Study of magnesium precipitation based on biocementation

Abstract

Magnesium carbonate has a cementing character like calcium carbonate, and the addition of magnesium ion enables the microbe cementitious material to have the denser microstructure with the lower porosity. The effects of various factors, such as the concentration of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, on the urease activity were studied. Comparison of the productive rates for calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate were carried out, as well as productive rates for magnesium carbonate with adding different amount of urea to medium. Calcium acetate and magnesium acetate were, respectively, used for sands solidification. Results showed that the increase in urea concentration and magnesium ion enhanced urease activity, while calcium ion significantly impaired urease activity. Sodium chloride and acetate ion had little influence on it. Productive rates for magnesium carbonate were dramatically smaller than its calcium counterpart. However, adding urea to medium allowed for more magnesium precipitation, and the higher the urea concentration, the more the magnesium precipitation. The sand columns with adding urea to medium can have a high strength despite using magnesium acetate. Therefore, the method could solve the problem of insufficient magnesium precipitation. The results will act as a guide for the application of biocementation technology with magnesium carbonate.     

Using recycled calcium sources to solidify sandy soil through microbial induced carbonate precipitation

Abstract

The use of calcium solutions is a cost-limiting factor for bio-cement production from microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP). The aim of this article is to analyse the feasibility of using recycled calcium sources to solidify sand, including oyster shells, scallop shells and eggshells, by comparing the physical and mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of solidified sand with different recycled calcium sources and chemical calcium nitrate. The results show that oyster shells have the optimal effect on MICP, with values of permeability, dry density, unconfined compressive strength and calcium carbonate precipitation of 1.12?×?10^?4 m s^?1, 2.09?g cm^?3, 1454.6?kPa and 15.28%, respectively. Strength values of bio-cemented sands made from different recycled calcium sources in this article range from 845.1 to 1454.6?kPa. According to the SEM and XRD analysis, calcium carbonates originating from the above recycled calcium sources precipitate as globular vaterite, whereas the precipitation from calcium nitrate is a cluster mixture of vaterite and calcite. Oyster shells, scallop shells and eggshells derived from kitchen waste, which is more economical and environmentally friendly than calcium nitrate, can be applied as recycled calcium solutions in MICP.     

The influence of particle morphology on microbially induced CaCO3 clogging in granular media

Abstract

Sporosarcina pasteurii (ATCC 11859) is a nitrogen-circulating bacterium capable of precipitating calcium carbonate given a calcium source and urea. This microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is able to infill inter-granular porosity and act as a biological clogging agent, thus having a wide potential application in strengthening coastal foundations, preventing erosion by seas and rivers and in reducing sand liquefaction potential in coastal areas. A successful MICP application requires the understanding of the primary parameters that influence the microbially mediated process to achieve its engineering goals, such as injection scheme, chemical concentrations, retention times, and injection rates. However, the granular morphology has generally been oversimplified to ideal shape without enough consideration in previous studies. The following explores the critical micro-scale influence of particle morphology on mechanisms of microbially induced clogging. Spherical, non-spherical and angular particles were used as granular aggregates in permeating column experiments with the resulting permeability and calcium carbonate content of the treated aggregates examined. Microscopic examination (SEM) defines the features of the distribution of microbially precipitated calcium carbonate and the forms of clogging. The results show: (1) given a fixed duration of treatment, the calcium carbonate content for the spherical particle aggregate is significantly higher than that for near-spherical and angular particle aggregates; (2) for identical durations of treatment, the maximum permeability reduction occurs for angular particles (rather than for spherical particles with the highest carbonate content). This suggests that the microscopic distribution of calcium carbonate is significantly influenced by particle morphology, exerting a critical control in the effectiveness of clogging. SEM images indicate that the microbial calcium carbonate precipitates encapsulate the spherical particles as a near-uniform shell and occlude the pore space only by increasing the shell thickness. In contrast, the near-spherical and angular particles are only partially coated by a calcium carbonate film with scattered crystals of vaterite and calcite further clogging the void space. The polyhedral nature of the non-spherical particles tends to result in a slot-shaped pore structure which critically defines the hydraulic conductivity of the ensemble medium. As the microbial vaterite and calcite continue to accumulate on the particle surface, these slot-shaped pore structures become increasingly more tortuous – resulting in a noticeable reduction of permeability at a lower calcium carbonate content.     

Review of ground improvement using microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MICP)

Mechanical compaction and chemical grouting are the two most widely used methods in geotechnical engineering for ground improvement. However, the disadvantages of the methods including high cost, high energy consumption, and potential environmental pollution are obvious. A new ground treatment technique, i.e., microbial induced carbonate precipitation, was developed recently. Review of ground improvement using microbial induced carbonate precipitation technique was performed in this study. The mechanism of microbial induced carbonate precipitation-treated soils was first introduced followed by the review of many aspects of the microbial induced carbonate precipitation technique. Thereafter, the related engineering applications were presented and summarized. Moreover, some problems existing in current theoretical and experimental studies as well as the possible solutions for future development were also discussed. Some recommendations were proposed for a wider application of this technique.     

The formation of whitings on the Little Bahama Bank

Whitings (patches of suspended fine-grained calcium carbonate) on the Great Bahama Bank (GBB) have been studied since the 1940s. The source and cause of these whitings have been hotly debated for a number of years. Recent studies have shown that resuspension of underlying sediments act as seed crystals for the slow precipitation of CaCO₃. Similar studies have not been conducted on the nearby more northerly Little Bahama Bank (LBB) where satellite photographs indicate the presence of extensive whitings north of the Grand Bahama Island. Research cruises were made to the LBB in July 2003 and May 2005. On board measurements were used to examine the distribution of the components of the carbonic acid system in LBB waters. The distribution of suspended calcium carbonate was also determined and samples of the suspended material and underlying sediments were collected for analyses, including ¹⁴C age determinations.The maximum residence time for waters on the LBB is a little over half (～ 144 d) that on the GBB. A ～ 20% decrease was found in the salinity-normalized titration alkalinity for inner bank waters. This yields a carbonate precipitation rate similar to waters on the GBB. However, unlike the waters in the whitings on the GBB where no changes in carbonic acid system parameters have been detected, large changes in the carbonic acid system parameters were found in the whiting waters of the LBB. These results clearly indicate that active precipitation was occurring in these waters. These observations are interpreted as indicating that there is a much slower mixing of waters associated with whitings and surrounding bank waters on the LBB than on the GBB. The more closed nature of whitings on the LBB makes them better targets for study of the processes taking place in whitings.Suspended carbonate mineralogy and geochemistry closely matched those of the fine-grained portion of the underlying sediments. These results support a close relationship between carbonates found in whitings and those in underlying sediments. This is further evidenced by a similar age for whiting carbonates (～ 700 y) and easily resuspended sediment carbonates (～ 1000 y) and is what was previously observed on the GBB.These observations indicate that the processes leading to whiting formation and associated calcium carbonate precipitation along with changes in water chemistry are quite similar in these two shallow carbonate bank environments in the Bahamas.     

Sedimentation of terrigenous red soils in coastal area adjacent to an estuary and coral reefs,the Okkubi River estuary,Okinawa Island,Japan

Sedimentation process of fine-grained terrigenous red soils was observed on the seafloor by coral reefs near an estuary using a paired mooring of turbidity meter and sediment trap or a mooring of sediment trap and current meter. Silty clays contained in the bottom calcareous sands were mainly resuspended and trapped in both surface and bottom layer traps, at noncatastrophic normal sedimentation periods. In addition, silty clays were supplied to this mooring site by inflowing river. Turbidity and the flux rate determined by sediment traps show certain relationship accompanied with the coefficient, which is changed by precipitation, current, and other conditions. Resuspension process caused by a typhoon was recorded as both core sequence of sediment trap and time-series data of bottom current. Maximum velocity of 49.5 cm/s was recorded from bottom currents resulting from the passing of attyphoon at the mooring site. A graded sand layer is interbedded in dark-gray, silty clay and considered to be a resuspended sediment resulting from the passing of the typhoon. Flux of the resuspended sediments by the typhoon was estimated from this core sequence and compared to the flux observed at the normal sedimentation.     

金属离子种类对珊瑚砂微生物固化影响研究

选用巴斯德芽孢杆菌,对微生物诱导钙离子、镁离子以及铁离子形成碳酸盐固化松散珊瑚砂颗粒的效果进行对比研究。试验结果表明,在相同试验方法、相同注入次数的条件下,微生物诱导形成的碳酸钙和碳酸镁能将珊瑚砂松散颗粒固化成为整体,加入铁离子的试样因为反应过程的原因没有成功。通过渗透性、干密度变化、无侧限抗压强度及微观结构等方面进行对比分析,钙离子试样相对于镁离子试样,具有固化过程平稳、干密度增量大、强度高、微观颗粒包裹更好的优点。综合试验结果得出,钙离子是现阶段微生物固化珊瑚砂较为理想的金属离子。本试验首次探讨了金属离子种类对珊瑚砂微生物固化效果的影响,为微生物固化技术提供了一定理论基础,对该技术的进一步应用具有一定借鉴意义。     

Bacteria-Induced Cementation Process in Loose Sand Medium

Several conventional methods for treatment of soil are available for engineers. The most widely used method includes solution/grout, but they alter the ground pH level and could be toxic. In order to avoid the potential environmental harms and make use of naturally occurring microorganisms, biological methods to improve the engineering properties of soils have been intensely studied. This article presents the results of a research project in which Sporosarcina pasteurii (formerly known as Bacillus pasteurii) was used to induce biological cementation in loose sand medium. The bacteria was injected into sand, which led to the development of cementation (calcium carbonate crystal) between sand grains. The calcification was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).     

Sediment-starved sand ridges on a mixed carbonate/siliciclastic inner shelf off west-central Florida

High-resolution side-scan mosaics, sediment analyses, and physical process data have revealed that the mixed carbonate/siliciclastic, inner shelf of west-central Florida supports a highly complex field of active sand ridges mantled by a hierarchy of bedforms. The sand ridges, mostly oriented obliquely to the shoreline trend, extend from 2 km to over 25 km offshore. They show many similarities to their well-known counterparts situated along the US Atlantic margin in that both increase in relief with increasing water depth, both are oriented obliquely to the coast, and both respond to modern shelf dynamics. There are significant differences in that the sand ridges on the west-central Florida shelf are smaller in all dimensions, have a relatively high carbonate content, and are separated by exposed rock surfaces. They are also shoreface-detached and are sediment-starved, thus stunting their development. Morphological details are highly distinctive and apparent in side-scan imagery due to the high acoustic contrast. The seafloor is active and not a relict system as indicated by: (1) relatively young AMS ¹⁴C dates (<1600 yr BP) from forams in the shallow subsurface (1.6 meters below seafloor), (2) apparent shifts in sharply distinctive grayscale boundaries seen in time-series side-scan mosaics, (3) maintenance of these sharp acoustic boundaries and development of small bedforms in an area of constant and extensive bioturbation, (4) sediment textural asymmetry indicative of selective transport across bedform topography, (5) morphological asymmetry of sand ridges and 2D dunes, and (6) current-meter data indicating that the critical threshold velocity for sediment transport is frequently exceeded. Although larger sand ridges are found along other portions of the west-central Florida inner shelf, these smaller sand ridges are best developed seaward of a major coastal headland, suggesting some genetic relationship. The headland may focus and accelerate the N–S reversing currents. An elevated rock terrace extending from the headland supports these ridges in a shallower water environment than the surrounding shelf, allowing them to be more easily influenced by currents and surface gravity waves. Tidal currents, storm-generated flows, and seasonally developed flows are shore-parallel and oriented obliquely to the NW–SE trending ridges, indicating that they have developed as described by the Huthnance model. Although inner shelf sand ridges have been extensively examined elsewhere, this study is the first to describe them in a low-energy, sediment-starved, dominantly mixed siliciclastic/carbonate sedimentary environment situated on a former limestone platform.     

氨基多糖多孔微球载体制备及其脲酶固定化特性

以脱乙酰度为 95 % ,分子量分别为 98KDa和 1 1 30 KDa的氨基多糖为载体材料 ,采用三聚磷酸钠固定的方法制成氨基多糖微球 ,并以此氨基多糖微球为载体用戊二醛交联法进行脲酶固定化研究。结果表明 :在 3%复合氨基多糖溶液中大、小分子量氨基多糖质量比为 1∶ 5时微球载体机械强度较好 ,表面光滑。用 Ca CO3 (w/w=1 /1 )处理则可得到表面具有蜂窝状结构的多孔微球载体 ;光滑表面微球载体与多孔微球载体对脲酶的固定化效率分别是 5 1 .5 %和 6 8% ;用 1 .5 cm× 1 5 cm柱进行尿素转化时间 1 2 min,光滑表面微球载体固定化脲酶和多孔微球载体固定化脲酶对尿素溶液(30 0 mg/L)转化率分别为 91 .8%和 99.99%。这一结果说明 ,利用多孔微球载体可有效地提高载体对脲酶的固定化效率 ,并且能彻底的分解尿素 ,提高尿素转化率     

黄河河口段与海河河口段沉积物碳酸盐对比分析

利用筛析-沉降法对黄河系及海河系沉积物进行了粒度特征分析,黄河系沉积物以极细砂-粗粉砂为主,分选性中等,粒度分布正偏,峰态曲线尖窄;海河系沉积物以细粉砂为主,分选性较差,粒度分布正偏,峰态曲线较平缓。测定黄河系及海河系沉积物碳酸盐的粒度百分含量及碳酸盐加权粒度百分含量,结果表明:黄河系沉积物碳酸盐粒度百分含量加权平均值为11.36%,细砂碳酸盐粒度百分含量较高(15.24%),随粒度越细波动式降低后逐步增加,并在黏土富集,达20.67%;海河系沉积物中碳酸盐粒度百分含量加权平均值为15.05%,比黄河系略高,呈两端高中间低不对称鞍形粒度分布。黄河系与海河系碳酸盐粒度百分含量受粒度控制,对全样碳酸盐贡献最大的粒度黄河系为粗粉砂,海河系为细粉砂。黄河系全岩碳酸盐平均粒度百分含量与马兰黄土相近,与黄渤海泥质区相当,表明黄河沉积物的主要来源是马兰黄土,黄河在沉积物搬运过程中对黄土碳酸盐没有明显改造,黄河沉积物黏土组分是黄渤海泥质区沉积物高碳酸盐的主要影响因素。     

Penetration response of spudcans in layered sands

The behaviour of spudcan foundations during the installation and preloading in two-layer sand sediments was investigated through large deformation finite element (LDFE) analyses. The LDFE analyses were carried out using the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approach, modifying Mohr-Coulomb soil model to capture hardening and subsequent softening effects of sand. Parametric analyses were undertaken varying the top layer thickness, relative density of sand and spudcan diameter. Both loose to medium dense-over-dense and dense-over-loose to medium dense sand deposits were explored. The results showed that, for the investigated relatively thin top layer thickness of ≤ 5 m, spudcan behaviour was dictated by the bottom sand layer with a minimal influence of the top layer. For assessing the penetration resistance profile in two-layer sands, the performance of the ISO, SNAME, InSafeJIP, and other existing theoretical design methods were evaluated.     

Engineering behaviour of MICP treated marine clays

Abstract

In the present scenario, with much focus on sustainable development worldwide, Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) is a promising biological soil improvement technology. However, only very limited research is reported on the effectiveness of this technique in marine clays. This paper presents the salient features of an experimental study conducted on two typical marine clays stabilised by MICP. Effectiveness of the technique was evaluated through a series of one-dimensional consolidation tests, unconfined compression tests, and index property determinations. It is found that biostimulation approach is not effective in marine clay; bio-augmentation is needed for soil improvement. Bio-augmentation results in the reduction of liquid limit and plasticity index to about 29% and 47%, respectively for the marine clays. A comparable improvement in volume change behaviour is also observed. There is a marked increase in undrained shear strength, upto about 148%, of MICP treated marine clays at toughness limit water content. Curing is also found to have a significant role in soil improvement. The observed transition in the nature of the tested marine clays from that of fat clay to elastic silt suggests the potential of the proposed approach. An empirical equation is also proposed to predict compression index of MICP treated marine clays.     

Biogrouting of hydraulic fill fine sands for reclamation projects

ABSTRACT

Biogrouting, which is a new method for soil improvement, was used in an attempt to cement a type of hydraulic fill fine sands (called black sands) in reclamation projects in Tianjin, China, to form a working layer for mechanical equipment. Several factors influencing biogrouting with regard to cementing solution, including injection frequency, reaction time, concentration, and flow rate, were controlled to prepare black sand columns. This paper reports on an investigation of bacterial fixation, calcium ion utilization, and calcium carbonate distributions of biogrouted sand specimens. At the end of the tests, the geotechnical performances of the sand specimens were determined. The results showed that the biogrouting method effectively solidified black sands, by increasing the unconfined compressive strength of a sand column to 1.91?MPa and reducing the permeability coefficient by three orders of magnitude. A relationship between the unconfined compressive strengths and calcium carbonate contents was put forward, in addition to a relationship between the permeability coefficients and the calcium carbonate contents. According to the experimental results, some reasonable suggestions regarding the application of biogrouting to the consolidation of hydraulic fill fine sands in reclamation projects were proposed.     

Post-Cyclic Behavior of Carbonate Sand of the Northern Coast of the Persian Gulf

The post-cyclic behavior of biogenic carbonate sand was evaluated using cyclic triaxial testing through a stress control method under different confining pressures between 50 to 600 kPa. The testing program included a series of isotropically and anisotropically consolidated, undrained triaxial compression and extension tests on samples of remolded calcareous Bushehr sand. Grading analyses (before and after each test) were used to examine the influence of particle breakage on post-cyclic behavior of Bushehr sand. The particle breakage commonly occurred in these soils even in lower values of confining pressure, yet there was not a clear correlation between the post-cyclic responses and particle breakage. Based on the present study, a concept is suggested for post-cyclic behavior of carbonate sand. It was observed that post-cyclic strength has a good correlation with cyclic stress ratio, type of consolidation, and value of residual cyclic strain. For all specimens, it is clear that the post-cyclic strength is greater than monotonic strength, irrespective of confining pressure and relative density.     

Patterns and controls of surface sediment distribution: west-central Florida inner shelf

The west-central Florida inner shelf represents a transition between the quartz-dominated barrier-island system and the carbonate-dominated mid-outer shelf. Surface sediments exhibit a complex distribution pattern that can be attributed to multiple sediment sources and the ineffectiveness of physical processes for large-scale sediment redistribution. The west Florida shelf is the submerged extension of the Florida carbonate platform, consisting of a limestone karst surface veneered with a thin unconsolidated sediment cover. A total of 498 surface sediment samples were collected on the inner shelf and analyzed for texture and composition. Results show that sediment consists of a combination of fine quartz sand and coarse, biogenic carbonate sand and gravel, with variable but subordinate amounts of black, phosphorite-rich sand. The carbonate component consists primarily of molluskan fragments. The distribution is patchy and discontinuous with no discernible pattern, and the transition between sediment types is generally abrupt. Quartz-rich sediment dominates the inner 15 km north of the entrance into Tampa Bay, but south of the Bay is common only along the inner 3 km. Elsewhere, carbonate-rich sediment is the predominate sediment type, except where there is little sediment cover, in which cases black, phosphorite-rich sand dominates. Sediment sources are likely within, or around the periphery of the basin. Fine quartz sand is likely reworked from coastal units deposited during Pleistocene sea-level high stands. Carbonate sand and gravel is produced by marine organisms within the depositional basin. The black, phosphorite-rich sand likely originates from the bioerosion and reworking of the underlying strata that irregularly crop out within the study area. The distribution pattern contains elements of both storm- and tide-dominated siliciclastic shelves, but it is dictated primarily by the sediment source, similar to some carbonate systems. Other systems with similar sediment attributes include cool-water carbonate, sediment-starved, and mixed carbonate/siliciclastic systems. This study suggests a possible genetic link among the three systems.     

Application of mercury injection capillary pressure to mudrocks: Conformance and compression corrections

Mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) is a commonly-used technique for measurements of porosity, pore throat size distribution, and injection pressure vs. mercury saturation for many types of rocks. The latter two are correlated to and can be used to estimate permeability. Problems for MICP application in mudrocks are associated with two types of system errors: conformance and compression effects. These two sources of error are well-recognized, but no standard procedures to correct them exist. In this study, a new method for conformance and compression corrections was developed, and the method applied to five Eagle Ford Shale samples. Conformance correction is based on comparison of mercury injection volume vs. pressure curves between epoxy-coated and uncoated samples. Compression correction is based on calculation of compressions before and after mercury intrusion in MICP experiment. Different types of compressions are quantified and compression corrections on porosity, pore throat size distribution, and injection pressure vs. mercury saturation are performed. Porosity and permeability were calculated based on corrected MICP data. Results show that both conformance and compression corrections are important for accurate MICP porosity calculation, whereas conformance correction is more important than compression correction in permeability calculation.     

悬浮体粒度特征所反映的南黄海辐射沙脊群泥沙扩散趋势

基于大量的悬浮体现场粒度和浓度数据,借助细颗粒悬浮体作为示踪物,分析了潮流作用下南黄海辐射沙脊群海底沉积物的再悬浮和扩散特征,并探讨了沙辐射沙脊群以北泥质区的形成机制。研究结果表明：（1）在辐射沙脊群以北,近岸悬沙在离岸方向上的扩散受到限制,向南又被辐射沙脊群中心浅滩所阻挡,只能在辐射沙脊群与废黄河口之间形成沿岸分布的高浓度浑水团。（2）辐射沙脊群以北的往复潮流对海底沉积物有分选作用,倾向于把海底沉积物中的粗颗粒分选搬运至沙脊群,把细颗粒沉积物向北输送,从而在沙脊群以北形成泥质区。（3）在正常海况下,沙脊表层沉积物再悬浮作用十分微弱,沙脊上覆水体中的悬沙主要来自于临近沟槽海底沉积物的水平扩散。     

Shear behavior of geotextile-reinforced Chlef sand in the Mediterranean region: Laboratory investigation

Abstract

An experimental study about the effects of initial conditions of soil and geotextile reinforcement on the mechanical behavior of reinforced sand is presented in this paper. A series of direct shear tests are conducted on reconstituted specimens of dry and moist natural sand prepared with different initial water content (w?=?0, 1.5, 3, and 5%) and including the two arrangements of geotextile layers (one and two layers, respectively). Both S41 and PEC55types of non-woven geotextile were used and placed at different heights of the specimens to investigate the effect of geotextile reinforcement on the behavior of sand. Test specimens were prepared at Dr =80% of relative density and were subjected to three different normal stresses of 100, 200, and 300?kPa. The experimental results showed that the deposition mode (wet and dry) and the geotextile reinforcement have significant effects on the behavior of reinforced sand. The increase in shear strength is relatively more significant for specimens prepared with dry deposition mode as compared to those prepared with wet deposition mode and it increases with the number of geotextile layers, this effect becomes less significant for wet specimens. The experimental results also demonstrated that (PEC55) non-woven geotextile shows a better performance than the (S41) of geotextile. These results can be explained by the effective tensile strength property of polyester yarns of the (PEC55) non-woven geotextile that it has led to a significant increase in the shear strength.     

东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷南部花港组砂岩储层成岩流体演化特征：来自岩石、矿物及同位素地球化学的约束

渐新世花港组是东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷发育的最主要储层,基于普通薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜和荧光显微观察,结合同位素地球化学对东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷花港组砂岩储层的成岩作用、成岩序列及成岩流体演化进行了研究。结果表明,花港组砂岩储层目前处于中成岩阶段B期,主要经历了机械压实、绿泥石粘土摸、酸性及碱性溶蚀作用,石英次生加大,碳酸盐胶结和自生高岭石胶结等成岩作用。研究区发育有三期碳酸盐胶结物,早期菱铁矿胶结物,中期铁方解石和晚期铁白云石。根据碳酸盐胶结物的碳氧同位素特征分析认为早期碳酸盐胶结物是由过饱和的碱性湖水沉淀造成的,而晚期碳酸盐胶结物的形成与有机酸密切相关。研究区存在两类溶蚀作用,酸性溶蚀作用和碱性溶蚀作用,早期的酸性溶蚀作用主要是有机酸对长石、岩屑及早期碳酸盐胶结物的溶蚀,晚期的碱性溶蚀作用主要是发生于碱性环境下流体对石英及硅质胶结物的溶蚀。研究区发育有两期油气充注,早期发生于晚中新世,早期发生于晚中新世,早于中期碳酸盐胶结,晚于长石溶蚀和石英胶结充注,充注量较大,第四纪以来研究区发生了第二次充注,第二次充注发生于铁白云石胶结之后,此时储层已非常致密。