月球的地体构造与起源模式

按照月球表面物质成分分布的特点,月壳可以划分为三个主要的化学地体:1)风暴洋克里普地体(PKT);2)斜长质高地地体(FHT);3)南极爱特肯地体(SPAT),综合对比天体化学和固体地球科学研究的前缘和热点,本文建立了月球地体构造及其起源的星子堆积模式,对月球化学分布的不均匀性的起因给出了较为简单和合理的解释.     

Recent and active tectonics of the external zone of the Northern Apennines (Italy)

We present a comprehensive study of the recent and active tectonics of the external part of the Northern Apennines (Italy) by using morphotectonic, geological–structural, and stratigraphic analysis, compared with the current seismicity of the region. This analysis suggests that the external part of the Northern Apennines is characterised by presence of three major systems of Quaternary compressive structures corresponding to (1) the Apenninic watershed, (2) the Apennines–Po Plain margin (pede-Apenninic thrust front), and (3) the Emilia, Ferrara, and Adriatic Fold systems buried below the Po Plain. Geological data and interpreted seismic sections indicate a roughly N–S Quaternary deformation direction, with rates <2.5 mm/year. The shortening decreased since the Pliocene, when our data indicate compression in a NNW–SSE direction and rates up to 7 mm/year. The trend and kinematics of the structures affecting the Apennines–Po Plain margin and the Po Plain subsoil fit well the pattern of the current seismicity of the area, as well as recent GPS and geodetic levelling data, pointing to a current activity of these thrust systems controlled by an overall compressive stress field. Close to the Apenninic watershed, earthquake focal mechanisms indicate that shallow extension is associated to deep compression. The extensional events may be related to a secondary extensional stress field developing on the hangingwall of the thrust system affecting the Apenninic watershed; alternatively, this thrust system may have been recently deactivated and overprinted by active normal faulting. Deeper compressive events are related to the activity of both a major basement thrust that connects at surface with the pede-Apenninic thrust front and a major Moho structure.     

Relationship of late Quaternary tectonics and volcanism in the Khanarassar active fault zone, the Armenian Upland

The Syunik rhombus-like structure in the Khanarassar active dextral fault zone of Armenia is a typical pull-apart basin, formed between terminal parts of two adjacent en echelon fault segments. Some component of subsidence associated with the faults of the structure is found between the en echelon segments; nevertheless, the dextral component continues to be predominant even on the boundaries of the pull-apart basin. The late Pleistocene and Holocene lava volcanoes of the basin are also associated with those faults that have a component of extension. The relative ages of fault displacements and volcanic eruptions have been identified by the mutual correlation of lavas, moraines and topographic features and by archaeological and radiocarbon dating. According to the interpretation of rupturing and volcanism, major earthquakes and volcanic eruptions appear inter-related and three pulses of such activity during the earlier and middle Holocene have been identified.     

Distribution of groundwater salinity and formation mechanism of fresh groundwater in an arid desert transition zone

This study reviews the distribution of groundwater salinity in an arid desert transition zone. By combining field experiments and computer simulation models we make a comprehensive analysis of the formation mechanism of fresh groundwater in relation to the paleogeographic conditions of lithofacies, the geochemical characteristics of the aquifer media, salt deliverability in the vadose zone and prevailing hydrodynamic conditions. The results demonstrate that (1) the lacustrine facies deposition stratum of the Huanhe formation in the Cretaceous system provides a brackish-salt groundwater environment; (2) the average salinity of parent rocks are approximately 440 mg/kg and 4 371 mg/kg in the Quaternary eolian sand and the Cretaceous Huanhe formation respectively, suggesting that parent rocks are the principal controlling factor in the distribution of groundwater quality given that mineral and chemical composition of the eolian sand is simpler than that of the Huanhe formation; (3) average groundwater flow rates are approximately 0.25 m/d and 0.1 m/d in eolian sand and Huanhe formation aquifers respectively, indicating that hydrodynamic conditions play an important role in driving in the formation and evolution of fresh groundwater; (4) The salinity deliverability in the vadose zone overlying the aeolian sand and Huanhe formation aquifers are approximately 15.97 mg/L and 220.42 mg/L respectively, signifying that the combination of lithology and salt content of vadose zone, rainfall infiltration, evapotranspiration and concentration heavily influence the formation, distribution and evolution of groundwater quality. This study can provide a scientific basis for the sustainable development and utilization of groundwater resources in arid areas.     

溪洛渡水电站坝区过河斜硐地下水环境同位素分析

利用过河斜硐地下水以及坝区别处水样的环境同位素测试结果，依据不同高程大气降雨的环境同位素组成不同的性质，结合斜硐地下水水质分析资料，查明了斜硐地下水的补给、径流、排泄条件。     

Latest erosional incision in river valleys of southern East Siberia

Examples of the geological and geomorphic framework of river valleys in the Tunka rift basin (Baikal rift system) and in the Irkutsk amphitheater (Siberian craton) have been used to show that horizontal and vertical motions of tectonic units in southern East Siberia are superposed with periodic movements. In the latter, the waves of slow uplift are attendant with erosional incision events, whereas during the subsidence cycles the incised valleys become filled with mainly alluvial sediments. The latest incision events in the area occurred in the past 70 kyr.     

Expression of active tectonics in erosional landscapes

Understanding the manner and degree to which topography in active mountain ranges reflects deformation of the Earth's surface remains a first order goal of tectonic geomorphology. A substantial body of research in the past decade demonstrates that incising channel systems play a central role in setting relationships among topographic relief, differential rock uplift rate, and climatically modulated erosional efficiency. This review provides an introduction to the analysis and interpretation of channel profiles in erosional mountain ranges. We show that existing data support theoretical expectations of positive, monotonic relationships between channel steepness index, a measure of channel gradient normalized for downstream increases in drainage area, and erosion rate at equilibrium, and that the transient response to perturbations away from equilibrium engenders specific spatial patterns in channel profiles that can be used to infer aspects of the forcing. These aspects of channel behavior lay the foundation for a series of case studies that we use to illustrate how focused, quantitative analysis of channel morphology can provide insight into the spatial and temporal dynamics of active deformation. Although the complexities of river response to climate, lithology, and uplift patterns mean that multiple interpretations of topographic data alone will always possible, we show that application of stream profile analysis can be a powerful reconnaissance tool with which to interrogate the rates and patterns of deformation in active mountain belts.     

西藏波密冰川覆盖区大型河流与断裂带地下水转化关系

川藏铁路波密段穿越冰川覆盖区,分布多条与断裂复合发育的大型河流,水量丰富,可与断裂共同构成构造高压涌水突泥灾害风险源。本文通过多期测流和对大气降水、冰川、河流和地下水水化学、同位素特征分析,研究了大型河流的流量变化特征和地表水与断裂带裂隙水的转化关系。结果表明：西藏波密冰川覆盖区河水主要接受冰川融水和大气降水补给。雨季河水的δ18O和δD值小于旱季,说明河水雨季和旱季的补给源结构不同。旱季气温低,以大气降水补给为主;雨季冰川融水量陡增,为主要补给源。断裂影响范围内的古乡沟、比通曲和龙冲曲河水流量较大,均超过4×104 m3/d,但年内流量波动幅度小于非断裂带影响范围的河流。河流可渗漏补给断裂带水。浅层循环断裂带水年龄5～10 a,中深层断裂带水年龄超过4000 a,水岩作用较充分。非断裂带影响范围的河流与基岩风化裂隙水存在较密切的水力联系和较频繁的相互转化。研究成果可为青藏高原东部冰川覆盖区铁路隧道高压涌水突泥灾害的早期识别和灾害防范措施制定提供参考。     

应用GRNN神经网络模型计算西北干旱区内陆河流域出山径流

根据全球变化对2030年降水量和气温的预测结果,设置不同的气候变化情景,应用GRNN模型对黑河出山径流进行了预测。结果表明,到2030年,黑河出山径流将有小幅度的增加。随着气温的不断上升,出山年径流量最终将减少。     

水位变化影响下的河水-地下水侧向交互带地球化学动态

为了解不同水位变化影响下的河水与地下水侧向交互带地球化学特征动态,以重庆市马鞍溪为研究对象,选取丰水期向枯水期过渡的10-12月为研究期,对河水、地下水及交互带的水位、水温、溶解氧（DO）、pH值、电导率（EC）进行监测,结合对水体主要离子浓度的分析。结果表明,随枯水期到来,侧向交互带水位发生较大变化,交互带与河水间的水位梯度缩小,河水入渗动力逐渐减弱。水位的变化及入渗水温的降低,使交互带微生物活动减弱,pH值上升且变幅减小,DO上升。在其影响下,交互带EC下降,变幅减小,交互带对NO₃-、SO₄2-的净化能力降低,对Mn、Zn等重金属固定能力增强。通过分析交互带地球化学特征的变化,可推断出随马鞍溪枯水期的到来,侧向交互带边界由距河岸30~50 cm移动至距河岸30 cm以内。     

Outline of tectonics of the outer zone,the Carpathian foretrough

The edge trough in the East Carpathians includes an inner zone that developed adjacent to the Carpathian geosyncline, a deep trough filled with thick Miocene and Pliocene sediments. The Miocene beds have been extensively folded and overthrust. The edge trough also includes an outer zone which is the depressed edge of the platform covered by Tortonian and Sarmatian sediments. The structure and geologic history of the platform part of this trough is based on much borehole data and detailed geologic and geophysical surveys. The stratigraphy is discussed and thicknesses of the Tortonian and lower Sarmatian for different localities are given in Table 1. Figure 1 shows the structure of the outer zone; contours are drawn on top of the Tiras (gypsum-anhydrite) formation. Several zones of rapidly varying thickness in the Tortonian and lower Sarmatian sediments correspond to major northwest striking basement faults, which are responsible for the block structure of much of the outer zone. These basement faults, first demonstrated by geophysics and then examined in numerous boreholes, show that the dip of lower Sarmatian and Tortonian rocks increases with depth from about 10-15° up to 35-45°. Gentle flexures in upper horizons become larger downwards and pass into downfaults. Movements occurred during deposition. Figure 2 gives geologic sections showing faults in the outer zone. All dislocations form a definite fault system oriented obliquely with respect to the main strike of the Alpine tectonic elements. There are frequent signs of tectonic movements throughout the Miocene.—W.D. Lowry     

岩溶高原地下水径流系统垂向分带

大量的矿产资源采掘、地质勘探、洞穴探测、示踪试验等揭露和观测研究发现地下水径流系统的分带性是客观存在的.根据含水层的埋藏条件、地下径流的空间形态、地下水动力性质、地下水循环深度和流程的差异,岩溶高原地下水径流系统垂向上可划分为:浅循环径流带、深循环径流带2大类,进一步划分为:表层径流带、垂向渗流带、季节波动带、潜水—承压水径流带及层状承压径流带、带状承压径流带6个分带.岩溶高原地下水径流系统分带主要由地层沉积旋回、地质构造切割及组合、地形地貌起伏变化、岩溶发育分带特性所决定.     

Alpine tectonics and diapiric structures in the Pre-Betic zone of southeast Spain

The Pre-Betic is the most northerly of the Alpine zones forming the Betic Cordilleras of southern Spain. It consists of strongly folded and faulted Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks, the oldest of which are ferruginous and gypsiferous Triassic mudstones, followed by a predominantly carbonate facies of Cretaceous, Palaeogene and Miocene age. Although this sequence is interrupted by a number of minor unconformities, the major structures were formed during the middle or late Miocene. The highly incompetent Triassic rocks are the most strongly deformed, and form diapiric intrusions discordant to regional structural trends in the younger rocks. The latter are essentially of two facies: massive competent limestones which are deformed by relatively simple folds of large wavelength, and highly incompetent marl-limestone interbeds with complex disharmonic folds and crush belts. Faults include low-angle and high-angle thrusts, gravity slides and wrench faults. The regional tectonic strike is ENE to NE, but the diapiric intrusions mostly follow WNW and N directions. These intrusions have pushed the younger rocks aside, the result being polyphase structures of several trends.Less intense post-Miocene tectonics are mostly associated with continued diapirism and have resulted in the folding and tilting of the late Miocene to Quaternary elastic sediments.     

河西内陆河地区径流模型概述

径流模拟是河西内陆河地区水文研究中最基本、最重要的一个环节,也是研究其它水文问题的基础.目前广泛应用在河西地区的径流模拟模型大致分为系统理论模型、概念模型和分布式模型三类.但是这些模型各自有哪些特点,应用中应注意哪些问题,却缺少宏观的认识.总结了这三类模型在河西内流河区应用的代表性研究成果,并结合当前所应用模型存在的问题,探讨了研究区未来水文模型可能的发展方向.     

河西内陆河流域冰川融水近期变化

基于第一次中国冰川编目数据库,以国家气象台站的月降水与月气温资料为驱动数据,利用度日模型重建了河西内陆河流域各水系1961～2006年冰川物质平衡和融水径流序列,并与短期观测资料的对比验证表明,模型具有较高的可信度.河西内陆河流域1961～2006年平均冰川物质平衡为-49.5 mm/a,从东段石羊河流域到西段疏勒河、...     

Method for groundwater research in bedrock of mountainous area of Hebei

In recent years, the mountain springs in the bedrock mountainous area of Hebei are decreasing in terms of both quantity and flow rate, which have affected the domestic water and production water supply for people in this area, due to which driven wells have been built with the expectation to relieve the problem. However, this work doesn’t achieve much success due to the complex geological conditions in the bedrock mountainous area and tends to cause huge economic losses. In order to improve the success rate of this work, the authors of this paper made a summary about the type of reservoir structure, water storage conditions and characteristics, by drawing experience from the former practices of digging wells in the mountainous area of Hebei to search for water to relieve drought in 2011, referring to the research results about bedrock summarized by former researchers, employing the reservoir structure theory and by considering the stratum condition of the bedrock mountain area of Hebei. Based on the summary, the authors figure out the major reservoir structure and water research methods for mountainous regions where have metamorphic rocks, carbonate rocks and volcanic rocks distributed, which may offer some valuable guidance to future water researches in the bedrock mountainous area of Hebei     

金沙江流域不同区域水沙变化特征及原因分析

在金沙江流域水文站控制的不同区间的水文资料和降水量资料,以及大量的长江上游水土流失重点防治区小流域综合防治工程(简称"长治"工程)拦沙减蚀量、水库拦沙量资料的基础上,对金沙江流域各水文站控制的不同区间、不同时段的来水来沙变化特征及其变化原因进行了定量分析.结果表明,金沙江流域水沙在地区分布上有明显的水沙异源特性,不同区间水沙变化特征存在很大的差异,降水/径流变化引起的沙量变化、水库拦沙、"长治"工程减沙在不同区间起着不同的作用.金沙江攀枝花以上地区以冻融侵蚀和坡面侵蚀为主,年产沙量仅0.521亿t,输沙模数200 t/(km2·a),但增沙的趋势较明显;攀枝花至屏山区间新构造运动剧烈,断层发育,岩层松软破碎,地形陡峻,植被稀少,以重力侵蚀为主,年产沙量1.58亿t,输沙模数达2 200 t/(km2·a),1991-2000年来沙量增加,2001-2004年来沙量大幅度减小.     

Last Glacial–Interglacial cycle in the evolution of river valleys in southern and central Poland

The Last Glacial–Interglacial cycle is represented usually by several cuts and fills, which have formed 2–3 terrace steps from the Last Cold Stage and by two or more fills of Lateglacial–Holocene age. Their number depends on the size of the river valley and the position in the longitudinal profile. The sequence of changes reflects shorter stadial–interstadial climatic fluctuations. Generally, aggradation dominates during the cooler phases of the Vistulian and during the Interpleniglacial. The most distinct erosional phases occurred during the change from a more oceanic to a more continental climate before the maximum extension of the ice sheet (25–20 ka BP) and during the Upper Pleniglacial–Lateglacial transition (15–13 ka BP). The second phase coincides with the rapid downcutting in the lower course of the main Vistula valley, which had been blocked earlier by the Scandinavian ice sheet. In the Holocene aggradation prevailed, accelerated by anthropogenic soil erosion. It was only in the mountain foreland that shorter-lived hydrological changes resulted in well expressed several cuts and fills.     

The transition from passive to active margin tectonics: a case study from the zone of Samedan (eastern Switzerland)

The Zone of Samedan is part of a fossil, early Mesozoic rift system originally situated in the distal, Lower Austro-Alpine domain of the Adriatic passive continental margin. An early Mesozoic configuration of asymmetrical rift basins bounded by relative structural highs compartmentalized Late Cretaceous active margin tectonics; Jurassic half-grabens were folded into arcuate synclines, whereas relative structural highs engendered thin, imbricated thrust sheets. West-directed thrusting and folding initiated at the surface and continued to depths favoring mylonitization under lower greenschist-facies conditions. At this time Liguria-Piemontese ophiolites were accreted to Lower Austro-Alpine units directly underlying the Zone of Samedan. Late Cretaceous orogenic collapse of the Adriatic active margin involved the reactivation of west-directed thrusts as low-angle, top-to-the-east, normal faults. These faults accommodated extensional uplift of Liguria-Piemontese ophiolites and Lower Austro-Alpine units beneath and within the Zone of Samedan. During Paleogene collision, some Late Cretaceous faults in the Zone of Samedan were reactivated under lower anchizonal conditions as north-directed thrusts. The latter stages of this early Tertiary thickening were transitional to brittle, high-angle normal faulting associated with top-to-the-east extension and spreading above the warm, uplifting Lepontine dome.