长白山天池火山水热活动及气体释放特征

长白山天池火山属于新生代大型多成因复式火山,位于吉林省东部中-朝边境上。天池火山周围水热活动比较强烈,主要的水热活动区有天池北部的长白温泉群、天池湖滨温泉和天池西南的锦江泉群。长白聚龙泉群水温较高,一般为70～83℃,湖滨温泉水温20～40℃,锦江泉群水温为58℃左右。长白聚龙泉群水热活动相对更为强烈。在水热活动区,地下气体活动也相当强烈,地下释放气体的主要成分是CO2,同时含有稀少气体He、Ar和微量气体H2、CH4及少量O2和N2。长白和锦江两处泉群的地下释放气体中,其气体同位素地球化学特征表明,两处     

中国活动火山区甲烷的碳同位素研究

中国长白山天池、腾冲、五大连池等主要活动火山区逸出气体中甲烷的碳同位素组成测试结果显示，腾冲、长白山（不包括天池火山口内湖滨）火山区岩浆来源气体中甲烷的δ^13C值的变化范围与国际上地热区甲烷大致相同，平均值分别为-19．0‰，-32．6‰；五大连池火山区与天池火山口内湖滨强气体释放带逸出甲烷的δ^13C值较低，平均值分别为-45．8‰和-47．9‰，类似于东非裂谷带基伍（Kivu）湖的甲烷。研究认为，这些低δ^13C值甲烷可能直接来自上地幔；岩浆来源甲烷在火山喷发过程中的动力学分馏导致了其δ^13C值的降低，岩浆源区越深，其δ^13C值越低；岩浆源区深度（d）与甲烷δ^13C值有如下关系：d（km）=0．0107（δ^13C1）^2＋1.14。岩浆来源CO2和CH4之间的碳同位素分馏温度可指示气体最后源区的深度。     

滇西北德钦-中甸一带温泉逸出气体的地球化学特征

为探讨滇西北地区德钦-中甸一带温泉气体的地球化学特征及其来源,对采集到的18个温泉逸出气体样品的化学组分和氦、碳同位素组成进行了分析。结果显示,德钦-中甸一带CO_2含量偏高且主要沿金沙江断裂和德钦-中甸断裂分布,平均CO_2的释放量为80.6%;气体样品的~3He/~4He值为0.06~0.74Ra,中甸地区的下给茨喀和天生桥温泉为研究区高幔源氦释放区,分别达到7.6%和5.0%;中甸地区碳同位素也表现为幔源的特征,δ~(13)CCO_2变化范围为-1.94‰~-5.95‰。与已有的深部探测结果对比,研究区幔源氦释放较高的中甸地区(下给茨喀温泉、天生桥温泉)主要位于软流圈上涌区(四川黑水-金川-道孚-雅江-稻城)南端的边缘地带,因而幔源氦释放不显著。     

长白山天池火山温泉的气体地球化学特征与成因

为探讨天池火山区温泉气体组分特征与气体来源,测试了长白山天池火山区聚龙温泉和锦江温泉的气体成分。结果显示,聚龙温泉的温度(71.1℃)、He(7×10-6)、CO2(83.02%)含量和3He/4He值(3.92 Ra)均低于以往年份的值;而锦江温泉的温度(58.3℃)、He(133×10-6)、CO2(94.06%)和3He/4He值(5.81 Ra),相比于2012年、2013年,呈现升高的趋势。近十几年的观察结果显示,两个温泉上述参数均较稳定。气体地球化学成分的判别结果表明,锦江温泉和聚龙温泉逸出的气体均为幔壳混合的源区,锦江温泉受壳源物质的影响相对较小;而聚龙温泉逸出的气体含有较高壳源和空气来源物质,幔源物质的贡献相对较小。     

中国休眠火山区岩浆来源气体地球化学特征

中国休眠火山区岩浆来源气体的最主要成分是CO2,含量占80％～99％;其它气体组分还有CH4、He、H2、N2、Ar、O2、H2S、SO2、CO等,其中CH4和He是CO2以外最值得重视的直接来自地幔岩浆体的气体组分。He的同位素组成（^3He／^4He比值）是休眠火山区最可靠的幔源物质的指示性参数;岩浆来源的CO2和CH4也具有特征的区别于浅源气体的稳定同位素组成（δ^13C值）。长白山火山区近期CO2和CH4的碳同位素分馏监测结果显示,2002年汪清7．2级深震虽然可能引发了深部岩浆的局部扰动,但是它可能并没有产生特别大量的、持续不断的上地幔岩浆物质流的上升迁移。这意味着,长白山天池火山区近期可能没有火山喷发活动的现实危险。     

金沙江-红河断裂带温泉气体地球化学特征

金沙江-红河断裂带是青藏高原东南缘地热活动强烈、地震活动水平高、各种矿产丰富的深大断裂带。为了探索该断裂带的温泉气体地球化学时空变化特征,2015年3月～2019年7月,经过5次野外考察,采集了54个温泉逸出气体样品,对其化学组分和氦、氖与碳的同位素变化的测试结果表明:(1)金沙江-红河断裂带内温泉气体氦同位素比值(3He/4He)变化范围是0.04～0.62Ra(Ra=空气3He/4He=1.39×10-6),计算获得的幔源氦最大比例达到7.5%,揭示该断裂带内的地质流体主要来自于壳源,幔源氦有从北向南呈现增加的趋势。以CO2为主要组分的温泉,其δ13CCO2值变化范围是-23.6‰～-1.9‰(vs. PDB)。结合区域地质条件分析,这些CO2主要来自三叠系灰岩,所占比例范围是70.1%～89.7%,而幔源CO2的比例最高可以达到4.2%。(2)金沙江-红河断裂带温泉气体的氢气浓度和氦同位素在三处断裂交汇区都出现高峰值,分别是金沙江断裂与巴塘断裂、中甸断裂与红河断裂、红河断裂与小江断裂和奠边府断裂的交汇处。与区域地震活动性的对比分析结果表明,金沙江-红河断裂带内深部流体上涌相对强烈的区域,深部流体对区域地震活动性具有重要的控制作用。     

腾冲火山区的现代幔源氦释放:构造和岩浆活动意义

深地震测深(DSS)和大地电磁测深(MT)都表明腾冲火山区现今仍存在壳内岩浆囊,但对其数量和空间分布还存在分歧并缺乏全貌性认识。MT探测认为腾冲火山区是一个软流圈上涌和岩石圈减薄区,但对这一减薄区的空间范围还缺乏充分的约束。通过对腾冲火山区及外围大范围温泉逸出气体的分析测试,我们共获得了75个温泉逸出气体的氦同位素³He/⁴He比值数据(部分为前人资料)。利用氦同位素示踪原理,我们研究了腾冲火山区幔源氦释放强度空间分布和时间变化特征,结果发现:腾冲火山区的幔源挥发份释放呈1带3区分布。以³He/⁴He≥1 Ra,幔源氦比例≥15%为界,腾冲火山区的幔源挥发份释放异常区呈整片分布,为一南北走向的条带,南北长100km,东西宽50km。在整片异常区的内部,腾冲火山区的幔源挥发份释放又有强度不同的3个区域:① 中部腾冲县城-热海一带,³He/⁴He比值达到5.5 Ra以上,幔源氦比例达到70%以上,释放强度最强。② 北部曲石一带,³He/⁴He比值达4.5 Ra以上,幔源氦比例达到50%以上,释放强度次之。③ 南部五合-蒲川-新华一带,³He/⁴He比值达2Ra以上,幔源氦比例达到25%以上,释放强度最弱;腾冲火山区幔源挥发份释放强度在不断升高,其中第3个释放区的³He/⁴He比值(Ra)升高速率比前两者明显要大。我们认为:腾冲火山区现今幔源挥发份释放强度的空间分布图象就是该地区软流圈上涌和岩石圈减薄区空间尺度和上涌强度的最直接反映,上涌区(减薄区)的大小大致为南北长100km,东西宽50km;腾冲火山区现今存在3个壳内岩浆囊。第1个岩浆囊位于腾冲县城-热海一带,第2个岩浆囊位于马站-曲石一带,第3个岩浆囊位于五合-龙江-团田-蒲川-新华一带;腾冲火山区3个岩浆囊都在不断受到幔源岩浆的持续补充;第1个岩浆囊集幔源挥发份释放、相对地热梯度、地壳形变和地震活动等异常于一身,活动性最强,是未来腾冲火山最可能喷发的地点,需重点监视。第2个岩浆囊的幔源挥发份释放强度也引人注目,需加强监测。第3个岩浆囊规模大,埋深较浅,幔源挥发份释放增加较快,需引起注意。     

长白山火山最新监测信息

长白山火山最新监测结果显示,自2010年5月份开始,聚龙温泉2个泉点水温同步上升了3℃;2010年长白山北坡垂直位移量打破了火山锥体每年升高4mm左右的规律:与2009年相比,火山锥体的位移在垂向上发生逆转,海拔最高的水准点在1年内突降12.72mm.本文针对上述2个最新的火山监测信息进行了报道,并对造成这种变化的可能原因进行了讨论.火山活动进入活跃时段的标志是大量火山地震、震群的发生,以及幔源岩浆气体He含量的大幅度上升.然而,现阶段长白山火山区并未出现这2种现象.因此,本文讨论的2个异常还不足以作为长白山火山已经进入新的活跃时段的证据,准确的预测应该密切关注火山地震和幔源气体含量的变化.最后通过N2-He-CO2三角图解初步研究了天池火山气体来源,结果显示:2002～2005年火山出现“初始扰动”,深部气体He含量升高,三角图解中气体向He角运移;2005年后火山转入平静状态,气体组份又开始向N2角运移.He浓度的变化特征反应了岩浆房内岩浆成分的变化过程.     

长白山天池火山全新世大喷发挥发性气体释放量的分析和估算

火山喷发是地球上一种壮观的自然景象 ,火山喷发的同时一般都喷出气体 ,火山爆炸式喷发时巨量的气体被喷入空中 ,对全球气候造成较大影响。长白山天池火山于全新世发生过两次较大的爆炸式喷发 ,根据本文的分析和估算 ,后一次即天池火山公元 1199～ 12 0 1年的那次大喷发 ,逃逸到空中的挥发气体含量分别为 :CO2 约 (0 .31～ 1.5 6 )× 10 8t,S(主要是 H2 S和 SO2 )约 1.96× 10 7t,F2 约 7.86× 10 6 t,Cl2 约 (0 .78～ 6 .2 4)× 10 7t,对全球气候曾产生过重要影响     

藏南新生代火山-地热区温室气体的释放通量与成因——以谷露-亚东裂谷为例

印度-亚洲大陆俯冲带是地球深部碳循环的重要场所,在全球气候变化研究中占有至关重要的地位。谷露-亚东裂谷是青藏高原南部规模最大、延伸最长的近NS向拉张性裂谷,裂谷内出露新生代火山岩和多处大规模地热区,正在向大气圈释放巨量的温室气体。利用密闭气室法测量并计算得出的谷露和羊应火山-地热区的土壤微渗漏CO_2的平均释放通量分别为436.8g·m~(-2)·day~(-1)和99.0g·m~(-2)·day~(-1),接近具有潜在喷发危险的美国黄石公园火山-地热区(410g·m~(-2)·day~(-1))和加利福尼亚州Mammoth Mountain火山区(107.9g·m~(-2)·day~(-1))的CO_2平均释放通量,表明谷露-亚东裂谷的深部地热流体活动异常强烈。此外,在野外考察的基础上,通过实验室测试和理论计算估算了谷露-亚东裂谷每年以土壤微渗漏的形式向当今大气圈释放的CO_2总量约为1.76×107t,与西特提斯俯冲带前缘的意大利Apennine火山区CO_2的释放总量(1.32×10~7t·a~(-1))属于同一个数量级。因此,印度-亚洲大陆俯冲带是全球地质碳脱气的重要场所。气体地球化学特征显示,谷露-亚东裂谷内火山-地热气体的He同位素比值(0.10~0.29RA,RA为大气3He/4He比值)和δ~(13)CCO_2值(-7.20‰~-0.78‰)在空间分布上表现为,从南至北呈逐渐递增的变化特征,显示裂谷内火山-地热区气体在南北方向上可能具有不同的动力学成因机制。具体来讲,δ~(13)CCO_2值自南向北递增的趋势,可能与裂谷南北方向地层岩性存在差异有关;裂谷内火山-地热气体的He同位素比值高于0.1RA,揭示"重要的地幔组分",同时裂谷内地幔来源的流体组分从南向北逐渐递增的趋势表明,印度大陆岩石圈的向北俯冲作用是导致谷露-亚东裂谷内剧烈的水热活动和大规模温室气体释放最终的动力来源和成因机制。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.