热带大西洋深海沉积物中的晚更新世木炭：气候和地球化学意义

热带大西洋深海沉积物中的晚更新世木炭：气候和地球化学意义研究人员对热带大西洋晚更新世海洋沉积物中的木炭进行了测定，以了解局部木炭的沉积历史．这些木炭与邻近大陆生物质氧化和大洋碳的多价螯合相关．对热带大西洋东部深海岩心进行详细分析（约１．０ｋａ分辨率）...     

末次间冰期（氧同位素5e亚期）两次高海平面的新证据

解释晚更新世海平面变化的两个主要出处是：(1)探海沉积物岩心的氧同位素记录，(2)对海相沉积物露头的研究．这两种解释都需要根据说明某些问题的以前海平面做出一些假设，因此，对海平面变化的持续期、范围和时限存在着不同的认识，巴布亚新几内亚上升礁和深海氧同位素记录的相应性为晚更新世海平面变化提出了良好估算。     

南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡晚第四纪沉积物磁组构特征及其古环境学意义

通过南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡沉积物岩心ＰＣ１０的磁化率各向异性测量及统计分析,揭示了磁组构参数随深度的变化特征。结合沉积物粒度、物质成份、碎屑矿物百分含量及同位素测年等资料进行综合分析,探讨布兰斯菲尔德海峡晚更新世以来的古水流方向及古气候变化史。结果表明：（１）１１２．５ｋａ以来海峡古水流主要有两组,一组为源自环南极流、流速相对较大的ＮＥ向水流,另一组为由于气温升高而产生的南极半岛、南设得兰群岛冰盖消融水流,ＮＮＷ—ＮＳ向;（２）１１２．５ｋａ以来海峡的古气候大致可分为六期,相当于岩性段７５３．５～６２０ｃｍ（Ⅰ,早凉期）、６２０～４８８．５ｃｍ（Ⅱ,早暖期）、４８８．５～３９１ｃｍ（Ⅲ,早冷期）、３９１～１４０ｃｍ（Ⅳ,晚冷期）、１４０～２５ｃｍ（Ⅴ,晚暖期）和２５～０ｃｍ（Ⅵ,晚凉期）,基本上反映了末次间冰期—末次冰期—冰后期的古气候变化史,与全球晚更新世以来的气候变化情况基本一致,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ期相当于末次间冰期的早、晚期,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期分别对应于玉木冰期Ⅰ和Ⅱ期,而Ⅴ期为冰后期,Ⅵ期相当于２３２０年的寒冷气候事件。由此可见,磁组构方法不失为一种经济且便利地研究海洋沉积物古环境的工具。     

冲绳海槽北部Rd－82和Rd－86孔氧同位素记录及其古环境分析

本文对冲绳海槽北部Ｒｄ一８２孔浮游有孔虫Ｎ．ｄｕｔｅｒｔｒｅｉ和Ｒｄ一８６孔Ｎ．ｄｕｔｅｒｔｒｅｉ及Ｇ．ｓａｃｃｕｌｉｆｅｒ的氧同位素记录进行了分析。Ｒｄ一８２孔浮游有孔虫的氧同位素组成可清晰地划分氧同位素１一４期，跨越地质时代０一７１ｋａ；Ｒｄ一８６孔可划分氧同位素１一４期及５ａ－５ｃ亚期，跨越地质时代为０一１１０ｋａ。根据氧同位素变幅分析，末次冰期极盛时冲绳海槽北部可能有黄河和长江的淡水影响，其影响强度Ｒｄ一８２孔强于Ｒｄ一８６孔。晚更新世以来，黑潮流一直影响着本区，冰期时黑潮流主流线向东转折段向南偏移，根据现有资料至少南移０．３４个纬度。此外，在氧同位第２期，即末次冰期极盛期内发生一个短暂的气候回暖事件，该事件发生在２１一２０ｋａＢ，Ｐ，之间。     

泥河湾盆地晚上新世─早更新世时期沉积环境的划分

泥河湾盆地中部的钱家沙洼洞沟剖面揭露了晚上新世－早更新世（２．９０－１．５１ＭａＢ．Ｐ．）的连续沉积，通过对年代地层学、沉积旋回、介形类组合以及碳氧同位素组成的分析，表明晚上新世沉积环境以浅湖和河流交替为特征，之后浅湖环境稳定，Ｇ／Ｍ界线和０ｌｄｕｖａｉ极性亚时底界处出现明显的地质事件。     

中国南海快速气候变化的晚第四纪浮游有孔虫动物群记录

从中国南海采集的岩心中的高分辨率浮游有孔虫记录表明 ,最近３万ａ中西太平洋边缘海气候的千年尺度快速变化。中国南海是亚洲大陆东南最大的西太平洋边缘海 ,该地区现在盛行季节性季风变化。对岩心中浮游有孔虫动物群丰度的定量分析表明了自从３万ａ前的氧同位素３期开始 ,主分类单元的相对丰度从上向下有很大变化。进一步分析表明 ,作为海平面温度（ＳＳＴ）（１３～１９℃）和深水混合层深度（ＭＬＤ）（１００～１２５ｍ）指示种Ｇ．ｉｎｆｌａｔａ的丰度显示出突然偏移 ,在氧同位素２期和３期中 ,准周期短时限（２～３ｋａ）使Ｇ．ｉｎ…     

珠江口盆地晚第四纪地层及环境初步研究

本文利用珠江口盆地四个工程钻井的古生物、古地磁、同位素及沉积物资料，对钻孔所揭露的地层进行划分，认为所钻遇的地层包括下更新统（上部）、中更新统、上更新统及全新统。依据古生物分异度及含量作出海平面变化曲线，识别出十个海侵期，利用钙质超微化石特征种的初现面和末现面资料，将本区海平面变化曲线与太平洋Ｖ＿（２８－２３９）氧同位素曲线对比，分析了本区晚第四纪以来的沉积环境和气候，认为早更新世晚期，中更新世中期，晚更新世早期及全新世本区气候温暖，沉积环境属陆架浅海环境。     

长链烯酮化合物与生物化石

本文研究了南海北部３１孔岩芯样的长链烯酮化合物的分布与微体古生物（钙质超微化石和浮游有孔虫）的关系。烯酮化合物主要来自定鞭金藻的赫胥黎艾氏石Ｅｍｉｌｉａｎｉｓａｈｕｘｌｅｙｉ，其中Ｃ３７∶２Ｍｅ含量在３１％～７０％。应用Ｃ３７的不饱和比值（Ｕ３７ｋ）计算了南海３１孔柱状样的海水古温度，波动幅度在２３．２～２８．３℃之间，平均为２５．３℃，低于该海域海水实测年平均温度（２８．１℃）。Ｕ３７ｋ值的变化与浮游有孔虫壳体的氧同位素值分期有着对应的关系，亦可相应分成５期。     

南海东北部末次冰期-全新世古海洋学

据加速器质谱仪１４Ｃ测年,ＲＣ２６－１６孔提供了南海北部近１５２００ａ来古海洋学的连续沉积记录。其古海洋学发展过程可分为３期,（１）最后冰期（１５．２～１３．３ｋａ）;（２）冰消期（１３．３～９．０ｋａ）;（３）间冰期（９．０ｋａ～现代）。末次冰期至全新世时,冬季海水表层温度由１８℃上升至２４℃,夏季则保持在２７～２９℃之间。在１１ｋａ时,冬季水温曾短暂的一度变凉（约３℃）,此可能代表区内新仙女木事件。末次冰期时,夏季与冬季温度差约为９℃,它的变化幅度较全新世的５℃要大。末次冰期时,表层水（０～５０ｍ）与次表层水（５０～１００ｍ）间碳、氧同位素递减梯度较全新世的为小。１５～１３ｋａ时大洋表层动物衍生营养含量相对较高,推测这与较强的冬季风导致较强的上升流,而造成高养分和高生物生产率有关,全新世时冬季风变弱。全新世碳酸盐补偿深度和有孔虫溶跃层较浅,５．３ｋａ时有短暂的变深,浮游有孔虫保存高峰和碳酸钙高峰值发生在１４～１２ｋａ间,相当于全球性的ＴｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎⅠ事件。     

晚古新世冰后高温期的全球沟鞭藻事件

晚古新世的气候环境在地质上具有全球快速变暖、时间间隔短暂的特征。这个时间间隔为晚古新世高温期 ,或称为ＬＰＴＭ。该时期深海快速变暖４～８℃ ,赤道和高纬大洋表层水变暖１～６℃。在深海底栖有孔虫中出现了大范围灭绝事件 ,而表栖浮游生物和陆生哺乳动物也经历了明显的种交替和多样性变化。经过测年 ,ＬＰＴＭ始于５４．９３～５４．９８Ｍａ ,ＬＰＴＭ中也可观察到明显的碳同位素负偏移（ＣＩＥ）（２‰～３‰） ,这在海洋和陆生化石记录中已得到证实。同位素异常的特征表明了极度富含 １２Ｃ的储层（例如甲烷气体水合物）曾向海洋…     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.