Glacially Folded Outwash Near Lago Llanquihue, Southern Lake District, Chile

Folded outwash occurs in four distinct clusters in an arcuate arrangement just west of the terminal Llanquihue moraines deposited by the Lago Llanquihue piedmont ice lobe at the last glacial maximum. These clusters are physically connected along the eastern side to the Llanquihue terminal moraines, and along the western side to the Llanquihue outwash plain. Each cluster consists of three to eleven elongated ridges. The maximum height of individual ridges varies from cluster to cluster beween 18 and 28 m; the maximum length of individual ridges is between 93 and 1074 m. The average orientation of the ridges ranges over a 60° sector relative to former ice-flow direction. The folded out-wash sediments are cut by two distinct internal fault systems with only a faint surface expression below the Holocene top soil.
The folded outwash ridges are interpreted as a push moraine system produced by the same mechanical forces that act in a critically tapered wedge. The folded sediment is a sandy gravel with an angle of friction on the order of φ = 40°. Interpretations of structural data and of mechanical comparisons point to a basal thrust plane in a sand unit with φ between 24° and 30° and with a pore water pressure index of l = 0.7.
It is very unlikely that the observed and analyzed features wereformed under permafrost conditions.     

Glacial Deposition Along an Ice-Contact Slope: An Example from the Southern Lake District, Chile

Glacially derived sediments and structures vary systematically with topographic position along ice-contact slopes near the margin of former temperate piedmont glaciers in the southern Lake District, Chile. Features along lower positions of the slopes include glaciolacustrine sediments and large-scalethrusting. Middle slope features include low-angle subglacial thrusting of thin slices of lacustrine sediment. Upper slope features include high-angle thrusting, and lodgement and flow till. Locally, the same ordering of these features occurs in vertical sequence.
A common theme that unifies the processes represented by these features is the distribution of hydrostatic pressure. Thicker ice (producing higher glacier overburden pressures) and aquicludes of fine-grained sediments toward the center of the basin result in high hydrostatic pressures, whereas thin ice and porous out-wash reduce these pressures at the top of the ice-contact slopes.However, such a distribution cannot completely explain the observed vertical sequences; hence, local variations in hydrostatic pressure because of lithologic contrasts probably play a role. Nowhere along the ice-contact slope are pervasively deformed glacial sediments observed; therefore they cannot be invoked to explain the low glacier profiles of these piedmont glacier lobes.     

Plates 1 to 9 of the Southern Lake District of Chile

Contents:
Plate 1. Glacial geomorphologic map of the area of Lago Puyehue and Lago Rupanco.
Plate 2. Glacial geomorphologic map of the Lago Llanquihue area.
Plate 3. Glacial geomorphologic map of the Seno Reloncaví area.
Plate 4. Glacial geomorphologic map of the northern sector of eastern Isla Grande de Chiloé.
Plate 5. Explanation of map units in Plates 1-4.
Plate 6. Location of radiocarbon sample sites and stratigraphic sections for Lago Puyehue and Lago Rupanco map sheet of Plate 1.
Plate 7. Location of radiocarbon sample sites and stratigraphic sections for Lago Llanquihue map sheet of Plate 2.
Plate 8. Location of radiocarbon sample sites and stratigraphic sections for Seno Reloncaví map sheet of Plate 3.
Plate 9. Location of radiocarbon sample sites and stratigraphic sections for Isla Grande de ChiloÄ(c) map sheet of Plate 4.     

Geomorphology, Stratigraphy, and Radiocarbon Chronology of LlanquihueDrift in the Area of the Southern Lake District, Seno Reloncaví, and Isla Grande de Chiloé, Chile

Glacial geomorphologic features composed of (or cut into) Llanquihue drift delineate former Andean piedmont glaciers in the region of the southern Chilean Lake District, Seno Reloncav', Golfo de Ancud, and northern Golfo Corcovado during the last glaciation. These landforms include extensive moraine belts, main and subsidiary outwash plains, kame terraces, and meltwater spillways. Numerous radiocarbon dates document Andean ice advances into the moraine belts during the last glacial maximum (LGM) at 29,363–29,385 ¹⁴C yr BP , 26,797 ¹⁴C yr BP , 22,295–22,570 ¹⁴C yr BP , and 14,805–14,869 ¹⁴C yr BP . Advances may also have culminated at close to 21,000 ¹⁴C yr BP , shortly before 17,800 ¹⁴C yr BP , and shortly before 15,730 ¹⁴C yr BP . The maximum at 22,295–22,567 ¹⁴C yr BP was probably the most extensive of the LGM in the northern part of the field area, whereas that at 14,805–14,869 ¹⁴C yr BP was the most extensive in the southern part. Snowline depression during these maxima was about 1000 m. Andean piedmont glaciers did not advance into the outer Llanquihue moraine belts during the portion of middle Llanquihue time between 29,385 ¹⁴C yr BP and more than 39,660 ¹⁴C yr BP . In the southern part of the field area, the Golfo de Ancud lobe, as well as the Golfo Corcovado lobe, achieved a maximum at the outermost Llanquihue moraine prior to 49,892 ¹⁴C yr BP . Pollen analysis of the Taiquemmire, which is located on this moraine, suggests that the old Llanquihue advance probably corresponds to the time of marine isotope stage 4. The implication is that the Andean snowline was then depressed as much as during the LGM. A Llanquihue-age glacier expansion into the outer moraine belts also occurred more than about 40,000 ¹⁴C yr BP for the Lago Llanquihue piedmont glacier.     

末次冰盛期时吉兰泰盐湖的湖泊状态与古气候特征

通过现代季风边缘区的吉兰泰盐湖钻孔JLT11-A孔沉积岩芯的矿物分析,结合地层盘星藻的含量探讨末次冰盛期(LGM)时湖泊的状态和古气候特征。结果显示:在LGM时吉兰泰湖泊沉积矿物主要是石英、长石为主的碎屑岩沉积,含量在85%左右,显示出陆源碎屑矿物的高输入状态,可能指示区域寒冷干旱的环境;其次是以方解石为主的碳酸盐的沉积,含量约为10%;氯化物为主的石盐类矿物一般不足5%,但持续存在,指示湖泊仍然有较高的盐度,因此地层中的淡水藻类盘星藻可能是由河流输入。由于陆源碎屑矿物输入强烈,矿物组合可能难以直接指示吉兰泰盐湖湖水状态。区域的干冷的气候与大多数的古气候记录一致,而与新疆西部的冷湿的环境不同。对比邻近区域的古气候研究结果发现,本区域在LGM时段夏季降水相对于冰消期偏多,而相对于MIS3阶段晚期偏少,整体夏季风减弱。吉兰泰盐湖末次冰盛期到末次冰消期以来矿物组合的变化表明,湖泊环境可能受到夏季太阳辐射、全球与区域温度变化以及夏季风强弱变化的影响。     

Paleoecology of The Southern Chilean Lake District-Isla Grande de Chiloé During Middle–late Llanquihue Glaciation and Deglaciation

Subantarctic Parkland and Subantarctic–North Patagonian Evergreen Forest, embracing >40,000 ¹⁴ C years of middle and late Llanquihue glaciation, are reconstructed from pollen contained in multiple interdrift deposits and cores of lake sediments. The subantarctic plant communities at low elevations have since been replaced by temperate Valdivian Evergreen Forest. Data in support of the vegetation reconstruction derive from close-interval sampling (>1400 pollen analysed stratigraphic levels) and high-resolution chronology (>200 AMS and conventional radiocarbon-dated horizons). Pollen sequences are from 15 sites, eight of which are exposures and seven mires, located in relation to lobes of piedmont glaciers that occupied Lago Llanquihue, Seno Reloncav', Golfo de Ancud, and the east-central sector of Isla Grande de Chiloí at the northern limit of the Golfo Corcovado lobe. Recurring episodes of grass maxima representing Subantarctic Parkland, when grass and scrub became widespread among patches of southern beech (Nothofagus), bear a relationship to glacial advances. The implication of the maxima, prominent with advances at 22,400 and 14,800 ¹⁴C yr BP during late Llanquihue glaciation in marine oxygen-isotope Stage 2, is of successive intervals of cold climate with summer temperatures estimated at 6–8°C below the modern mean. The earliest recorded maximum at >50,000 ¹⁴C yr BP is possibly during late Stage 4. At the time of middle Llanquihue glaciation in Stage 3, cool, humid interstades on Isla Grande de Chiloé with Subantarctic Evergreen Forest, which under progressive cooling after 47,000 ¹⁴C yr BP was increasingly replaced by parkland. During stepwise deglaciation, when transitional beech woodland communities supplanting parkland became diversified by formation of thermophilous North Patagonian Evergreen Forest, warming in the order of 5–6°C was abrupt after 14,000 ¹⁴C yr BP . Closed-canopy North Patagonian Evergreen Forest was established by 12,500 ¹⁴C yr BP . Later, after c. 12,000 until 10,000 ¹⁴C yr BP , depending on location, forest at low elevations became modified by expansion of a cold-tolerant element indicative of ≥2–3°C cooler climate. This stepwise climatic sequence is seen at all late-glacial sites. Cool, humid interstadial conditions, punctuated by cold stadial climate, are characteristic of the last ≥40,000 ¹⁴C years of the Pleistocene at midlatitude in the Southern Hemisphere. Pollen sequences from southern South America and terrestrial–marine records from the New Zealand–Tasmania sector express a broad measure of synchrony of vegetational/climatic change for marine oxygen-isotope Stages 2–3. The data, combined with the timing of glacial maxima in the Southern Andes, Southern Alps of New Zealand, and in the Northern Hemisphere, are indicative of synchronous, millennial-scale, midlatitude climatic changes in the polar hemispheres.     

论太行山地区旅游风景地貌资源

太行山地区的旅游风景地貌由深切的河谷、高耸的山地及山顶平台和山地与河谷之间的山坡等三种地貌类型组成。它可使旅游者既享受到幽深、雅静、古朴的谷地风情 ,又欣赏到争奇斗艳的山地景色 ,还饱览到一览众山小 ,心旷神怡的山顶风光。它呈S—N向的带状 ,分布在太行山地区不同山地的不同海拔高度上 ,又往往与地质构造带和山前多雨带相吻合。其形成与地貌发育史密切相关 ,时代均不超过 5 5MaBP以来的新生代。     

艾比湖地区风沙危害趋势及对欧亚大陆桥的影响

艾比湖是新疆最大的尾闾盐湖,地质历史时期和人类活动时期处于不断干缩状态,所形成的于涸湖盆物质在阿拉山口大风驱动下对区域构成风沙危害。从物质来源和驱动风力两个方面分析了风沙危害的可能性;并在剖析扬尘爆发频率和风力条件变化趋势的基础上,得出近40年风沙危害加剧的主要由于沙尘策源地扩大的结论。重点分析了欧亚大陆桥艾湖段风沙危害现状及趋势,认为由于区域风力条件的稳定性,只有在与艾比湖地区生态环境恢复重建的基础上,进行全线的生物防护措施,改善下界面状况,才能取得可持续的防沙效益。     

青海湖东岸末次冰期冰盛期和早全新世沙漠范围重建

基于野外沉积物调查、已报道的风成沉积物年代和重建的湖泊水位波动曲线,初步绘制了末次冰期冰盛期和全新世早期青海湖东岸的沙漠范围。初步认为,末次冰期冰盛期时青海湖大幅度萎缩,湖底沉积物暴露并遭受风蚀,在偏西风的搬运下,近岸粗颗粒砂堆积在日月山西侧和倒淌河河谷,形成流动沙丘,细颗粒沉积物被向东搬运沉积至河湟谷地和黄土高原。倒淌河源头的沙丘最晚是在末次冰期盛冰期(23~16ka BP)沙漠扩张时形成并残留至今的;青海湖东部日月山西侧山麓地带和倒淌河河谷中、晚全新世黄土、古土壤下部普遍沉积的风成砂是末次冰期冰盛期和全新世早期(11~9 ka BP)青海湖东岸地区大范围沙化的证据。     

Glacial Cirques in the Southern Side of the Cantabrian Mountains of Southwestern Europe

A total of 156 glacial cirques located on two different areas in the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain) were identified and measured in order to continue and expand the study of these large‐scale erosional forms in European mountains. Environmental variables that may explain cirque distribution (altitude, aspect and lithology), and their most important morphometric features (area, length (L), width (W), headwall height (H), and L/W, L/H and W/H indices), are analysed. Statistical analysis has been applied as indicators of contrast (ANOVA) and association (correlation and regression). Conglomerate analysis (CLUSTER) has been used to discriminate cirque groups based on their morphometric variables. Results show that cirques occur at lower altitudes in the Upper Sil River basin area than in the Montaña Central area due to a lower former equilibrium line altitude (ELA) position. In the Upper Sil River basin, environmental variables appear to have had a strong influence on the location and size of cirques: the largest cirques are located in quartzite rocks at elevations above 2000 m and face N or NE. In Montaña Central, the influence of these factors was more limited as a consequence of higher geological structure control. Cirque sizes generally are modest compared with cirques present in other mountain ranges globally, most likely due to shorter glacial occupancy in the Cantabrian Mountains.     

Footpath erosion in the English Lake District

Footpath erosion is a matter of concern in the English Lake District, where recreational pressure on the fells is increasing. Erosion may be expected to result from the interaction of recreational geomorphological and climatic forces with the inherent resistance of vegetation and soil conditions. A broad-scale survey of 485 sites on 25 paths in the Lake District demonstrated the importance of specific variables for footpath erosion. Erosion (measured as path width, extent of bare ground or maximum depth) is found to increase with the square root of the slope angle and the square of the recreation pressure. These two variables also interact with each other, while other factors, such as vegetation type, soil type and topographic position, also influence rate of erosion. A threshold slope angle of 15–17° seems to separate actively eroding from stable slopes.     

Record of Late Pleistocene Glaciation and Deglaciation in the Southern Cascade Range. II. Flux of Glacial Flour in a Sediment Core from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon

During the late Wisconsin, glacial flour from alpine glaciers along the east side of the Cascade Range in southern Oregon was deposited in Upper Klamath Lake. Quantitative interpretation of magnetic properties and grain-size data of cored sediments from Caledonia Marsh on the west side of the lake provides a continuous record of the flux of glacial flour spanning the last 37 000 calendar years. For modeling purposes, the lake sediments from the 13-m core were divided into three sedimentary components defined from magnetic, geochemical, petrographic, and grain-size data. The components are (1) strongly magnetic, glacial flour made up of extremely fine-grained, fresh volcanic rock particles, (2) less magnetic lithic material made up of coarser, weathered volcanic detritus, and (3) non-magnetic biogenic material (largely biogenic silica). Quantitative interpretation is possible because there has been no significant postdepositional destruction or formation of magnetic minerals, nor alteration affecting grain-size distributions. Major steps involved in the interpretation include: (1) computation of biogenic and lithic components; (2) determination of magnetic properties and grain-size distributions of the non-glacial and glacial flour end-members; (3) computation of the contents of weathered and glacial flour components for each sample; (4) development of an age model based on the mass accumulation of the non-glacial lithic component; and (5) use of the age model and glacial flour contents to compute the flux of glacial flour. Comparison of the glacial flour record from Upper Klamath Lake to mapped glacial features suggests a nearly linear relation between flux of glacial flour and the extent of nearby glaciers. At 22 ka, following an extended period during which glaciers of limited size waxed and waned, late Wisconsin (Waban) glaciers began to grow, reaching their maximum extent at 19 ka. Glaciers remained near their maximum extent for 1000 years. During this period, lake sediments were made up of 80% glacial flour. The content of glacial flour decreased as the glaciers receded, and reached undetectable levels by 14 ka.     

Late Glacial and Holocene Palaeoenvironmental Changes in the Rostov-Yaroslavl’ Area, West Central Russia

Three lake sediment sequences (lakes Nero, Chashnitsy, Zaozer’e) from the Rostov-Jaroslavl’ region north of Moscow were studied to provide information on palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental changes during the past 15,000 cal yr. The multi-proxy study (i.e., pollen, macrofossils, mineral magnetic measurements, total carbon, nitrogen and sulphur) is chronologically constrained by AMS ¹⁴C measurements. Lake Nero provided the longest sedimentary record back to ca. 15,000 cal yr BP, while sediment accumulation began around ca. 11,000 cal yr BP in the two other lakes, possibly due to melting of permafrost. Limnic plant macrofossil remains suggest increased lake productivity and higher mean summer temperatures after 14,500 cal yr BP. While the late glacial vegetation was dominated by Betula and Salix shrubs and various herbs, it appears that Betula sect. Albae became established as early as 14,000 cal yr BP. Major hydrological changes in the region led to distinctly lower lake levels, starting 13,000 cal yr BP in Lake Nero and ca. 9000 cal yr BP in lakes Chashnitsy and Zaozer’e, which are situated at higher elevations. These changes resulted in sedimentary hiatuses in all three lakes that lasted 3500–4500 cal yr. Mixed broad-leaved – coniferous forests were widespread in the area between 8200 and 6100 cal yr BP and developed into dense, species-rich forests between 6100 and 2500 cal yr BP, during what was likely the warmest interval of the studied sequences. Agricultural activity is documented since 500 cal yr BP, but probably began earlier, since Rostov was a major capital by 862 A.D. This apparent gap may be caused by additional sedimentary hiatuses around 2500 and 500 cal yr BP.     

云南拱王山冰蚀湖相沉积剖面全新世孢粉记录与环境

对云南小江流域拱王山老碳房冰蚀湖相沉积剖面进行孢粉分析,结果显示,研究区自全新世以来经历了5次较明显的气候波动,即9 455~8 635 a(cal.)B.P.气候凉湿;8 635~7 095 a(cal.)B.P.气候冷湿;7 095~5 041a(cal.)B.P.气候寒冷而干燥;5 041~2 529 a(cal.)B.P.气候以凉湿为主;2 529 a(cal.)B.P.以来气候温暖湿润。分析结果与目前中国全新世新冰期与高温期交替及其气温变化规律有一定的差异。     

Glacial Lake Musselshell: Late Wisconsin slackwater on the Laurentide ice margin in central Montana, USA

Cosmogenic surface exposure ages of glacial boulders deposited in ice-marginal Lake Musselshell suggest that the lake existed between 20 and 11.5 ka during the Late Wisconsin glacial stage (MIS 2), rather than during the Late Illinoian stage (MIS 6) as traditionally thought. The altitude of the highest ice-rafted boulders and the lowest passes on the modern divide indicate that glacial lake water in the Musselshell River basin reached at least 920–930 m above sea level and generally remained below 940 m. Exposures of rhythmically bedded silt and fine sand indicate that Lake Musselshell is best described as a slackwater system, in which the ice-dammed Missouri and Musselshell Rivers rose and fell progressively throughout the existence of the lake rather than establishing a lake surface with a stable elevation. The absence of varves, deltas and shorelines also implies an unstable lake. The changing volume of the lake implies that the Laurentide ice sheet was not stable at its southernmost position in central Montana. A continuous sequence of alternating slackwater lake sediment and lacustrine sheetflood deposits indicates that at least three advances of the Laurentide ice sheet occurred in central Montana between 20 and 11.5 ka. Between each advance, it appears that Lake Musselshell drained to the north and formed two outlet channels that are now occupied by extremely underfit streams. A third outlet formed when the water in Lake Musselshell fully breached the Larb Hills, resulting in the final drainage of the lake. The channel through the Larb Hills is now occupied by the Missouri River, implying that the present Missouri River channel east of the Musselshell River confluence was not created until the Late Wisconsin, possibly as late as 11.5 ka.     

南海南部末次冰期晚期以来的表层海水特征变化

对南海南部陆坡86GC柱状样的有孔虫进行了统计与分析,并采用古生态转换函数FP-12E估算了古海水表层温度。分析结果表明,该柱状样所处区域自MIS3晚期以来一直处于溶跃面之上,碳酸盐溶解作用很弱,仅在大约8 000 a BP以来具有部分溶解作用;不同生态特征浮游有孔虫丰度的变化,指示约30 ka BP以来,南海南部表层海水温度(SST)逐步增高,盐度呈降低趋势,反映了末次冰期以来气候变暖、海平面上升、钻孔所在区域水深加大、碳酸盐溶解作用增强、海水盐度降低的过程。转换函数计算得到冬季SST为(22.8～27.4)℃,夏季为(28.1～29.5)℃,季节温差为(2.1～5.3)℃,与前人在附近区域的计算结果基本一致。末次冰期晚期与冰后期的夏季SST值差别不大,最大变幅仅1.4℃;冬季SST变化则较大,最大变幅达4.6℃。由于转换函数法本身存在误差等原因可能导致上述数值并不确切,但其反映的温度变化总趋势应该是可信的。     

Climatic changes in the regions of Antarctic Great Wall Station,Southern Chile and South Georgia Island

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