水污染物总量综合权重系数分配方法研究

区域污染物排放总量分配是水污染总量控制的重要内容,分配合理与否将直接影响总量控制工作成效。以陆域排污-水体水质响应空间单元为基础,构建了综合考虑水环境质量、排污及污染治理水平、区域经济实力等因素的总量分配指标体系,提出一套单元的水污染物总量分配综合权重系数计算方法。并将该方法应用于北京市,结果表明本方法较好地解决了目前分配方法中总量目标与水质改善需求衔接不足、分配指标体系过于单一的问题。     

浑河沈阳城区段污染总量控制研究

排污总量控制是确定河道的纳污能力,然后向流域内分配允许排放量的过程。选用一维水质模型进行水环境状况的模拟,对浑河沈阳城区段水环境容量进行计算,在此基础上按功能区内各排污口及支流口所占污染负荷比进行了主要污染物控制排放量及削减量分配。     

流水环境承载能力及限制排污总量有关问题探讨

最严格水资源管理制度的实施,根据河流水功能区水体纳污能力分析计算,提出限制入河排污总量意见,为水资源保护提供决策依据.对编制流域水环境承载能力及限制排污总量方案中水功能区纳污能力的计算、入河污染物总量控制及限制排污总量合理性检验等有关问题进行讨论.     

白城市地下水总量控制动态分配及合理性分析

以白城市为例,研究地下水总量分配的原则与方法,并把地下水总量分配到各季节,同时通过建立模型对分配的水量合理性进行分析,为白城市实行地下水总量控制动态管理,提供技术支撑。     

石羊河流域水功能区限制纳污控制红线分析

基于石羊河流域水环境质量现状及不同水平年流域水质达标目标,结合流域内不同区域社会经济发展水平、河流水资源配置、污染程度以及水文、地理条件等因素,进行区分处理,对不同区域的水功能区设定不同的水质达标目标,确定限制排污总量,最终得到不同水平年不同水功能区的限制排污总量以及整个流域的限排总量,将其设定为限制纳污红线,作为流域综合治理及生态修复的约束性指标,建立以水功能区为单元的水质目标考核制度,促成量质结合的水资源统一管理模式,达到以水资源可持续利用保障经济社会可持续发展的目标。     

桂林市乌金河流域污染分析

通过对乌金河流域点污染源的实测与面污染源的估算,初步确定点面污染源排污总量,并用单项超标法、等标污染负荷法对乌金河流域的水质进行评价,分析了流域的污染特征,同时对如何防治水污染提出了一些看法。     

计算区段控制浓度的合理定量化模型研究

对污染物实施总量控制已经成为我国防止水环境恶化、实现水资源可持续利用的主要战略手段之一。本文就总量控制工作进行了理论探讨，从理论上提出了控制平均浓度和最大浓度两种情况下的排污等效模型。同时对计算区段控制浓度的确定进行了定量化模型研究。该模型简便易操作、实用性强，具有一定的理论意义和实用价值。     

区域水功能区限制纳污指标与水质达标率确定初探

为实施水功能区限制纳污红线,严格控制以行政区域为单元的入河排污总量,是当前面临的重要课题和技术难点。通过对水功能区限制纳污红线管理风险的分析,以临沂试点为例,初步以区域水功能区水质达标率为考核依据,核减下一年度县区地表水用水指标,并以限制纳污指标为辅助控制指标。本文着重探讨在没有县级水功能区划的情况下,如何将一个跨县区的水功能区COD、氨氮指标客观、公正地分配到相关县区;探讨在没有县界水质目标的情况下,如何处理好上下游水质达标率的责任考核问题,使流域与行政区域,水质达标率与纳污控制指标相衔接。     

廊坊市面污染源入河量调查与分析

参考《2012年廊坊市经济统计年鉴》资料,根据河北省经验系数,结合廊坊实际排污状况,分别计算各类面污染源主要污染物含量、入河量及污染物比重。根据计算得出:面污染源年入河量为122 610.62 t。农药化肥流失入河量总量达84 155.97 t,占总污染物的68.6%;主要污染物的入河量中总氮总入河量67 921.70 t,占污染物总量的55.4%。     

试谈排污交易削减非点源污染

主要介绍采用排污交易的方法削减非点源污染的实施方法、条件及其应用,重点讨论了太湖磷污染的削减对策,并进行了效益评估,认为排污交易是解决太湖富营养化问题的有效方法之一.     

Analysis of the distribution coefficients and mobility characteristics of phenols in different soil types

Adsorption studies were carried out on soil samples of high organic and low organic content to analyze the distribution coefficient and mobility of phenols. The results show that the amount of phenols adsorbed by the soil varies linearly with the fraction of organic carbon. Soils that are highly organic compared to those with low organic matter content retain the phenols to a greater extent. Adsorption studies on the different soil types indicated that the extent of adsorption of phenols by different kinds of soils is important, as a smaller amount of adsorption by the soil increases the risk of contamination of the groundwater supply.     

Assessment of the topsoil heavy metals pollution in the Sarno River basin,south Italy

The Sarno River basin area is one of the most polluted in Europe and it is due to the waste products of the tomato industry, the leather tanneries and the pharmaceutical industry. This area also has been densely populated and urbanized since the Middle Bronze Age, as testified by the presence of numerous archeological sites, including the ancient Pompeii town, and environmental degradation that characterizes the area is absolutely unacceptable. This paper represents a detailed study to assess the potentially harmful element content of topsoils. In total, 283 soil samples were collected and analyzed, after an aqua regia extraction, by a combination of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for 53 elements. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to show the single-element geochemical distribution and the distribution of factor scores of the elemental associations resulting from R-mode factor analysis. Maps showing elements and the association factor score distributions have been obtained using GeoDAS and ArcGIS software. The assessment of the soil contamination was also carried out using the contamination factor and degree of contamination. The results obtained indicate that soil pollution has different anthropogenic sources. Specifically, Cr pollution derives from tanneries discharging wastewaters in the main water bodies of the basin while Cu contamination seems to depend on widespread agricultural practices. Tin, Pb, Hg, Zn, Cd, Sb anomalies are found mainly in urban and industrial areas, sometimes close to roads with high traffic levels while there is a substantial coincidence with background values for other elements (Co, Ni, Se, Tl and V).     

Distribution of Cd,Pb, Zn and Cu and their chemical speciations in soils from a peri-smelter area in northeast China

An exploratory study on soil contamination of heavy metals was carried out surrounding Huludao zinc smelter in Liaoning province, China. The distribution of total heavy metals and their chemical speciations were investigated. The correlations between heavy metal speciations and soil pH values in corresponding sites were also analyzed. In general, Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu and As presented a significant contamination in the area near the smelter, comparied with Environmental Quality Standards for Soils in China. The geoaccumulation index showed the degree of contamination: Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu > As. There was no obvious pollution of Cr and Ni in the studied area. The speciation analysis showed that the dominant fraction of Cd and Zn was the acid soluble fraction, and the second was the residual fraction. Pb was mostly associated with the residual fraction, which constituted more than 50% of total concentration in all samples. Cu in residual fraction accounted for a high percentage (40–80%) of total concentration, and the proportion of Cu in the oxidizable fraction is higher than that of other metals. The distribution pattern of Pb and Zn was obviously affected by soil pH. It seemed that Pb and Zn content in acid solution fraction increased with increasing soil pH values, while Cd content in acid soluble fraction accounted for more proportion in neutral and alkaline groups than acidic one. The fraction distribution patterns of Cu in three pH groups were very similar and independent of soil pH values. And the residual fraction of Cu took a predominant part (50%) of the total content.     

Investigation of potential accumulation and spatial distribution of heavy metals in topsoil surrounding the cement plant of Meftah (southeastern Algiers region,Algeria)

Cement’s dust particles contamination on soil has received a good amount of attention due to toxicity persistence in the environment. It must be noted that cement dust falls are enriched in toxic heavy metals, which can spread throughout a large area by wind and rain then accumulate on plants, animals, and soils, thus ultimately affecting human health. For this purpose, a study was achieved to evaluate the potential accumulation and spatial distribution of heavy metals in topsoils surrounding the Meftah cement factory, situated at the southeastern of Algiers region. Sixty six soil samples were collected following six directions (east, northeast, north, northwest, west, and southwest) from cement factory on a radius of 3.5 km approximately. The physicochemical parameters, such as the pH, the conductivity, and the organic matter of these samples were determined. The concentration of the Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn elements, in soil samples, were determined with flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) method and the data generated were analyzed statistically. Thus, the enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), and principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to the dataset in order to calculate and estimate the enrichment of metal concentrations in soils. Moreover, mapping of the spatial distribution of heavy metals was carried out using geographic information system (GIS), to determine more polluted areas and accomplish the objectives of the study. The results of our analysis indicate that soils were polluted most significantly by metals such as lead, zinc, copper, and cadmium. It is thus important to keep systematic and continuous monitoring of the bag filter to reduce the cement dust emission. As possible, remediation activities be carried out on the soil of heavy metals and their derivatives to manage and suppress such pollution.     

中国东部主要平原地下水质量与污染评价

利用我国东部平原地下水污染调查评价工作所取得的大量数据, 采用单因子评价法进行地下水质量评价, 采用检出法和超标法进行地下水污染评价.地下水质量评价结果显示, 我国东部主要平原可以直接饮用(Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水)或经适当处理可以饮用(Ⅳ类水)的地下水资源占47.9%, 不能直接饮用的地下水资源(Ⅴ类水)占52.1%;深层地下水质量一般好于浅层地下水.影响地下水质量的天然化学组分主要以锰、铁、氟、碘、总硬度等为主, 人类活动影响则主要体现在"三氮"(NO₃-、NH₄+、NO₂-)、镉、铅和微量有机等组分上.地下水污染评价结果表明, 地下水中"三氮"普遍呈面状污染特征, 重(类)金属呈点污染特征, 尤以铅、砷污染较严重, 有毒有害有机污染呈现"检出率高、超标率低"的特征.我国地下水污染形势严峻, 应该尽快推进全国地下水污染调查评价工作, 组织实施全国地下水污染防治规划, 遏制地下水污染恶化态势, 有效保护我国地下水资源与环境.      

Eco-Environmental Geochemistry of Heavy Metal Pollution in Dexing Mining Area

An eco-environmental geochemical investigation was carried out in and around the Dexing mining area to determine the concentrations of heavy metals in the surface water, sediments, soils and plants. The main objective of this study is to assess the environmental situation and evaluate the transferring of heavy metals from mining activities into the food chain. Some samples of water, sediment, topsoil and plant were collected along the Lean River in the Dexing mining area. The total concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and As were determined by AAS, and Hg was analyzed by cold-vapor AAS. Some indices such as ‘contamination degree‘ , ‘geoaccumulation index‘ , and ‘biological absorption coefficient‘ were used to assess eco-environmental quality. The investigation indicated a highly localized distribution pattern closely associated with the two pollution sources along the Le‘an River bank: one is strong acidity and a large amount of Cu in the drainage from the Dexing Cu mining area; and the other is the high concentrations of Pb and Zn in the effluents released from many smelters and mining, processing and extracting activities in the riparian zone. Results from the investigated localities indicated, at least in part, that some problems associated with environmental quality deterioration should be solved in the future.     

Application of geospatial modelling technique in delineation of fluoride contamination zones within Dwarka Basin,Birbhum, India

Dwarka River Basin is one of the fluoride affected river basin in Birbhum, West Bengal. In the present research work, various controlling factors for fluoride contamination in groundwater i.e., geology, aquifer type, groundwater table, soil, rainfall, geomorphology, drainage density, land use land cover, lineament and fault density, slope and elevation were considered to delineate the potential fluoride contamination zones within Dwarka River Basin in Birbhum. Assigning weights and ranks to various inputs factor class and their sub-class respectively was carried out on the basis of knowledge driven method. Weighted overlay analysis was carried out to generate the final potential fluoride contamination zones which are classified into two broad classes i.e., ‘high’ and ‘low’, and it is observed that major portion of the study area falls under low fluoride contamination category encompassing 88.61% of the total area which accounts for 759.48 km² and high fluoride contaminated region accounts for 11.40% of the total study area encompassing an area of about 97.67 km². Majority of high fluoride areas fall along the flood plain of Dwarka River Basin. Finally, for validation 197 reported points within Dwarka having fluoride in underground water are overlaid and an overall accuracy of 92.15% is observed. An accuracy of 83.21% and 84.24% is obtained for success and prediction rate curve respectively.     

The Zoning of Semi-Enclosed Bodies of Water According to the Sediment Pollution: The Bay of Algeciras as a Case Example

This paper reports a study of the occurrence and levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a bay characterised by a chronic persistent impact. A total of 55 sediment samples were taken at different depths up to 111 m in two sampling campaigns. Chemical analyses were carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The results indicate that: (1) significant spatial variations exist, (2) levels of PAHs are related more strongly to the spatial distribution of sediments than to mineralogy/granulometry, (3) the sediments are slightly-to-moderately contaminated by PAHs, and (4) these PAHs derive from pyrolytic and petrogenic sources. Through use of an innovative data classification system (proposed according to depth and spatial location of sampling points), and using factorial and cluster techniques, five zones have been differentiated depending on the contamination level and source.     

Spatial distribution of metals in ground/surface waters in the Chandrapur district (Central India) and their plausible sources

This study addresses a framework to evaluate and map environmental hazard with reference to spatial distribution of major and trace metal contamination and its relationship with lithology in Chandrapur district of Maharashtra, India using geospatial, statistical and GIS tools. In all, 208 ground water and 35 surface water samples were collected using global positioning system (GPS) synoptically with satellite imagery IRS P6 LISS III and were analyzed in ICP-AES. Analytical results reflect the presence of major and trace metals in ground water in terms of % as Fe (48%), Mn (12%), Zn (9%), Al (8%), Pb (7%), Cu (6%), Ni (4%), Cd (3%) and Cr (3%) of the total average concentration. The contamination is attributed to weathering of rocks and also to mining activities. Similarly, surface water contribution of major and trace metals was found as Al (47.8%), Fe (42.8%), Mn (5.5%), Zn (2.3%), Pb (0.56%), Ni (0.42%), Cu (0.16%), Cr (0.16%) and Cd (0.10%) of the total average concentration. Ordinary kriging interpolation method was adopted to assess the spatial distribution of different major and trace metals in groundwater samples with their best model fit variogram Classical statistical method like principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out in order to establish correlation between spatial pattern of metal contamination and geology of the area in GIS environment. Various surface and subsurface aspects like landuse/land cover, structural features, hydrogeology, topography etc were also considered to ascertain their impact to supplement the inference of the study.     

Environmental applications of geophysical and geochemical methods to map groundwater quality at Tuticorin, Tamilnadu, India

Coastal aquifers can become polluted due to natural and human activities, such as intrusion of saline water, discharge of effluents in industrial areas and chemical weathering of natural geological deposits. The present study is aimed mainly at understanding the geophysical and chemical characteristics of groundwater near Tuticorin, Tamilnadu, India by studying the electrical resistivity distribution of the subsurface groundwater by applying the Schlumberger vertical electrical sounding (VES) technique followed by chemical analysis of water samples. A total of 20 VES soundings were carried out to understand the resistivity distribution of the area and 21 water samples were collected to analyze the chemical quality. The interpretation and analysis of the results have identified different hydrogeologic behaviors, a highly saline coastal aquifer and freshwater locations. The results obtained from geophysical and geochemical sampling are in good agreement with each other. The approach shows the efficacy of the combination of geophysical and geochemical methods to map groundwater contamination zones in the study area.