1979年—2019年兴凯湖湖冰物候变化的被动微波遥感监测

季节性冻结与消融的湖冰是气候变化的重要指示器。本文以兴凯湖为例,基于1979年—2019年的被动微波遥感数据获取了兴凯湖的冻融日期,用2000年—2019年的中等分辨率成像光谱仪MODIS(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)数据进行了验证,并用气候数据分析了湖冰物候变化的原因。结果表明被动微波与MODIS遥感数据在湖冰物候提取方面具有较好的一致性,也即MODIS的验证结果表明用低频被动微波亮度温度数据获取湖冰物候的方法是可行的,结果也是可靠的。平均而言,兴凯湖湖冰每年11-13左右开始冻结,11-23左右完全冻结,湖冰冻结持续时间9.80 d;次年04-23左右湖冰开始消融,04-30左右湖冰完全消融,消融持续时间8.03 d;湖冰完全封冻时间150.50 d,湖冰覆盖时间168.03 d。过去41 a,兴凯湖开始冻结日期没有明显变化,完全冻结日期平均推后了0.19 d/a,开始消融日期和完全消融日期分别提前了0.16 d/a和0.13 d/a,湖泊完全封冻时间和湖冰覆盖时间分别缩短了12.71 d和2.87 d。湖冰冻结日期推后与风速增大密切相关,消融日期提前和湖冰持续时间缩短与气温升高显著相关。     

Winter cover crops in Dutch maize fields: Variability in quality and its drivers assessed from multi-temporal Sentinel-2 imagery

Planting a cover crop between the main cropping seasons is an agricultural management measure with multiple potential benefits for sustainable food production. In the maize production system of the Netherlands, an effective establishment of a winter cover crop is important for reducing nitrogen leaching to groundwater. Cover crop establishment after maize cultivation is obliged by law for sandy soils and consequently implemented on nearly all maize fields, but the winter-time vegetative ground cover varies significantly between fields. The objectives of this study are to assess the variability in winter vegetative cover and evaluate to what extent this variability can be explained by the timing of cover crop establishment and weather conditions in two growing seasons (2017–2018). We used Sentinel-2 satellite imagery to construct NDVI time series for fields known to be cultivated with maize within the province of Overijssel. We fitted piecewise logistic functions to the time series in order to estimate cover crop sowing date and retrieve the fitted NDVI value for 1 December (NDVI_Dec). We used NDVI_Dec to represent the quality of cover crop establishment at the start of the winter season. The Sentinel-2 estimated sowing dates compared reasonably with ground reference data for eight fields (RMSE = 6.6 days). The two analysed years differed considerably, with 2018 being much drier and warmer during summer. This drought resulted in an earlier estimated cover crop sowing date (on average 19 days) and an NDVI_Dec value that was 0.2 higher than in 2017. Combining both years and all fields, we found that Sentinel-2 retrieved sowing dates could explain 55% of the NDVI_Dec variability. This corresponded to a positive relationship (R² = 0.50) between NDVI_Dec and the cumulative growing degree days (GDD) between sowing date and 1 December until reaching 400 GDD. Based on cumulative GDD derived from two weather stations within Overijssel, we found that on average for the past three decades a sowing date of 19 September (± 7 days) allowed to attain these 400 GDD; this provides support for the current legislation that states that from 2019 onwards a cover crop should be sown before 1 October. To meet this deadline, while simultaneously ascertaining a harvest-ready main crop, in practice implies that undersowing of the cover crop during spring will gain importance. Our results show that Sentinel-2 NDVI time series can assess the effectiveness and timing of cover crop growth for small agricultural fields, and as such has potential to inform regulatory frameworks as well as farmers with actionable information that may help to reduce nitrogen leaching.