国际气候变化研究新进展

 简要回顾了国际上气候变化科学研究在最近所取得的进展，主要包括近百年温度和降水的变化，大气成分和辐射强迫的变化，热带和中高纬度气候变化，台风和气候变化，全球变暗和反照率，气候模式与气候变化的预估，气候突变和极端事件等方面。通过回顾可以看到，气候变化科学已取得了显著的进展，但也提出一些新的科学问题，国内外科学家将面临新的科学挑战。     

青海省州级气象局人力资源开发与管理

大力开发人才资源，是实施三大战略，促进气象事业发展的重要保证。培养和开发一支结构合理、素质优良的高技能气象人才队伍，对于推进气象事业的发展具有十分重要的意义。近年来，各级气象部门紧紧围绕气象业务和服务发展的实际需要，大力实施人才强局战略，努力营造科技创新和人才成长的良好氛围，有效推动了气象事业的发展。但随着社会经济发展和人民生活水平的不断提高，对气象事业也提出了更新更高的需求，因此，人力资源的开发与管理就成为必须认真研究和解决的重要问题。     

山东省近55年夏季降水和平均气温的多时间尺度分析

利用最近55a山东夏季降水和平均气温资料，统计分析了降水和平均气温的变化特征，并用Meyer小波变换方法，对山东省夏季降水和平均气温进行了分析，发现山东夏季降水呈明显下降趋势，气温略呈上升趋势。小波分析显示两者在中短周期上基本一致，即它们的中短周期基本在11a，5～6a和2～3a左右的时间尺度上变动。而这些基本周期正是太阳黑子活动和海气相互作用的周期，说明山东省夏季降水和平均气温的周期变化主要受太阳黑子活动和海-气相互作用的影响。     

利用卫星遥感技术监测预报森林雷击火的研究

利用卫星遥感技术监测预报森林雷击火的研究杜秀贤，邓文政，郭绍存，潘进军（内蒙古自治区气象科学研究所，０１００５１，呼和浩特）赵可新，赵勋（内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔盟气象处，０２１００８，海拉尔）前言多年来，国内外林火专家和学者，对林火的监测和预报研究，已...     

我国西北干燥区地面气象站观测环境代表性思考

气候观测环境代表性和观测资料质量是开展大尺度气候变化监测和研究的前提。为了解我国干燥区气象观测环境变化和台站代表性，作者对河西走廊和北疆九个国家级气象站观测环境开展了调研。本文介绍了调研了解到的情况，并结合先前研究结果，从气候变化监测和研究的视角，讨论了西北干燥区地面观测站代表性问题。目前我国西北地区气象站地面观测，对于干燥区的城市和绿洲区域气候及其变化，具有较高的代表性，但对更广大的荒漠和半荒漠背景气候及其变化，代表性仍显不足。作者发现，早先研究中指出的北疆等地区城镇站地面气温序列负向城市化影响，应与观测场周围局地甚至区域尺度绿洲扩大有直接联系，较难反映绿洲以外干燥区地带性气温变化。针对地面观测环境调研所发现的问题，文章最后提出了几点建议，希望对未来国家基准气候站网设计和建设提供一定参考。     

三峡水库气候效应及2006年夏季川渝高温干旱事件的区域气候模拟

针对2006年夏季川(四川)渝(重庆)地区的高温干旱事件，使用RegCM3区域气候模式，采用双重嵌套和次网格(SUB-BATS)方法，进行中国和三峡地区2005—2006年气候50 km和10 km(通过SUB-BATS方法达到2 km)分辨率数值模拟，并在此基础上进行了三峡地区下垫面改变(三峡水库建成蓄水)的气候效应模拟试验，重点分析了模式对中国和三峡地区夏季气候和气候异常的模拟能力，以及三峡水库对气温和降水的影响。结果表明，模式能较好模拟出中国和川渝地区的气候及以2006年川渝地区高温干旱为代表的气候异常，双重嵌套和SUB-BATS方法的应用，使模式能够提供局地和区域气候更详细的信息。有无三峡水库的对比试验表明，水库对周边区域气温、降水的影响很小，大部分格点上的变化达不到90%统计信度检验标准，气温变化中少数通过检验的格点基本集中于水库水体本身，邻近区域内气温和降水的变化随距库区的距离变远而变得更弱。除了库区本身降温和降水减少外，模拟结果中出现的变化更多表现为模式中出现的噪音。2006年夏季的川渝高温干旱，更多是由于大的环流场造成的，与局地强迫的关系不大，三峡水库在其中所起的作用非常微弱，可以忽略不计。     

软件三层结构的设计

针对一个项目实例，结合需求分析和项目实际，采用C／S和B／S的混合模式，开发了三层分布式应用软件，客户端使用的是Delphi和ASP进行开发，中间件采用COM^＋来实现三层结构的设计。     

南疆盆地降水、气温天气气候特征的聚类分区

利用塔里木盆地周围五地、州主要气象台站的降水，气温的年、月资料，用聚类分析方法，在降水分配月百分率，年、月降水，气温各台站间相关系数的基础上进行客观聚类分析后指出，南疆地区降水分配可分为单峰型和多峰型，并给出各型特点和地理分布。另外根据聚类树形图认为，南疆西部四地州分属于两类不同天气气候区，年景分析分片讨论会将喀什、和田和克州为一区，阿克苏和巴州为另一区要合理一些。     

对流天气临近预报技术的发展与研究进展

目前，临近预报技术主要包括雷暴识别追踪和外推预报技术、数值预报技术以及以分析观测资料为主的概念模型预报技术等。其中，识别追踪和外推预报技术主要以雷达资料为基础，在这方面，交叉相关外推和回波特征追踪识别外推是比较成熟的技术，已经用于许多的临近预报业务系统中，其缺陷是预报时效较短，准确率也不是很高。随着精细数值天气预报技术和计算机技术的发展，利用多普勒天气雷达资料和其它中小尺度观测资料进行数值模式初始化，来预报雷暴的发生、发展和消亡已经成为一个研究的热点，该技术发展很快但还不成熟。概念模型预报技术主要是通过综合分析多种中小尺度观测资料，包括雷达和气象卫星资料等，在此基础上建立雷暴发生、发展和消亡的概念模型，特别是边界层辐合线和强对流的密切关系等，再结合数值模式分析预报和其它外推技术的结果，然后建立雷暴临近预报的专家系统，其不但可以获取雷暴和对流降水移动、发展的信息，还可以预报它们的生成和消亡。检验和定性评估也表明，将多种资料和技术集于一体的概念模型专家系统，其临近预报的准确率最高，时效也最长，是临近预报技术未来发展的主要趋势之一。NCAR的Auto Nowcaster系统是雷暴临近预报概念模型专家系统的一个典型代表。     

雪面蒸发(凝结)的观测实验

根据世界气象组织的规定，设计的雪面蒸发器，其蒸发面积为314．2cm2（可利用气象蒸发台秤观测），深度10和20cm，用玻璃钢和木板制做，具有金属盘式活底，用专用提手和提盒搬运。仪器安装在天山积雪雪崩站的阴坡雪面，每日早晚取出仪器称重，再放回雪面，经过近1个月观测，雪面凝结（雪上霜）时间多于蒸发时间，月凝结（减蒸发）量为1－2mm。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.