地集约利用研究

坚持全面落实科学发展观,构建节约型社会的总体要求,以严格保护耕地为前提,以严格控制建设用地为重点,以节约和集约利用土地为核心,按照以内涵挖潜为主,提高土地节约利用水平的原则,围绕保障宏观经济平稳运行和建立资源节约型社会的目标,结合内蒙古锡林郭勒盟社会、经济、生态环境建设快速发展的客观实际,综合评价锡林郭勒盟土地节约集约利用水平,科学测算存量建设用地利用潜力,探讨和解决如何通过土地利用规划引导和控制土地的节约与集约用地,并从规模、结构、时序等方面,积极探索节约、集约利用土地的政策、手段,提出调控各业、各类用地的目标及政策建议,促进土地资源的可持续发展,为锡林郭勒盟土地利用总体规划修编提供支持和保障。     

新型城镇化下中国城市土地集约利用格局与机理研究

基于城市土地集约利用内涵,文中从利用强度、投入水平和产出效益三个方面构建城市土地集约利用评价体系,并选取287个城市为研究单元,分析了2011年中国城市土地集约利用格局与机理。结果表明:中国城市土地集约利用水平呈现出由东向西依次递减的趋势;沿海地区、"T"字轴地区、长江流域沿线地区的城市土地集约利用水平高于其周围城市地区;城市土地集约利用水平分布的空间集聚性明显,集约利用城市和中度利用城市呈点状、间隔分布,低度利用城市和粗放利用城市呈面状、连续分布;总体来说,城市土地集约利用水平仍比较低;机理分析归结为经济因子、生态因子、社会因子和技术进步因子四个方面,并指出对现有体制进行完善是提高城市土地集约利用水平的根本途径。     

重庆市三峡库区工业园区土地集约利用评价

通过对所选的6个样本园区,运用多因素综合评价方法计算相应的土地集约利用指数,对重庆市三峡库区工业园区土地集约利用指数进行研究.分析结果表明三峡库区内6个样本园区的土地集约利用指数差异较大,与重庆其他地区相比较,三峡库区生态经济区的土地集约利用指数最低.据此,提出提高重庆市三峡库区园区土地集约利用水平的建议.     

河南城市土地集约利用水平差异时空特征研究

城市土地集约利用是城市发展的必然要求.以河南省为研究对象,探讨了该省在1996年和2006年城市土地集约利用的时空格局与演变规律.结果表明:(1)全省城市土地集约利用水平呈现明显的上升态势.(2)与1996年相比,2006年全省各城市之间土地集约利用水平的差异有所扩大.(3)在不同的研究年份,土地投入水平、土地产出水平、土地利用水平和土地生态环境质量等在城市土地集约利用水平中发挥的作用有较大差异.(4)在研究期间,城市土地集约利用水平及其4个影响因素各自变化幅度差异显著,且同一地区各自的变化幅度也不完全一致.     

资源型城市土地集约利用评价与影响因素分析

构建资源型城市土地集约利用评价指标体系,利用熵权法确定指标权重,计算我国典型资源型城市土地集约利用程度,并对土地集约利用的影响因素进行实证分析。结果表明:大部分资源型城市土地集约利用程度偏低;不同类型资源型城市土地集约利用水平存在明显差异;资源型城市土地集约利用状况与城市规模、产业结构高级化程度和经济发展水平等呈正相关。最后,提出提高资源型城市土地集约利用水平的对策建议。     

包头市石拐工业园区土地集约利用评价分析

内蒙古自治区已完成三轮的开发区土地集约利用评价工作,本文以包头石拐工业园区为研究对象,将三轮土地集约利用评价结果进行对比,深入分析开发区土地利用和土地集约利用评价结果变化情况,提出石拐工业园区土地集约利用建议.     

Neighborhood size and spatial scale in raster-based slope calculations

Raster-based slope estimation is routine in GIS. Like many other terrain attributes, the slope at a location is determined from elevations of surrounding cells. This spatial extent – ‘neighborhood size’ – is often treated as the ‘spatial scale’ of the calculation. In fact, neighborhood size and spatial scale are two connected yet different concepts, but few studies have investigated the relationship between them. The distinction is important because neighborhood size is under user control whereas spatial scale is merely implicit in the computational method. This article attempts to clarify and provide a more precise meaning of the two terms by considering slope operators from the standpoint of the frequency (or wavenumber) domain. This article derives analytical expressions for the amplitude response functions of four popular slope estimators. These are used to characterize the individual methods and also to show that the neighborhood size and spatial scale of a slope calculation are not numerically the same. In fact, because there is no single spatial scale that can be unambiguously associated with a given neighborhood size, neighborhood size cannot be an adequate indicator of spatial scale. Furthermore, this article shows that different indices of ‘scale’ yield different impressions about the action of a slope estimator and its response to changing neighborhood size. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the amplitude response function when investigating the spatial scale. The article also provides guidance for GIS practitioners when selecting a slope estimation method.     

社区尺度下流动人口聚居区空间识别与尺度效应——以北京市为例

以北京市为案例区,以土地利用与人口分布的同一性为基础,通过建立基于空间配置法的流动人口聚居区识别方法,实现了社区尺度流动人口聚居区的空间识别。在此基础上,对比街道尺度和社区尺度流动人口聚居区的识别结果,判断流动人口聚居区的空间尺度效应,探析流动人口聚居区空间尺度效应的形成原因,明确选择社区尺度作为识别空间单元的必要性。研究发现：基于空间配置法的社区尺度流动人口聚居区识别方法具有较高的准确度,能够有效识别案例区约90%的流动人口聚居区。流动人口聚居区具有显著的空间尺度效应,主要原因包括：较大空间尺度容易忽略区域内部社会空间差异、城乡分割的二元社会经济体制和高速城市化进程。研究结论将为流动人口聚居区系统化、精细化研究提供技术支撑和方法借鉴,为政府相关部门进行流动人口聚居区顶层制度设计提供科学依据。     

Spatiotemporal scale dependency and other sensitivities in dynamic land-use change simulations

This study examines how land-use change simulation outcomes can vary based on the way the simulation model is applied, attempting to support informed model choices and model applications. This is accomplished through a series of experiments using a hypothetical model that represents the basic logic of various cell-based dynamic land-use change modeling environments. In the experiments, consideration is given to the sensitivity of the simulation results with respect to the following four application specifications: (1) the spatial resolution, (2) the temporal resolution, (3) the probability distribution, and (4) the degree of the influence of stochastic factors, under multiple growth scenarios. The experiments show that all four factors, particularly the spatiotemporal resolution and the degree to which stochastic factors are involved, can generate substantial variation in the simulation model outcomes. It is also found that the magnitude of the variation can be affected by changes in regional growth rates and the level of fluctuation, which determine the demand for new development to be allocated over the simulation time horizon.     

县域尺度下中国人口老龄化的空间格局与区域差异

2000年以来,中国的老龄化进程加快,人口老龄化已经成为中国社会经济发展必须面对的新常态与核心问题之一。本文从县域尺度出发,基于2000和2010年的人口普查数据,应用标准差椭圆、地理探测器等方法,分析了10年间中国2283个县域单元人口老龄化的空间分布、区域差异及其影响因素。结果表明：①人口老龄化空间分布模式多样,胡焕庸线西北半壁以均质化、轴带特征为主;而胡焕庸线东南半壁则呈现出核心—外围的分布特征。②2000-2010年间,人口老龄化均值从6.7%增至8.7%,表明中国县域全面进入老年型社会,步入老年型的县域多集中于内陆、东北地区、丝绸之路经济带沿线区;10年间人口老龄化总体空间格局较为稳定,但人口老龄化的变动趋势差异显著。③人口老龄化在“胡焕庸线”两侧、不同地域类型间、城乡间、民族自治地区与非民族自治地区间、贫困与非贫困地区间存在差异,且差异变动的方向并不一致。④影响人口老龄化的核心因素为各区域往期人口年龄结构、步入老年序列人口比重、人口流出的比例等。     

乡镇尺度上的山东省人口老龄化空间格局演变与影响因素研究

基于第五次和第六次人口普查数据,研究了乡镇尺度上山东省人口老龄化的空间格局及其演变特征,并采用空间计量方法定量探讨了其影响因素。研究发现：① 山东省人口老龄化发展迅猛,但乡镇街道之间在老龄化水平、老年人口密度和增长速度等方面均存在非常显著的地域差异。② 按照不同的分析维度,山东省乡镇街道涵盖了丰富的人口老龄化地域类型,其中的2个类型形成了典型的空间分异格局。一类主要聚集在县级以上城市及其周边地域,总体上具有老年人口低占比、高密度、高绝对增长、低相对增长的特点;另一类是主要分布在胶东地区、黄河三角洲地区、沂蒙地区和鲁西地区等4个区域的一般乡镇,大体表现为高占比、低密度、低绝对增长、高相对增长特征。③ 空间滞后模型回归结果显示,老龄化动态演变过程的不确定性更强、影响因素更为复杂,基期老龄化基础对其影响效应不显著,经济增长速度有显著负向影响,但经济发展水平对老龄化静态格局的影响却不显著,使得乡镇尺度上老龄化空间格局的演变机制呈现出特殊性。     

Research on the suitability of population distribution at the provincial scale in China

The relationship between population distribution and resources, environment and social-economic development has a significant influence on the human development. This paper set up a set of index system and model methods for the assessment of the coordination between population and resources, environment and social-economic development, and it quantitatively evaluated this coordination at the provincial scale in 2000 and 2010 respectively Based on this set of index system, the suitability degree and the spatial-temporal pattern of population distribution at the provincial scale were carefully characterized. The restriction of population distribution at the provincial scale was graded and classified, and the coordinated development strategy of population, resources, environment and social economy was finally put forward. The results showed that： （1） The environmental suitability of population distribu- tion at the provincial scale was generally high in China, which tended to be stable from 2000 to 2010. （2） The restriction of water and land resources at the provincial scale was generally strong in China, but it tended to be weak from 2000 to 2010. （3） The coordination degree between the social-economic development and population distribution at the provincial scale was mostly at a middle level, which was in the positive upward path from 2000 to 2010. （4） The suitability of population distribution at the provincial scale was mostly at a middle level, all of which was rising from 2000 to 2010. （5） The coordination degree between population dis- tribution and resources, environment and social-economic development at the provincial scale was divided into four grades, including basic coordination, relative coordination, awaited coordination and urgent-needed coordination. （6） The basic ways to promote the coordinated development of population, resources and environment in different regions in China can be summarized as： implementing the strategy of population agglomeration and evacuation, guiding the orderly flow of population, optimizing the spatial distribution of popu- lation and drawing up the spatial planning of population development.     

长三角工业经济规模与污染排放异速关系及互动机制

正确处理经济增长与环境污染关系是实现区域高质量发展和构建“双循环”新发展格局的关键问题。本文以2000—2018年长三角地区工业经济规模与工业污染指数为研究对象,构建工业经济规模—污染排放异速增长模型,分析两者关系的时空变化规律,并借助增强回归树模型探究异速增长的影响机制。结果表明：① 长三角地区工业经济规模与工业污染指数空间格局具有较强的稳定性和较高的相似性,呈现出由东向西递减的空间态势;随着工业经济规模的扩大,工业污染指数总体呈下降趋势。② 在纵向异速上,长三角地区总体沿着经济环境基本协调—经济扩张弱型—经济环境基本协调变化;在横向异速上,多数城市工业污染指数相对增速低于工业经济规模增速,标度指数多呈下降趋势。③ 城市生态基础、能源利用效率、工业发展水平、科技发展水平、对外开放水平和财政投入水平是影响异速增长的主导因子,这些因素在前期对异速增长具有正向影响,后期转变为负向影响。④ 经济增长的市场主导与环境保护的政府主导间的错位关系产生经济环境异速增长,并促使区域一体化出现,区域一体化与经济环境异速增长相互促进、相互影响。推动长三角地区经济生态一体化建设,实现绿水青山与金山银山的有机统一,是实现区域高质量发展的必由之路。     

The change in population density from 2000 to 2010 and its influencing factors in China at the county scale

Studying the change in population distribution and density can provide important basis for regional development and planning. The spatial patterns and driving factors of the change in population density in China were not clear yet. Therefore, using the population census data in 2000 and 2010, this study firstly analyzed the change of population density in China and divided the change in all 2353 counties into 4 types, consisting of rapid increase, slow increase, slow decrease and rapid decrease. Subsequently, based on the partial least square (PLS) regression method, we recognized the significant factors (among 11 natural and social-economic factors) impacting population density change for the whole country and counties with different types of population change. The results showed that: (1) compared to the population density in 2000, in 2010, the population density in most of the counties (over 60%) increased by 21 persons per km² on average, while the population density in other counties decreased by 13 persons per km². Of all the 2353 counties, 860 and 589 counties respectively showed rapid and slow increase in population density, while 458 and 446 counties showed slow and rapid decrease in population density, respectively. (2) Among the 11 factors, social-economic factors impacted population density change more significantly than natural factors. The higher economic development level, better medical condition and stronger communication capability were the main pull factors of population increase. The dense population density was the main push factor of population decrease. These conclusions clarified the spatial pattern of population change and its influencing factors in China over the past 10 years and could provide helpful reference for the future population planning.     

Simulating urban land-use changes at a large scale by integrating dynamic land parcel subdivision and vector-based cellular automata

Cellular automata (CA) have been widely used to simulate complex urban development processes. Previous studies indicated that vector-based cellular automata (VCA) could be applied to simulate urban land-use changes at a realistic land parcel level. Because of the complexity of VCA, these studies were conducted at small scales or did not adequately consider the highly fragmented processes of urban development. This study aims to build an effective framework called dynamic land parcel subdivision (DLPS)-VCA to accurately simulate urban land-use change processes at the land parcel level. We introduce this model in urban land-use change simulations to reasonably divide land parcels and introduce a random forest algorithm (RFA) model to explore the transition rules of urban land-use changes. Finally, we simulate the land-use changes in Shenzhen between 2009 and 2014 via the proposed DLPS-VCA model. Compared to the advanced Patch-CA and RFA-VCA models, the DLPS-VCA model achieves the highest simulation accuracy (Figure-of-Merit = 0.232), which is 32.57% and 18.97% higher respectively, and is most similar to the actual land-use scenario (similarity = 94.73%) at the pattern level. These results indicate that the DLPS-VCA model can both accurately split the land during urban land-use changes and significantly simulate urban expansion and urban land-use changes at a fine scale. Furthermore, the land-use change rules that are based on DPLS-VCA mining and the simulation results of several future urban development scenarios can act as guides for future urban planning policy formulation.     

1947～2007年上海中心城区居住空间分异变化——基于居住用地类型视角

采用4种分异度测度模型,在街坊尺度和乡镇尺度下,对上海中心城区1947～2007年11个时相的各类居住用地空间分异程度进行计算。发现1949年后各类居住用地分异度呈现不同的波动过程。不同时期居住用地总体分异程度的计算表明,1949年前空间分异严重,计划经济时期有所降低,转型期则又明显上升。不同时期居住用地等级高低与其分异度大小呈现不同的结构特征,1949年前高等级居住用地分异度高、中低等级居住用地分异度较低,形成"一高两低"结构;计划经济时期则是居住用地等级越高,分异度越大的"正相关"结构;90年代后则是最高和最低等级的居住用地分异度高,而中等居住用地分异度最低的"V"型结构。不同时期居住用地空间分异结构特征间的演进,直接原因是新式住宅的建设和旧城的改造,深层次原因则是土地使用制度的变迁和城市空间组织模式的转变。