利用水化学场,温度场判断矿坑水补给源及其比例

不同补给源的水,其水质、水温存在差异。根据质量和热量守恒原理,通过对不同补给水源进行长期观察,可确定矿坑水的补给源及其比例。作者推导出了存在二种和三种补给水源情况下各补给水源所占比例的计算公式,并应用到湖南洞口县的石下江煤矿,取得了良好效果。     

甘肃省城市应急供水水源地规划研究

依据近年来从事项目所收集的资料,结合前人的研究成果,为甘肃省62个城市规划了66处城市供水应急水源地。其中：地下水水源地51处,占规划应急水源地的77.27%;地表水水源地15处,占规划应急水源地的22.73%;同时指出应进一步开展城市供水应急水源地勘查工作,评价应急开采量或可供水量,提高城市应对突发事件的保障水平。     

甘肃省地下水资源衰减与短缺解决对策建议

随着经济社会快速发展,针对现有水源地保护中暴露出的问题,结合地下水资源简要分析提出：结合流域性自然生态恢复与保护,对地下水、地表水水源地实施流域性保护区划分,以保证水源地利用的永久性和持续性,杜绝污染水体作用,并在一定程度上提高水资源总量利用率。在未来社会中,甘肃省地下水资源衰减与短缺需依赖于加大拦蓄地表水以下渗补给,城市集中式供水结构普遍转向以地下水、地表水供水并举,或以地表水供水为主,减少地下水开采,不排除跨流域调水补充等措施。     

扬-泰-靖地区地下水系统水力联系与硫酸盐污染特征

本文对长江三角洲扬-泰-靖地区第四系松散层地下水中环境同位素(D、18O、34S)的分布特征进行了分析,旨在揭示大气降水、长江水、潜水及承压水之间的水力联系,辨别地下水中硫酸盐的来源及其污染状况。研究结果表明潜水含水层接受大气降水及长江水的补给,硫酸盐主要为农业污染来源或与海源硫酸盐的混合。承压含水层主要接受大气降水的补给,与潜水含水层及长江之间的水力联系较差,硫酸盐来源不同。在研究区顶部和沿江地段的浅层孔隙承压水中,硫酸盐来源于硫化物的氧化;在东部的深层孔隙承压水中,硫酸盐主要来源于硫酸盐岩的溶解或海源硫酸盐的滞留,基本未受到潜水或地表水中硫酸盐的污染。     

Estimation of environmental impacts on the water quality of the Tahtalıdam watershed in İzmir, Turkey

Water pollution is a widespread problem in different areas of the world. Some of these problems originated from point contamination sources and widespread contaminant outlet sources which are observed in every country. The major elements and chemical loads of surface water have been dominated by constituents derived directly or indirectly from human activities and/or industrial practices that have increased additives in the last several decades. The point sources of contamination may result from the direct wastewater discharges to the dam sites, which are considered to be the most commonly encountered water pollution problems. One of these problems is the eutrophication process which usually occurs in the static water mass of lakes and other surface water reservoirs. This process may be caused by the continuous increase of nitrogen and phosphorus contents and decrease of O₂ level in water causing an anaerobic condition which may stimulate algae-growth flow in these water bodies, consequently reducing the quality of water. Of course, there are many research methods for determining the various kinds of water pollution. In this research, the hydrochemical parameters were evaluated to estimate the types of pollution sources, the level of pollution, and its environmental impacts on the Tahtal dam reservoir.     

Characteristics of groundwater and urban emergency water sources optimazation in Luoyang,China

The construction of emergency water sources is the material basis for ensuring urban water safety, and it is also an inherent requirement for maintaining social stability and development. The hydrogeological characteristics of groundwater in Luoyang City from the aspects of the division of groundwater aquifer groups, water yield property and groundwater dynamics were described in this paper. Two emergency water sources were selected on basis of comprehensively considering groundwater resources and ecological environmental effects, groundwater quality and exploitation technology, etc. Then it further analysed the aquifer types, water yield properties and groundwater recharge, runoff and discharge conditions of the two emergency water sources, and evaluate the groundwater resources quantity of the water sources. The results are that the shallow underground aquifer in Luoyang City is thick, coarse, and stable in lithology and thickness. The two water sources enjoy good exploitation potential and can be used as backup water sources to supply water in the event of a water source crisis.     

杨柳井井田水文地质条件分析

通过对井田内各地层及断层带富水性的分析,认为井田主要含水层为松子坎组、茅草铺组、夜郎组玉龙山段、长兴组、龙潭组及茅口组;矿井直接充水水源为长兴组岩溶水、龙潭组裂隙水及茅口组岩溶水,间接充水水源为松子坎组及茅草铺组、夜郎组玉龙山段的岩溶裂隙水;充水通道为岩溶裂隙、采动裂隙和断层破碎带;在断层破碎带附近或煤层与茅口组相接部位,易产生突水,要做好超前探放水工作,保证矿井安全生产。     

Water quality in Lemoa, Guatemala

A variety of water supply sources are used in the rural Guatemalan Highlands. Formal municipal systems are rare, but villagers frequently form local water committees that construct spring-based supply systems. Recent work has indicated that groundwater may be a viable water supply source. The water quality from these two sources was characterized as well as water from other common sources including surface water and precipitation collection systems. Typically, all of the water sources contained unacceptable levels of coliform bacteria except for groundwater from a drilled well. Water monitoring indicated that not only did the water contain coliforms at the actual sources, but the infrastructure used to transmit the water to points of use may also be a source of coliforms. A cost comparison indicates that groundwater may be a cost-competitive, higher quality alternative to traditional spring-fed water systems.     

Ground-Water pollution and its sources

Everybody wants clean water for drinking, bathing and other domestic uses, but not everybody appreciates the fact that our own actions are often the worst enemy in achieving that goal. Ground water is one of the most misused and misunderstood resources. Because ground water and its movement, and consequently also its pollution, is hidden from view beneath the land surface, the seriousness of ground-water pollution problems has not been recognized until recently. The sources of ground-water pollution are many and varied because in addition to natural processes practically every type of facility or structure installed by man and each and every one of his activities may eventually contribute to ground-water quality problems. The quality of ground water is most commonly affected by waste disposal. Other major sources result from agricultural activities and ground-water development. In addition to these three major categories, there are other potential sources of pollution, such as mining, spills, leakage from underground pipes and tanks, and road salting. All of these activities can generate pollutants which eventually may enter the ground-water systems and slowly begin to move through the subsurface environment. Once under the ground, the pollutants are hidden from view and the existence of ground-water pollution becomes evident only if they reemerge on the surface or in water wells. When this occurs, it is almost too late to do anything about it. The effects of pollution may remain in the aquifers for years, decades, or centuries, because the residence time (turnover) of ground water is very slow. Ground-water pollution may even result in aquifers or parts of quifers being damaged beyond repair.     

Water source partitioning among trees growing on carbonate rock in a subtropical region of Guangxi, China

It is not clear how the water sources are used by trees in typical karst areas of Guangxi, China. Trees growing on rigid carbonate rock can primarily use spring water, precipitation-recharged soil water or a mixture of the two. In this study, the Nongla karst dynamic monitoring station in the southwest of Guangxi, China, was observed. To determine the water sources accessed by trees growing on rigid carbonate rock, seasonal change of isotope ratios (δ¹⁸O and δ D) in twig sap, soil water, rainfall and spring water were measured. Stem water samples plotted to the right of the meteoric water line indicates utilization of water sources subject to evaporative isotopic enrichment. Trees growing on rigid carbonate rock in the southwest of China used rainfall directly in the rainy season. Adult trees tended to use deeper water stored in the epikarst zone, while the young ones used soil water when precipitation decreased. In the dry season, all trees sampled depend mostly on water stored in the epikarst zone. Spring water was the major water source for all of the tree species investigated in the dry season. In conclusion, these data indicate that trees growing on rigid carbonate rock in southwest China depend mostly on water stored in the epikarst zone. Therefore, water storage in the epikarst zone is the essential water source for trees growing on carbonate rock in southwest China.     

基于模糊综合评判的高原盆地城市水源地脆弱性评价

根据高原盆地城市水源地脆弱性内涵, 评价指标可量化性及不同水源地之间可比性, 选取了水源地水文气象、生态环境、水源污染和地表扰动状况4个方面14个指标, 构建了高原盆地城市水源地脆弱性指标体系.基于高原盆地城市水源地复杂性和指标评价标准界线的模糊性, 采用层次分析法确定指标权重, 应用模糊综合评判法建立评价模型, 运用所建立的评价模型对昆明市松华坝水源地脆弱性进行了评价.结果表明, 昆明市松华坝水源地为中度脆弱. 其中, 水文气象因子、水源污染因子处于中度脆弱状态, 生态环境因子处于轻度脆弱状态, 地表扰动因子介于轻度脆弱与中度脆弱状态之间.     

福建省饮用天然矿泉水资源与评价

福建省饮用天然矿泉水资源丰富,但主要为偏硅酸型,水源地遍布全省,但规模一般较小,根据我省已鉴定的饮用天然矿泉水资源的基本概况,特点进行总结,并对福建省饮用天然矿泉水资源评价中存在的若干主要问题进行探讨,同时对资源评价,开发提出了建议。     

Utilizing non-traditional data sources for estimating channel seepage losses

Accurate streamflow data, which constitute the basic component in estimating seepage losses or gains in streamflow are in short supply in developing countries. The lack of either financial or technical resources, or both, and at times, the lack of understanding of the importance of accurate streamflow measurements in supporting modeling and water resources decision making process hinder the installation and proper maintenance of streamflow gauges. Therefore, the current study adopted the aim of demonstrating the feasibility of utilizing alternative streamflow data sources in hydrologic studies. In the current study, such sources included effluent from a large wastewater treatment plant as an inflow to the river segment under consideration while the outflow from the same river segment was taken to be the flow discharged into a dam reservoir as calculated from daily dam reservoir water balance. A water balance was established for a 48 km segment on the Zarqa River in Jordan with components covering the inputs of discharge from springs, and wastewater treatment plants and outputs such as direct evaporation, and surface withdrawals for irrigation purposes. Channel seepage was estimated as the difference between inputs and outputs of the river segment water balance. Final results demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing non-traditional data sources, whenever available, to conduct analysis that traditionally has not been possible.     

Light hydrocarbons in Gulf of Mexico water: Sources and relation to structural highs

Analyses of Gulf of Mexico water samples indicate that methane arises from both biologic and thermal sources. Thermal generation of methane and other light hydrocarbons found in the water is demonstrated by: (1) the ratio of methane to ethane of less than 500 is below that expected for bacterial gases; (2) vertical profiles of hydrocarbon concentrations indicate multiple sources for methane, but not for ethane or propane; (3) the correlation between ethane, propane and butane is high indicating a common source, whereas methane correlates in only some areas suggesting multiple sources assumed to be bacterial and thermal; and (4) carbon isotope ratios. Hydrocarbons in the water result from seepage from the sea floor, and a relationship between hydrocarbons and fault systems can be observed. Petroleum production activities did not increase the hydrocarbon content of the non-surface water beyond that often found above petroliferous structures. To avoid surface contamination, analyses were made on water samples taken from near the sea floor. Special equipment for analyses was designed for the survey in the Gulf of Mexico offshore from Galveston, Texas, to Grand Isle, Louisiana, at water depths to 120 m.     

Quality assessment of potable water in the town of Kolasib,Mizoram (India)

The potable water for the residents of the town of Kolasib in Mizoram state, India, is supplied by the Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) of the Government of Mizoram without any notable treatment. The source of water is the Tuichhuahen River, flowing from north to south in the area. Water samples were analyzed for their physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics in order to obtain the current quality level of the potable water in the twon. The samples were collected from two different sources, i.e., the supply from the government agency (PHED) and from the naturally occurring springs (tuikhurs). The results suggest that the water supplied by the PHED is better than that from the tuikhurs; however, the quality of water from both sources, which are used for drinking and domestic purposes, were found to be more or less within the tolerance limits.     

湖南红层找水初探

红层含水性弱,找水难度大,是找水难点中的难点．我省红层分布广泛且多集中在经济发达的大中城市,如长沙、湘谭、株洲、常德、怀化等．所以红层找水对湖南经济发展的重要性尤为突出．在系统分析了红层的分布与水文地质特征的基础上,从宏观上阐述了红层找水的基本条件和方法过程;并以凌津滩电厂找水为例,介绍了因地制宜,具体问题具体分析的找水方法,对在红层找水有重要的参考价值．     

水质模型研究进展与流域管理模型WARMF评述

分析了以地表水、地下水与非点源为代表的水质模型研究发展历程,揭示了水质模型由经验-机理、单要素(或无机、大量、无毒要素)-多要素(或有机、微量、有毒要素)、单介质-多介质、稳态-动态、点源-非点源-两者统一研究、饱水带-包气带-二者统一研究、小规模分散(河流、湖泊、地下水等)-大规模集成(整个流域)、理论研究-实际应用研究的发展特点。认为当前水质模型正处于由水质研究向以水质为中心的流域管理研究转变的关键时期,给出了一个流域管理新模型WARMF的介绍与特点分析。     

干旱区植物水分来源的D、18O同位素示踪研究进展

在干旱、半干旱地区,水是生态系统的主要限制因子,对植物水源的研究有助于指导干旱、半干旱地区的生态建设.在水分被根系吸收和从根系向叶片输送的过程中,其δ(D)、δ(18O)值一般不会发生变化.因此,水中天然δ(D)、δ(18O)值的分析为确定植物的水分来源提供了一种有效的途径:只要各潜在水源的稳定同位素组成具有显著差异,就可通过植物体内水的δ(D)、δ(18O)值和各潜在水源δ(D)、δ(18O)值的对比,定量确定植物对这些水源的吸收情况.但是,由于各潜在水源的不确定性和蒸发富集等因素的影响,该技术还存在一些不足.另外,隐性降水是干旱环境下植物的重要水源,但目前尚未开展隐性降水对植物补给作用的定量评价.利用稳定同位素技术定量评价干旱区植物隐性水源将是今后重要的研究方向.     

Changing trends in water sources and related pathologies in small to medium size African cities

Global exponential water demand has resulted in the quantity and quality of household water declining rapidly in recent years. Across Sub-Saharan Africa, many small to medium size towns growing at more than 5% per annum provide the region’s momentum for urbanisation. Owing to the dismal performances of water utilities companies, urban populations have tended to resort to diverse and unsafe sources of household water. Illustrating with the city of Buea in the coastal south west Cameroon, this paper examines the changing trends in water sources and the potential health risks to its populations. It relied on a blend of information ranging from reviews of relevant secondary sources, empirical data to field surveys and laboratory analysis. Key findings point to a high level of water misallocation and non-revenue water by the water utility company; a growing movement of households from the certified pipe-borne water source to unimproved sources as follows: 36% to springs, 20% to wells, 25% to water vendors, 27% to rainwater, and 22% to boreholes and only 11% from open streams to piped water. This has resulted in the presence of coliform bacteria in all alternative water sources in Buea, corroborated by hospital returns on water borne intestinal bacterial infections. Given the proven efficiency of water distribution via public pumps and smaller retailers, there is the urgent need for a change of the water distribution paradigm in small and medium size cities in Sub-Saharan Africa to increase access for more people than through the more costly home connections preferred by utility companies.     

邢台市岩溶水污染现状与演化趋势预测

由于地表水的污染和固体废物的乱堆放,导致邢台市岩溶水多处出现污染现象,且污染范围不断扩大,严重威胁下游水源地的供水安全。本文依据大量水质监测数据,评价了岩溶水的污染现状,采用数值方法预测了污染源继续存在和污染源得到治理两种情况下地下水污染的演化趋势,并分析了其对水源地的影响。预测结果表明:污染源存在时,地下水污染物Cr6+超标浓度等值线将以0.769m/d的速度扩散;在污染源得到有效治理和控制后,地下水污染物超标浓度等值线扩散速度将减少至0.402m/d,可见污染源治理对减缓地下水污染的扩散有重要作用。预测结果可作为选择地下水保护方案和污染治理措施的依据。