盐胁迫对濒危植物长叶红砂抗氧化系统的影响

以长叶红砂(Reaumuria trigyna)幼苗为研究对象,测定了不同浓度NaCl溶液胁迫30 d的长叶红砂叶片抗氧化特征参数和自由基及膜脂过氧化指标含量,以探讨长叶红砂抗氧化系统对盐胁迫的适应机制。结果显示,高盐胁迫下长叶红砂叶片O-2的产生速率显著上升,丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率都在低盐浓度下降低,高盐浓度下随着盐浓度的增加而增加;长叶红砂叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性随盐胁迫加剧而显著提高,过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性变化较小;随盐浓度的提高谷胱甘肽的基本含量显著提高,抗坏血酸盐的含量在降低。研究表明,长叶红砂叶片中SOD、POD和谷胱甘肽在防御盐胁迫引起的氧化性损害中起到了显著保护作用。     

Stress accumulation between volcanoes: an explanation for intra-arc earthquakes in Nicaragua?

Destructive upper crustal earthquakes in Central America are often located between active volcanic centres—a geometric relationship that we study using finite element Coulomb failure stress (CFS) models that incorporate the rheologically heterogeneous nature of the volcanic arc. Volcanoes are simulated as mechanically weak zones within a stronger crust. We find that deformation of the volcanic centres within a regional stress field dominated by dextral shear causes stress increases in surrounding crust, with a maximum CFS change between neighbouring volcanoes. This increase in CFS enhances the probability of fault slip on arc-normal faults that are located between volcanic centres; for example, the Tiscapa fault, which ruptured during the 1972 December 13,   M _s   6.2 Managua earthquake. The amount of stress increase due to long-term (100 yr) volcano shearing is on the order of 0.1–0.6 bars, similar to values estimated for subduction zone earthquakes.     

Microclimate, freezing tolerance, and cold acclimation along an elevation gradient for seedlings of the Great Basin Desert shrub, Artemisia tridentata

Vegetation, microclimate, seedling frequency, freezing tolerance, and cold acclimation were compared for seedlings of Artemisia tridentata collected from 1775, 2175, and 2575 m elevation in the eastern Sierra Nevada, California. Data were used to test the hypothesis that ecotypic differences in stress physiology are important for seedling survival along gradients from desert to montane ecosystems. The vegetation canopy cover and A. tridentata seedling frequency were greatest at 2575 m, compared to 1775 and 2175 m. Snow cover ameliorated temperatures near the soil surface for part of the winter and depth varied across elevations. Freezing tolerance was compared for seedlings maintained in growth chambers at day/night air temperatures of 25°C/15°C. The temperature at which electrolyte leakage and Photosystem II function (F_V/F_M) from leaves were half-maximum was approximately −13·5°C for leaves of seedlings from all three elevations. Shifting day/night air temperatures from 25°C/15°C to 15°C/5°C initiated about 1·5° of acclimation by plants from all three altitudes, with seedlings from the highest elevation exhibiting the greatest acclimation change. Measurements of ambient air and canopy temperatures at the three elevations indicated that wintertime average low temperatures were consistent with the measured degree of freezing tolerance. At small spatial scales used in this study, pollen and seed dispersal between study sites may have precluded resolution of ecotypic differences. Patterns of freezing tolerance and cold acclimation may depend on a combination of mesoclimate and microclimate temperatures, canopy cover, snow depth, and snow melt patterns.     

Relating accretion and erosion at an exposed tidal wetland to the bottom shear stress of combined current-wave action

Sediment dynamics have an important influence on the morphological evolution of tidal wetlands, which consist of mudflats and salt marshes. To understand the nature of sediment behavior under combined current-wave action at an exposed tidal wetland, we measured the waves, currents, water depths, bed-level changes, and sediment properties at a mudflat-salt marsh transition on the Yangtze Delta, China, during five consecutive tides under onshore winds of ~ 8 m/s, and calculated the bed shear stresses due to currents (τ_c), waves (τ_w), combined current-wave action (τ_cw), and the critical shear stress for erosion of the bottom sediment (τ_ce). The bed shear stresses under combined current-wave action (τ_cw) were approximately five times higher on the mudflat (up to 1.11 N/m²; average 0.27 N/m²) than on the salt marsh (up to 0.14 N/m²; average, 0.06 N/m²). On the mudflat, τ_cw was larger than the critical erosion shear stress (τ_ce = 0.103 N/m²) for 70% of the period of submergence, whereas τ_cw was always lower than τ_ce at the salt marsh site (τ_ce = 0.116 N/m²). This result indicates that the sediment dynamics on the mudflat were dominated by erosion, whereas at the salt marsh they were governed by deposition, which is in agreement with the observed bed-level change during the study period (− 3.3 mm/tide on the mudflat and 3.0 mm/tide on the salt marsh). A comparison of τ_cw values calculated using the [van Rijn, 1993] and [Soulsby, 1995] models for bed shear stresses under combined current-wave action indicates that both models are applicable to the present case and effectively predict the bottom shear stress under combined current-wave action. Overall, we conclude that τ_cw in combination with τ_ce is useful in assessing the hydrodynamic mechanisms that underlie the morphological evolution of exposed tidal wetlands.     

沙漠腹地醉鱼草（Buddleja alternifolia） 栽培苗对水盐胁迫的响应

为了研究盐、旱及其交互胁迫下植物生长和生理特性的变化,了解沙漠腹地极端生境下互 叶醉鱼草（Buddleja alternifolia）幼苗的适应性,确定合理的灌溉方式,为沙漠腹地醉鱼草的引种提 供理论依据。通过大田控制实验,设计了 3 个水分梯度和 4 个盐分梯度随机结合实验,定位测量生 长量和生化指标,最后基于隶属函数法综合评价醉鱼草的抗旱耐盐性。结果表明：（1）在干旱胁迫 或低浓度盐胁迫下,醉鱼草的地径、新枝和冠幅生长量均呈上升趋势,而在高盐浓度胁迫下均降 低;水盐交互胁迫下,不同的盐浓度与干旱交互胁迫效果不同,低盐浓度与干旱交互胁迫时（W1S1、 W2S1）,植物生长量均上升,高盐浓度与干旱交互胁迫时（W1S3、W2S3）,植物生长量均降低。（2）无论 是盐胁迫、干旱胁迫还是盐、旱交互胁迫,醉鱼草游离脯氨酸（Pro）含量随着胁迫程度的增加均呈显 著上升的趋势。（3）醉鱼草的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和过氧化物酶（POD）活性变化相对复杂, 除了在干旱胁迫时,SOD 活性和 POD 活性都显著下降外,在盐胁迫和交互胁迫时它们各自的变化并 不一致。醉鱼草在盐胁迫、交叉胁迫和干旱胁迫时,渗透调节物质和酶活性各自对应的发生了变 化,没有明显的同步性,存在相互协调的可能,同时植物细胞的敏感性远远强于表型生长的变化, 高盐浓度的伤害并没有表现在植物外部形态上,但酶活性及渗透调节物质却有显著变化。通过隶 属函数分析显示,醉鱼草最佳的生长水盐条件是盐浓度为 8 g·L^-1、灌水量为 25 L·次^-1,对水盐胁迫 的抗旱耐盐性为：干旱胁迫＞交互胁迫＞盐胁迫。     

太平洋风应力平均场的特征

本文利用迄今世界上最完善精细的全球综合海洋大气资料集（ＣＯＡＤＳ）提供的风场资料，计算了１９４９—１９８７年近４０年平均网格为５°×５°的太平洋海域逐月风应力场，并分析了各纬度带平均纬向和经向风应力的逐月变化以及１、４、７和１０月的风应力场的分布特征。风应力的计算采用整体空气动力学公式，其中曳力系数的计算是以Ｂｕｎｋｅｒ给出的曳力系数随风和海气温差变化的数表为基础，用最小二乘法，考虑了大气层结热力影响和风切变的动力影响，拟合了一个二次多项式。计算结果表明其精度和实用性都较好。     

Stress resistance strategy in an arid land shrub: interactions between developmental instability and fractal dimension

This paper investigates allocation of energy to mechanisms that generate and preserve architectural forms (i.e. developmental stability, complexity of branching patterns) and productivity (growth and reproduction) in response to environmental disturbances (i.e. grazing and resource availability). The statistical error in translational symmetry was used to detect random intra-individual variability during development. This can be thought of as a measure of developmental instability caused by stress. Additionally, we use changes in fractal complexity and shoot distribution of branch structures as an alternate indicator of stress. These methods were applied to Anthyllis cytisoides L., a semi-arid environment shrub, to ascertain the effect of grazing and slope exposure on developmental traits in a 2×2 factorial design. The results show that A. cytisoides maintains developmental stability at the expense of productivity. Anthyllis cytisoides was developmentally more stable when grazed and when on south-facing, as opposed to north-facing slopes. On the contrary, shoot length, leaf area, fractal dimension and reproductive-to-vegetative allocation ratio were larger in north- than in south-facing slopes. As a consequence, under extreme xeric conditions, shrub mortality increased in north-facing slopes, especially when not grazed. The removal of transpiring area and the reduction of plant competition favoured developmental stability and survival in grazed plants. Differences between grazed and ungrazed plants were most evident in more mesic (north-facing) areas.     

盐生植物萌发期对盐胁迫的适应研究进展

目前我国盐渍土地面积较大,尤其是青藏高原的盐渍地,常伴有干旱、半干旱的生境,导致植物不易生长,生态环境相对恶劣,这种生态现状亟待解决。盐生植物具有一定的耐盐性和耐旱性,是改善盐渍地的首选植物,种子的活力决定了种子萌发的情况,多数学者为改善严峻的生态环境开始了盐生植物引种的研究。测定种子活力有直接方法和间接方法,大多数学者采用的是直接方法,即在实验室模拟一定条件直接测定萌发率。简述了盐生植物的概况、制造胁迫的主要方法以及检测种子活力的指标,综述了近年来不同学者对盐爪爪、白刺等具有代表性的22种盐生植物在种子萌发期的耐盐性以及抗旱性的相关研究,为改善盐渍地的生态环境、提升盐渍地的生产量提供了理论基础。     

盐生植物萌发期对盐胁迫和干旱胁迫的适应研究进展

目前我国盐渍土地面积较大,尤其是青藏高原的盐渍地,常伴有干旱、半干旱的生境,导致植物不易生长,生态环境日渐恶劣,这种生态现状亟待解决。盐生植物具有一定的耐盐性和耐旱性,是改善盐渍地的首选植物,种子的活力决定了种子萌发的情况,多数学者为改善严峻的生态环境开始了盐生植物引种的研究。测定种子活力有直接方法和间接方法,大多数学者采用的是直接方法,即在实验室模拟一定条件直接测定萌发率。本文简述了盐生植物的概况、制造胁迫的主要方法以及检测种子活力的指标,综述了近年来各位学者对盐爪爪、白刺等具有代表性的22种盐生植物在种子萌发期的耐盐性以及抗旱性的相关研究,为改善盐渍地的生态环境、提升盐渍地的生产量提供了理论依据。     

水盐胁迫对花花柴种子萌发的影响

 水盐胁迫直接影响盐生植物的种子萌发,本研究通过对盐生植物花花柴种子带冠毛与否及不同胁迫处理下种子萌发率的比较分析,探讨花花柴种子萌发期的耐盐特性。对花花柴带冠毛和不带冠毛种子在蒸馏水中的对比萌发结果表明,冠毛对花花柴种子的最终萌发率无影响,但明显延长种子的萌发时间,可能与阻碍种子吸水有关。花花柴种子经过冷处理,成熟的种子没有出现生理休眠现象,有利于种子在条件适宜时迅速起始萌发。采用不同浓度NaCl和等渗的PEG6000 (聚乙二醇) 处理花花柴种子,结果表明：①NaCl和PEG胁迫对花花柴种子的萌发具有非常明显的抑制作用,主要表现为降低种子的萌发率,延长种子的萌发时间,抑制胚根和胚芽的生长;②NaCl对花花柴种子萌发的抑制作用明显地大于等渗的PEG,说明离子胁迫是影响花花柴种子萌发的主要因素;③花花柴种子萌发的耐盐临界值为213 mM,极限值为340 mM;④低浓度的NaCl溶液（50 mM）不影响花花柴种子的萌发和胚芽的生长,表明花花柴种子适宜在低盐条件下萌发;⑤盐胁迫下未萌发种子的复水实验结果表明,高盐处理后未萌发的种子具有较高的复萌率,但各处理下种子最终萌发率没有显著差异,表明高盐能使种子休眠,但种子的活力仍能保持,有利于种群的维持。     

A Wind Tunnel Investigation of the Shear Stress with A Blowing Sand Cloud

In a blowing sand system,the wind provides the driving forces for the particle movement while the moving particles exert the opposite forces to the wind by extracting its momentum.The wind-sand interaction that can be characterized by shear stress and force exerted on the wind by moving particles results in the modification of wind profiles.Detailed wind pro-files re-adapted to blown sand movement are measured in a wind tunnel for different grain size populations and at differ-ent free-stream wind velocities.The shear stress with a blowing sand cloud and force exerted on the wind by moving par-ticles are calculated from the measured wind velocity profiles.The results suggest that the wind profiles with presence of blowing sand cloud assume convex-upward curves on the u(z)-ln(z) plot compared with the straight lines characterizing the velocity profiles of clean wind,and they can be better fitted by power function than log-linear function.The exponent of the power function ranging from 0.1 to 0.17 tends to increase with an increase in wind velocity but decrease with an increase in particle size.The force per unit volume exerted on the wind by blown sand drift that is calculated based on the empirical power functions for the wind velocity profiles is found to decrease with height.The particle-induced force makes the total shear stress with blowing sand cloud partitioned into air-borne stress that results from the wind velocity gradient and grain-borne stress that results from the upward or downward movement of particles.The air-borne stress in-creases with an increase in height,while the grain-borne stress decreases with an increase in height.The air-borne shear stress at the top of sand cloud layer increases with both wind velocity and grain size,implying that it increases with sand transport rate for a given grain size.The shear stress with a blowing sand cloud is also closely related to the sand transport rate.Both the total shear stress and grain-borne stress on the grain top is directly proportional to the squ     

Progressive failure on the North Anatolian fault since 1939 by earthquake stress triggering

10 M ≥ 6.7 earthquakes ruptured 1000 km of the North Anatolian fault (Turkey) during 1939–1992, providing an unsurpassed opportunity to study how one large shock sets up the next. We use the mapped surface slip and fault geometry to infer the transfer of stress throughout the sequence. Calculations of the change in Coulomb failure stress reveal that nine out of 10 ruptures were brought closer to failure by the preceding shocks, typically by 1–10 bar, equivalent to 3–30 years of secular stressing. We translate the calculated stress changes into earthquake probability gains using an earthquake-nucleation constitutive relation, which includes both permanent and transient effects of the sudden stress changes. The transient effects of the stress changes dominate during the mean 10 yr period between triggering and subsequent rupturing shocks in the Anatolia sequence. The stress changes result in an average three-fold gain in the net earthquake probability during the decade after each event. Stress is calculated to be high today at several isolated sites along the fault. During the next 30 years, we estimate a 15 per cent probability of a M ≥ 6.7 earthquake east of the major eastern centre of Ercinzan, and a 12 per cent probability for a large event south of the major western port city of Izmit. Such stress-based probability calculations may thus be useful to assess and update earthquake hazards elsewhere.     

沙冬青种子萌发期抗逆性研究

 利用不同浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG)和NaCl溶液处理沙冬青种子,测定种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗叶片电导率、可溶性蛋白含量及丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果表明,随着胁迫强度增加,沙冬青种子萌发能力下降,幼苗叶片电导率上升,MDA含量上升。PEG浓度由5%升至15%时可溶性蛋白质含量上升,超过15%时,可溶性蛋白含量下降; NaCl浓度在0到1.5%范围内,沙冬青幼苗可溶性蛋白含量随NaCl浓度增大而上升。对两种胁迫条件下生长及生理指标的综合分析表明,沙冬青在种子萌发期和幼苗期有较强的抗旱和抗盐能力。     

Effects of salt and alkali stress on Reaumuria soongorica germination

Seed germination and early seedling growth are crucial stages for plant establishment. Two neutral (NaCl and Na₂SO₄) and two alkali (NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃) salts were selected to investigate their effects on germination and recovery responses in Reaumuria soongorica. Results show that both salt types significantly reduced germination and radicle elongation. The rate of germination and emergence of R. soongorica seeds continuously decreased as salinity increased, and the time to achieve maximum germination rate was delayed. The speed of seed germination dropped rapidly as salt concentration increased. Alkaline salts restricted the germination rate of R. soongorica seeds, and stresses resulting from alkaline salts and high concentrations of neutral salts resulted in many deformed seedlings. The length of the radicle and germ decreased with increasing salt concentration, but certain concentrations of salt and increased pH promoted germ growth. The results of regression analysis show that salt concentration was the dominant factor inhibiting R. soongorica seed germination rate. Salinity, buffering capacity, and pH all affected embryo growth, but salinity had the most pronounced effect. Seed viability under highly saline conditions appears to be a better indicator of adaptation to saline environments than seed germination under saline conditions.