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1.
本文研究了盐度变化对序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)性能及微生物活性的影响。研究结果表明,进水盐度不超过1.5%时,SBBR对COD的平均去除率高于88.63%,但进水盐度为2.5%时,对SBBR的COD去除产生抑制。当进水盐度由0%增加到2.5%时,NH^+_4—N去除未受到影响,出水NO^-_3—N浓度在0.30~3.30 mg/L范围内变化,然而出水NO^-_2—N浓度从0 mg/L逐渐增大到(4.35±0.02) mg/L。比耗氧速率由进水盐度为0%时的(27.39±1.16) mg O_2/(g MLSS·h)增大至进水盐度为1.5%时的(83.41±1.17) mg O_2/(g MLSS·h),而在盐度为2.5%时比耗氧速率降低至(38.62±1.08) mg O_2/(g MLSS·h)。比氨氧化速率、比亚硝酸盐氧化速率、比硝酸盐还原速率和比亚硝酸盐还原速率均随着进水盐度从0%增加到2.5%而逐渐降低。当进水盐度为2.5%时,氨单加氧酶、亚硝酸盐氧化还原酶、硝酸盐还原酶、亚硝酸盐还原酶和脱氢酶的活性与盐度为0%时相比分别降低了41.48%、95.86%、28.57%、27.85%和48.13%,表明盐度增加抑制了微生物酶的活性。 相似文献
2.
采用封闭流水式实验方法,研究了氨氮、温度和体重对大口黑鲈(Micropterussalmoides)耗氧率、窒息点的影响。结果表明:在设定的总氨氮浓度0—8.61mg/L范围,随着氨氮浓度增加,大口黑鲈幼鱼耗氧率呈现先增加后降低的趋势,峰值为0.338mg/(g·h),窒息点随着氨氮浓度的增加而递增,影响显著(P0.05);在13—33°C的实验温度范围,随着温度升高,耗氧率先增加,在29°C时达到峰值0.392mg/(g·h),随后出现下降。在体重6.66—15.87g范围,耗氧率随着体重的增加而下降,最低值为0.112mg/(g·h);耗氧率存在明显的昼夜节律变化,夜均0.214mg/(g·h)日均0.199mg/(g·h),二者差异显著(P0.05),并在2:00—6:00和18:00—20:00时间段出现两个峰值。 相似文献
3.
长江口外颗粒有机碳及光合色素在不同溶氧水平下早期降解速率研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
有机质降解是低氧形成的重要原因.长江口外的低氧近几十年来日趋恶化,引起了大量学者关注,但现场有机质降解及相关的耗氧速率还鲜见报道.本研究通过人工控制体系溶氧(DO)水平,于2006年10月在曾经出现低氧的长江口外近海进行现场有机质降解培养实验,以模拟有机质在沉降进入近底层水后早期(9天)内的生物地球化学过程,估算有机碳降解速率和耗氧速率.培养实验表明,有机质在几天内即可出现明显的降解,并伴随体系pH的下降和细菌、病毒的增加.体系溶氧对有机碳(POC)降解速率影响较大,POC在DO>95%条件下的降解速率是DO<50%条件下的5倍,分别为1.5 mmol/(m3·d)和0.3 mmol/(m3·d).光合色素岩藻黄素(FUCO)和叶绿素a(Chla)含量在9天内呈指数下降,其中80%的FUCO在9天内发生了降解.指数方程能较好地实现对观测数据的拟合,结果表明Chl a的半衰期为3-4天.不同溶氧条件下的结果表明低溶氧条件(DO<50%)下浮游植物更容易成为降解有机质的来源.根据POC降解速率估算得到长江口外溶氧消耗速率分别为82-91 mmol/(m2·d)(DO>95%条件)和27-30 mmol/(m2·d)(DO<50%条件),远高于深海氧通量和表层50 m南海的氧消耗通量;以此耗氧速率为基础,估算得到长江口外层化形成至发育出低氧的时间为50-150天. 相似文献
4.
犬齿牙鲆幼鱼呼吸耗氧率的研究 总被引:8,自引:5,他引:8
对犬齿牙鲆幼鱼在不同环境条件下的呼吸频率、耗氧率以及窒息浮头现象进行了观测研究。结果表明:犬齿牙鲆在适宜温度范围,呼吸频率随温度的升高而加快,在适宜生长温度范围,其呼吸频率为60~100次/min。耗氧量与鱼体重正相关,二者之间的相关关系符合M=1.8469W0.8317(r=0.9116)模式。其耗氧率随温度和盐度的增加而增加,在水温20℃左右,体重108g的犬齿牙鲆24h平均耗氧率为1.6676μg/(min·g),明显低于褐牙鲆(体重69.3~151.4g)耗氧率2.68μg/(min·g)和大菱鲆(17℃体重70~110g)耗氧率3.4667μg/(min·g)的水平。其耗氧率白天为1.824μg/(min·g),夜间为1.511μg/(min·g),白天耗氧率是夜间的1 21倍,昼夜差异明显。犬齿牙鲆20℃半数死亡窒息点耗氧率为0 747mg/L,全部死亡窒息点耗氧率为0 569mg/L。 相似文献
5.
溶解氧(DO)是海洋生物生存不可缺少的要素。随着人类活动的增加,全球近岸海域低氧情况愈发严重,已经成为威胁海洋生态系统健康的重要因素。通过对2017年5-9月秦皇岛外海区域的观测调查,探讨了该海域低氧与酸化的形成机制并计算了月平均耗氧速率。结果表明,5月秦皇岛外海水体混合较为均匀,表、底层DO浓度一致,均大于8 mg/L;6月开始形成密度跃层,与此同时底层DO浓度和pH开始下降;8月底层呈现明显的低氧和酸化状态,DO浓度下降至2~3 mg/L,pH下降至7.8以下;9月随着层化消失,底层水体DO浓度和pH逐渐升高。相关性分析显示,DO和叶绿素a (Chl a)以及pH具有良好的耦合性,说明秦皇岛外海区域的低氧发生过程主要为局地变化。同时表明DO浓度和pH主要受水体中浮游植物的光合作用和有机物有氧分解的影响。通过箱式模型计算得到2017年6-8月密度跃层以下水体及沉积物耗氧速率为951~1 193 mg/(m2·d)[平均为975 mg/(m2·d)]。综合来看,水体分层是秦皇岛外海低氧和酸化发生的先决条件,跃层以下的有机物分解耗氧则是底层水体... 相似文献
6.
为研究南美洲鳗鲡(Anguillarostrata)的耗氧率及其对水温、低溶氧、非离子氨和亚硝酸盐耐受性,本研究采用自制的鱼类呼吸装置测定其耗氧率和窒息点,以黑仔鳗为试验材料,探索其对水温、非离子氨、亚硝酸盐耐受性。结果表明,南美洲鳗鲡耗氧率存在昼夜变化,其昼间耗氧率为(86.46±37.77)mg/(kgh),夜间耗氧率为(123.58±22.56)mg/(kgh),二者存在显著性差异(P0.05);在15—30°C范围内,耗氧率随温度升高逐渐增大,耗氧率和水温的回归方程y=–0.1316x2+9.4507x–13.712(R2=0.9993);南美洲鳗鲡的耗氧率随体质量增大而降低,耗氧量随体质量增加而增大,耗氧量和体重的回归方程为y=0.2321x0.8334(R2=0.9979);在水温25°C时其窒息点随鱼体质量的增大而降低,均重10g、40g和160g的鳗鲡窒息点溶解氧浓度分别为(0.98±0.25)、(0.46±0.06)和(0.32±0.02)mg/L;13—29°C为南美洲鳗鲡的适温范围,25—29°C为其生长适宜水温,在一定范围内的短时低水温或高水温环境对其损伤是可逆的;水中非离子氨对南美洲鳗鲡的LC50和SC分别为12.22mg/L和1.22mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮对南美洲鳗鲡的LC50和SC分别为61.68mg/L和6.17mg/L。 相似文献
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8.
Zn2+对日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponensis)的急性致毒效应 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在水温(27.4±1.3)℃条件下,以体长(33.23±1.66)mm、体质量(0.7893±0.1518)g的日本沼虾为实验动物,采用静水停食法开展了Zn2+对日本沼虾的急性毒性实验,并以此为基础,测定了Zn2+不同质量浓度水平下日本沼虾的耗氧率与窒息点.结果表明:(1)Zn2+对日本沼虾的急性致死效应与其呼吸生理代谢受阻密切相关;(2) Zn2+对日本沼虾24h、48h、72h、96h的半致死质量浓度依次为1.493、0.844、0.643和0.464mg/L; (3) Zn2+对日本沼虾昼均、夜均和日均耗氧率均无显著影响的阈值为0.046mg/L,该值为Zn2+对日本沼虾急性毒性的安全质量浓度;(4) Zn2+对日本沼虾产生轻度胁迫和中度胁迫的质量浓度范围分别为0.046-0.064mg/L和0.064-0.082mg/L. 相似文献
9.
《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2016,(5)
考察了好氧时间与缺氧时间的变化对好氧/缺氧-序批式反应器(O/A-SBR)处理海水养殖废水性能的影响。结果表明,好氧时间/缺氧时间变化对COD去除效果影响不大,但对O/A-SBR的脱氮性能有着明显的影响。当好氧时间/缺氧时间从2h/8h逐渐地变为0.5h/9.5h时,污泥比好氧速率(SOUR)从36.49mg O2/(g MLSS·h)逐渐降低到31.93mg O2/(g MLSS·h),溶解氧的高低直接地影响着活性污泥SOUR的大小。活性污泥的比氨氧化速率(SAOR)和比硝酸盐氧化速率(SNOR)在好氧时间长的情况下相对较高,但好氧条件却抑制了活性污泥的反硝化速率(SNRR)。好氧时间与缺氧时间变化使O/A-SBR中微生物群落结构发生变化,一些微生物不能够适应环境变化的微生物可能减弱或被淘汰。 相似文献
10.
利用序批式反应器(SBR)对活性污泥进行培养和驯化,分别取未经驯化和经盐驯化后的活性污泥,通过批量实验研究了两种污泥中微生物对苯胺的降解效果。SBR运行结果表明,活性污泥经过驯化适应了10gNaCl/L后,取得较高的COD、NH_4~+-N和TN的去除率,分别为86.5%、97.6%和96.4%。批量实验结果表明,苯胺降解速率随初始苯胺浓度的升高逐渐增加,且苯胺降解速率在未驯化污泥无盐条件下高于盐驯化污泥加盐条件,分别为2.63~21.31和2.06~12.08mg/(gVSS×h);未投加苯胺时,COD和NH_4~+-N的降解速率是投加苯胺时的5.2~19.3和2.5~4.2倍,且未驯化污泥无盐条件下COD和NH_4~+-N的降解速率是盐驯化污泥加盐条件的2.4和1.5倍;投加苯胺后,COD的降解速率随苯胺浓度的升高逐渐增加;实验结束时,未驯化污泥无盐条件下只存在NO-3-N,而盐驯化污泥加盐条件下同时存在NO-2-N和NO-3-N。 相似文献
11.
Chandralata Raghukumar G. Sheelu P. A. Loka Bharathi Shanta Nair C. Mohandass 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):1-16
In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance. 相似文献
12.
海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明:土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。 相似文献
13.
Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification
An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm. 相似文献
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15.
Derek V. Ellis 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):51-63
This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested. 相似文献
16.
G. Parthiban 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):223-235
Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement. 相似文献
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18.
Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria ( 〉 99% ), but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments ( ≥ 98.8% ), including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level. 相似文献
19.
The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments. 相似文献
20.
Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations. 相似文献