奥林匹克公园地区隐伏断裂综合探测

2001～2003年为奥运工程规划、建设开展了对北京奥林匹克公园区域中黄庄-高丽营断裂的探测,本项工作另一探索性任务是为随后即将在全国开展的城市地区隐伏断裂探测工作摸索有效方法、积累经验.本次探测先采用电阻率层析成像和浅层地震勘探方法进行断裂定位,再钻探进行断裂准确定位并探测断裂结构和地层结构,结合对所采集样品进行的¹⁴C、红外释光、古地磁、孢粉等多种测年方法进行地层年代划分.通过多种方法并行对比、验证、综合分析,以多方面综合性大量研究工作明确给出了断裂位置、结构、活动性,认为本段断裂最新活动时代为早更新世（非地震活断层）.根据实践经验探讨了城市地区隐伏断裂探测的有效方法.     

用浅层人工地震方法探测唐山—河间—磁县地震构造带内的活动断裂

由于唐山—河间—磁县地震构造带的位置、断错层位与上断的埋深尚不明确,在大名断裂、沧西断裂、大城东断裂附近布设了4条浅层地震勘探测线。测线DZ1位于邯郸市大名县东南部的龙王庙镇,以探测大名断裂。在该测线上共探测出5个断点,均为正断裂,上断点埋深95～125m,断距为6～12m,错断晚更新统而未错断全新统。DZ2测线位于沧州市献县县城东部,以探测沧西断裂。在该测线上共探测出3个断点,均为正断裂,上断点埋深170～190m,断距为7～10m,断裂上断点切割中更新统。DZ3和DZ4测线位于大城县里坦镇西,共探测出4个断点,上断点埋深120～130m,断距为5～15m,均为正断裂,断裂上断点切割中更新统。根据探测结果分析认为:大名断裂是晚更新世活动断裂,沧西断裂和大城东断裂是中更新世活动断裂,这3条断裂均有发生6级左右地震的能力。大城东断裂是先存地壳"深断裂"向上撕裂状扩展的"新生断裂"。     

深圳市断裂新活动与地震研究进展

回顾了深圳地区断裂最新活动性和地震的研究历史,总结了前人所作的主要工作与认识,以此为基础进一步介绍了深圳市活断层探测与地震危险性评价项目的最新工程探测成果与研究进展。项目选择了横岗-罗湖断裂、莲塘断裂、温塘-观澜断裂为研究对象,采用了卫星遥感解译、微震精确定位、野外地震地质调查、钻孔和探槽探测、浅层地震勘探、深部结构大地电磁阵列探测、地下电磁波勘探等工程技术方法,对断裂的近地表及中深部结构特征、新活动性和地震危险性进行了探测与评价,获得了一系列新的认识。最后,结合深圳市断裂构造运动和地震研究现状与存在的问题,提出了今后开展工作的若干建议。     

氡(Rn)射气测量在胜利油田隐伏断裂研究中的应用

土壤氡(Rn)射气测量是探测隐伏断裂的存在,判定断裂的位置、走向、倾向的一种有效手段。通过在胜利油田进行的氡射气探测并结合其它勘探手段,发现该区主要的隐伏潘动断裂有无棣—益都断裂、胜北断裂和埕子口断裂。其中,无棣—益都断裂活动性最强。     

夏垫断裂夏垫段浅部构造特征地震探测

采用高分辨率浅层地震勘探技术对夏垫断裂夏垫段进行了探测,获得高质量、高分辨率的地震勘探剖面图。划分出9条断裂构造,通过地震时-深转换剖面对比钻孔地层资料确定出断裂的上断点埋深,从而确定了断裂的活动时代。探测结果表明:夏垫断裂是由四条断裂组成,其中的主断裂至今仍在活动;在断裂的上盘还探测到三条活动时代较新的断裂构造。     

夏垫断裂浅部特征高分辨反射地震探测研究

在夏垫断裂上采用浅层纵、横波相结合的联合探测方法,获得了多条反映不同深度的高质量叠加时间剖面图,这些图像清晰地显示了夏垫断裂的浅部构造特征和地表以下浅至几米的地层结构和断裂特征信息,使得采用人工地震方法探测地表下10m以内的断裂成为可能。本次探测工作中,还在夏垫断裂的南侧发现了1条倾角较缓、呈铲型向下延伸的断裂,表明夏垫断裂是由2条断裂组成的断裂带。     

用浅层地震剖面研究大城东断裂的活动性

地震方法是针对厚覆盖区断裂的一种不可替代的探测技术,在大城东断裂上采用浅层地震探测方法,获得了2条高质量叠加时间剖面图以及深度剖面图,这些图像清晰地显示了大城东断裂的浅部构造特征以及活动特征。本次探测工作中,在大城东断裂的东侧发现了1条倾角较陡的断裂,表明大城东断裂是由2条断裂组成的断裂带。     

浅层地震反射和折射层析成像在海州—韩山断裂探测中的联合应用

海州—韩山断裂是连云港地区一条重要断裂,属于海泗断裂带的西边界断裂。断裂隐伏于较浅的覆盖层之下且控制了基岩岩性分界。浅层地震反射法作为断层探测的首选方法,对海州—韩山断裂进行探测时仅能识别出基岩顶面反射波,难以实现对断裂的准确判别。而折射层析成像法适用于速度横向差异大的区域,可获取断层两盘岩性速度差异信息,进而判定断层位置,弥补反射法的不足。本文在跨海州—韩山断裂同一位置上联合应用浅层地震反射和折射层析成像两种探测方法,进行了钻孔联合剖面探测和合成地震记录验证。研究表明,浅层地震反射和折射层析成像两种方法联合探测海州—韩山断裂,较单一方法可对断层实现更精准的定位,获取更丰富的断层信息,为类似地质条件下的断层探测提供了思路。     

太行山山前断裂带中北段晚第四纪活动性研究

本文通过浅层地震勘探和钻孔联合剖面探测,对太行山山前断裂中北段内相关断裂的空间位置和晚第四纪活动性进行了探测和研究。综合认为,保定-石家庄断裂和徐水断裂的最新活动时代为晚更新世早期,而徐水南断裂晚更新世以来没有活动。上述断裂的最大潜在地震震级为6.5级。     

利用地震剖面研究夏垫断裂西南段的活动性

地震方法是针对厚覆盖区城市直下型活动断裂的一种不可替代的探测技术,对于不同的探测深度需采用不同的排列长度。为研究夏垫断裂在远离三河-平谷8.0级地震震源区的活动性,我们在该震源区SW方向约30km处开展了中浅层反射地震探测试验,并跨过中浅层地震探测到的夏垫断裂进行了浅层反射地震探测试验。浅层和中浅层地震探测的试验结果表明,在5m道间距的地震剖面上,在200m深度以下夏垫断裂得到了较好的反映,在该深度以上,该断裂反映不明显;在2m道间距的地震剖面上,夏垫断裂错断明显,但剖面上的最浅一组反射波(深度约30m)却没有发生明显错断。由此得出:距1679年三河-平谷8.0级地震震源位置SW方向约30km处,夏垫断裂的活动性减弱     

EXPERIMENT STUDY ON ACOUSTIC EMISSION,MICROSEISM AND CHARGE INDUCTION DURING FRACTURE PROCESS OF GRANITE WITH FAULT ZONE UNDER UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION

As the rock samples will produce abnormal signals of acoustic emission, microseismic and charge signals under external loading, the waveform comprehensive monitoring devices are used to synchronously monitor acoustic emission, microseismic and charge signals during the deformation and failure process of granite with fault zone under uniaxial compression. The results show that, the granite with fault zone has obvious synchronous precursory signals of acoustic emission, microseism and charge induction in the elastic deformation stage, and has high amplitude synchronous precursory signals in the instability destruction stage. The influence of fault zone on granite samples strength is remarkable, and the uniaxial compressive strength of samples with the fault zone is greatly reduced. With the angle of the fault zone decreasing, the uniaxial compressive strength of the specimens is reduced, the samples are more liable to instability and the energy of instability destruction is greater. With the fault zone angle of granite samples decreasing, the acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction signals increase in the deformation and failure process of samples. The samples stress decreases when the acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction precursory signals appear synchronously. The duration of acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction precursory signals is increasing in the instability destruction stage. When the angle of the fault zone reaches 30°, the mutability of acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction signal increases, the time to enter the dangerous stage is much earlier, and the acoustic emission events of large magnitude increase significantly, and the large angle faults of coal mine are more dangerous. The intensive and high amplitude synchronous precursory signals of acoustic emission, microseism and charge induction are produced before the instability destruction, and the signals duration is shorter. The intensive and strongest synchronous precursory signals of acoustic emission, microseism and charge induction are produced in the instability destruction, and the signals duration is longer. Acoustic emission monitoring data can better reflect the micro rupture of rock. And combined with the acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction precursory signals, the precursory information of rock instability destruction can be obtained more accurately.     

查干湖冰封期光谱特征及影响因素

湖冰光谱特征是湖冰遥感反演的物理基础,是研究湖冰光学特性和空间分布的理论依据。本文以查干湖为例,使用ASD Field Spec 4便携式地物光谱仪采集冰封期不同类型湖冰、积雪和水体光谱,利用Savitzky-Golay滤波法和包络线去除法分析白冰、灰冰、黑冰、雪冰、积雪和水体的反射光谱特征,探索气泡对湖冰反射光谱特征的影响。积雪和雪冰、白冰和灰冰、黑冰和水体的反射特征随着波长的变化特征基本一致,冰的反射率介于积雪和水体之间,其中白冰的反射率高于灰冰和黑冰,在包络线去除结果中,黑冰和水体在440 nm吸收谷处的吸收面积为5.184和10.878、吸收深度为0.052和0.106,雪、雪冰、白冰、灰冰在800和1030 nm吸收谷处的吸收面积和吸收深度的变化表现为雪<雪冰<灰冰<白冰。气泡是影响湖冰光谱特征的重要因素,气泡使白冰反射率减小和黑冰反射率增大,并且气泡使得白冰在800/1030nm和黑冰在440 nm处的吸收面积和吸收深度减小,其中气泡大小和疏密程度的不同会导致湖冰反射率的影响程度存在差异。同时,本文选取时间同步的Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像,在完成辐...     

基于湖库水质目标的流域氮、磷减排与分区管理——以天目湖沙河水库为例

湖库水环境保护在保障生产与生活用水、维系生态平衡、发展旅游等方面发挥着重要的作用.水质目标管理是保护湖库水质的最佳管理办法.本文以天目湖地区沙河水库及其流域为研究区域,建立模型模拟沙河水库流域的水文与水质,评估入库污染通量和主要来源;依据水质目标测算氮、磷污染的容量和减排量,结合土地的生态保护与开发适宜性评估,提出氮、磷污染分区减排和土地管控的对策和措施.研究结果表明,沙河水库氮、磷污染物入库通量分别为206.01和3.29 t/a,面源总氮和总磷分别占总入库量的85.7%和67.5%.不同土地利用类型氮、磷输出强度有显著差异,总氮输出强度依次为茶园 >耕地 >建筑用地 >裸地 >草地 >退耕地 >林地 >河湖漫滩,总磷输出强度与地表覆盖度有关,依次为裸地 >建筑用地 >茶园 >耕地 >草地 >退耕地 >林地和河湖漫滩.从氮、磷输移过程来看,沙河水库流域总氮排放量为321.64 t/a,进入河流的为255.53 t/a,在河道输送过程中损失19.4%,最终有206.01 t/a进入水库;沙河水库流域总磷排放量为13.42 t/a,进入河流的为7.90 t/a,在河道输送过程中损失58.3%,最终有3.29 t/a进入水库.不同分区河流氮、磷滞留降解率有很大的差异,中田河总氮、总磷滞留降解能力最强,分别为34.71%和84.31%.2009年的通量计算结果显示,沙河水库总氮达到Ⅳ类水质目标需要的入湖减少量为32.01 t/a,入湖削减比例为15.50%,总氮达到Ⅲ类水质目标需要的入湖减少量为59.66 t/a,入湖削减比例为29.00%;总磷达到Ⅲ类水需要的入湖减少量为0.682 t/a,入湖削减比例为20.70%,总磷达到Ⅱ类水需要的入湖减少量为1.479 t/a,入湖削减比例为44.90%.为了实现基于土地利用的面源污染减排管控,选定植被覆盖度、水源涵养能力、地形坡度、土地利用、氮磷分区贡献量、与道路和村落距离等指标综合评估生态保护价值和开发适宜性,并划定禁止开发区、限制开发区和保护性开发区3个管理分区,最终确定各分区的开发强度限制和管控方式.     

Rotifer abundance, biomass, and secondary production after the recovery of hydrologic connectivity between a river and two marginal lakes (São Paulo, Brazil)

Rotifera density, biomass, and secondary production on two marginal lakes of Paranapanema River were compared after the recovery of hydrologic connectivity with the river (São Paulo State, Brazil). Daily samplings were performed in limnetic zone of both lakes during the rainy season immediately after lateral inflow of water and, in the dry period, six months after hydrologic connectivity recovery. In order to identify the factors that affect rotifer population dynamics, lake water level, volume, depth, temperature, transparency, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, suspended solids, nutrients, and chlorophyll-a were determined. Variations of water physical and chemical factors that affect rotifer population were related to the lake-river degree of connection and to water level rising after drought. The water lateral inflow from the river resulted in an increase in lake water volume, depth, and transparency and a decrease in water pH, alkalinity, and suspended solids. The lake with the wider river connection, more frequent biota exchange, and larger amount of particulate and dissolved materials was richer and more diverse, while rotifer density, biomass, and productivity were lower in both periods studied. Density, biomass, and secondary production were higher in the lake with the smaller river connection and the higher physical and chemical stability. Our results show that the connectivity affects the limnological stability, associated to seasonality. Stable conditions, caused by low connectivity in dry periods, were related with high density, biomass and secondary production. Conversely, instability conditions in rainy periods were associated to elevated richness and diversity values, caused by exchange biota due to higher connectivity.     

基于吸收滤波技术的储层气水性质识别方法

目前,人们主要从岩性、物性、电性、弹性阻抗等角度,对储层中气水的性质进行预测,然而成功率却并非很高.其实,从频率或能量响应的角度出发,或许能提高气水识别的成功率.由于频率是物质的固有属性,地震波经过含气或含水的储层后,在不同的频段将有不同的响应特征,但在原始地震剖面上却很不容易发现.利用基于ARMA模型时间序列分析方法和Prony信号分析理论的吸收滤波技术,结合测井、岩石物理、地质、地震等资料,分析含气储层和含水储层的不同吸收衰减特征和响应差异.由此可以实现气水性质的有效识别,最终达到直观、快捷的预测优质含气储层的目的.将该技术应用到气水裂缝理论模型的试算和川西坳陷深层须家河组气藏的含气性识别中,均获得了良好的应用效果.     

[专稿]湖泊沉积物-水界面研究进展与展望

湖泊沉积物-水界面是以水层/沉积层物相为基础、具有一定立体尺度的交接面,界面上所发生的由生物积极参与的物理、化学和生物学微小反应和环境变化,都会对界面附近物质的状态和迁移转化行为产生着复杂影响.本文首先回顾了沉积物-水界面研究100多年来的发展历程及国内外近20年发展.然后系统介绍了国际上对沉积物-水界面的物理尺度与结构的宏观和微观认识;重点综述了沉积物间隙水的取样、物化性质的多维测定与结构表征、过程的静态和动态模拟等湖泊沉积物-水界面研究技术与方法;分析和展示了氮磷等营养物、重金属和持久性有机污染物在湖泊沉积物-水界面迁移转化过程的研究进展;总结和归纳了在沉积物-水界面过程的模型研究、沉积物-水界面物质交换的定量化、界面过程与湖泊生态环境灾害关系等模型与过程效应方面的研究成果.最后对沉积物-水界面信息获取技术的研发方向、界面物质交换定量化研究的关注点,以及加强模型的应用和构建等方面进行了展望.     

竹片网水泥砂浆加固承重夯土墙体抗震试验研究

为了提高村镇承重夯土墙体的抗震性能,对2片竹片网水泥砂浆加固墙体和1片未加固对比墙进行拟静力试验,研究其破坏形态、水平承载力、滞回性能和耗能等抗震性能。试验结果表明:与未加固夯土墙体相比,加固后墙体的受力性能、变形性能及耗能能力均得到明显改善;同等加固水平下:斜放竹片网对夯土墙承载力的提高显著,相比对比试件峰值荷载和极限荷载分别提高82.58%和76.97%;正放竹片网加固的墙体滞回曲线更加饱满,骨架曲线下降更加平缓,变形能力和耗能提高更加明显,相比对比试件峰值位移和极限位移分别提高63.33%和327.69%,耗能提高了781%,且正放竹片网加固施工方便,可提倡应用。总之,竹片网水泥砂浆加固方法生态经济,可明显减轻墙体的破坏,有效改善墙体抗震性能,研究成果可对村镇夯土建筑实地加固提供参考。     

Stone cover and slope factors influencing hillside surface runoff and infiltration: laboratory investigation

In this study, laboratory rainfall simulation in an extensive area was used to study the infiltration, and interception and storage from surface runoff in points with different stone cover percentages (0, 10, 20 and 30%) and slopes (5°, 10° and 20°). The experimental results of this study showed that the interrelationships among the slope, stone cover percentage, groundwater level, surface runoff amount, and interception and storage of the ponds were varied and irregular. No systematic patterns were detected for the change in the groundwater level, surface runoff amount, and interception and storage of the ponds with different stone cover percentages at different slopes and no threshold values were apparent. For a 5° slope, if the stone cover percentage was increased, the amount of surface runoff was reduced, the infiltration and the groundwater level experienced no significant change, and the interception and storage of the ponds increased. For a 10° slope, if the stone cover percentage was increased, the amount of surface runoff increased, the infiltration decreased, the groundwater level experienced no significant change or decreased slightly at certain points, and the interception and storage of the ponds increased. For a 20° slope, if the stone cover percentage was increased, the amount of runoff increased, the infiltration decreased, the groundwater level experienced no significant change or decreased slightly at certain points, and the interception and storage of the ponds increased. With or without stone cover, when the hydraulic conductivity of the top material is close to that of fine sand or laterite, an increase in the slope gradient decreased the amount of surface runoff and increased the storage amount of the ponds. As for the stone distribution, an interlaced style showed better performance in the interception and storage of ponds than that of a regular style. There was no significant change in the groundwater level. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characteristics of micro-interface adsorption kinetics between sediments and Cu ions

This work investigates the adsorption of Cu ions in sediments by conducting batch experiments,including isothermal experiments and adsorption kinetics experiments.Data from isothermal experiments were analyzed using the Langmuir,Freundlich and Temkin models,and the experimental kinetic data were fit using pseudo-first-order,pseudo-second-order,Elovich,liquid film diffusion and intra-particle diffusion models.The Langmuir model resulted in the best fit for the equilibrium data,which indicated that the adsorption capacity of Cu ions on the sediment was 1.0403 mg g-1 with a KL value of 4.2877 L mg-1.The Freundlich and Temkin models also provided good fits,and the nF and A values were 3.8565 and 66.9964 L mg-1,respectively,indicating stronger adsorption intensities and adsorption energies between the Cu ions and the sediment.Compared with the pseudo-first-order and Elovich models,the pseudo-second-order model was more appropriate for describing the adsorption kinetics,indicating the chemisorption nature of adsorption.The adsorption kinetic process can be divided into film diffusion,pore diffusion and adsorption reactions.The controlling step for the adsorption kinetics changed with the development of the adsorption process.The entire adsorption process took 180 min.Film diffusion was the controlling step for the first 20 min.During the 20 to 60 min period,the pore diffusion gradually increased and the film diffusion decreased so that both phenomena coexisted.Pore diffusion was the controlling step during the 60-180 min period.     

Characteristics of river discharge and its indirect effect on the tidal bore in the Qiantang River,China

Based on field data of river discharge, tide, tidal bore, and riverbed topography, the characteristics of river discharge, the effect of river discharge on riverbed erosion and sedimentation, and the feedback effect of riverbed erosion and sedimentation on the tide and tidal bore in the Qiantang River are analyzed. The results show that the inter-annual and seasonal variation of river discharge in the Qiantang River is noticeable, while the seasonal distribution of river discharge tends to be un...