基于牛顿迭代法和遗传算法的CSAMT近场校正

由于可控源音频大地电磁法（CSAMT）采用人工场源在大大增加信号强度的同时也带来了在近区产生非平面波效应的问题,其表现特征为在双对数坐标中卡尼亚电阻率曲线呈45°上升,即所谓的近场效应.本文首先提出了基于牛顿迭代法求解视电阻率方程的近场效应校正方法,通过对二层、三层理论模型试算验证了该方法的有效性;为进一步增强对噪声的压制能力,本文进一步引入了遗传反演的思想,将全频段误差最小作为目标函数,采用自适应正则化方法引入模型参数梯度最小作为稳定因子,由遗传算法求解得到校正后视电阻率,通过对理论模拟数据加随机噪声的校正结果,表明该方法在实现近场校正的同时能剔除噪声干扰,得到的结果与理论模拟曲线吻合度较高.通过对内蒙古曹四夭钼矿区实测CSAMT数据处理结果表明,牛顿法和遗传算法均能明显校正CSAMT因近场效应引起的假高阻异常,能更好地反映地电结构特征.     

用传输线模型法计算非均匀介质中的电场响应

介绍了一种非均介质中电场响应的数值模拟方法.传输线模型法是以惠更斯原理为基础,通过建立麦克斯韦方程中电场和磁场与传输线方程中电压和电流的等效关系,按时间步进的办法来模拟电磁场响应的一种电磁场数值计算方法.从一维介质中电场传播的物理过程出发,导出了点电流源情形下地质介质中电场响应迭代方程;编程计算了非均匀介质中的电场响应,其结果表明,用这种方法对非均匀介质中的电场响应进行数值模拟是行之有效的.     

可控源音频大地电磁三维共轭梯度反演研究

可控源音频大地电磁法在资源勘探等领域中发挥着重要的作用.我们把有限差分数值模拟方法用于可控源音频大地电磁三维正演,结合正则化反演方案和共轭梯度反演的思路,将反演中的雅可比矩阵计算问题转为求解两次"拟正演"问题,得到模型参数的更新步长,形成反演迭代,实现了可控源音频大地电磁三维共轭梯度反演算法.该反演算法可用于对有限长度电偶源激发下采集到的可控源音频大地电磁全区(近区、过渡区和远区)视电阻率和相位资料进行三维反演定量解释,获得地下三维模型的电阻率结构.理论模型合成数据的反演算例验证了所实现的可控源音频大地电磁三维共轭梯度反演算法的有效性和稳定性.     

数据类型对三维地面可控源电磁勘探效果的影响

本文基于考虑人工场源辐射的可控源地面电磁勘探三维数值模拟技术,以目前常用的标量可控源音频大地电磁勘探测量方式为依据,讨论地面可控源三维电磁勘探中,为达到最佳的探测效果,如何选择合适的反演数据类型.地面可控源数据的三维反演采用有限内存拟牛顿方法.反演过程中,三维可控源频率域响应数值计算采用交错网格有限差分法,求解基于二次电场的Helmholtz方程.发射装置采用长度为1000m的有限长直导线源,测量频率为10Hz;测点个数200个,分布在10条剖面上.在异常体分布区分别观测(1)电场Ex分量的振幅和相位,(2)Ex振幅,(3)Ex与Ey分量的振幅和相位,(4)Ex与Hy的振幅和相位.反演的数据类型分别为上述4种数据以及导出的阻抗Zxy振幅和相位.反演模型由30×30×20个网格组成,测区内水平方向大小为50m×50m,垂直方向厚度为50m,最后5层厚度倍增.反演都从均匀半空间开始,迭代120次结束.数值模拟结果发现,(1)单个电场分量Ex,其相位信息对异常体信息提取非常重要,若只反演该电场振幅,深部电阻率分辨率低;(2)观测正交电场的效果比单个电场分量效果好,其浅部异常的边缘效应明显减弱,深部异常形态完整;(3)同时观测正交的电场和磁场,反演效果与只观测电场振幅和相位的相当;(4)从阻抗数据反演得到的异常位置和电阻率分布均有较大的改善,反演模型分辨率最好.因此,在理论上,建议在野外数据采集时,最好测量正交电磁场;次之,同时测量正交的电场;最次的,可以只观测电场Ex的振幅和相位,亦可取得较足够的信息.但如果只能获得电场的振幅信息,反演结果的深部将出现较大的不确定性.     

海洋三维大地电磁的两步反演法:模型测试

大地电磁(MT)响应的反演已被广泛用于探索地球内部的电导率分布.因为大多数三维反演方法的反演结果都会受到初始模型的影响,因此在三维大地电磁反演中,使用好的初始模型非常重要.尽管均匀初始模型广泛用于三维反演,但一维的初始模型也是个不错的选择,因为一维模型较均匀模型可以更恰当地描绘地球内部的实际电导率变化.本研究提出了一种分两步进行的三维反演方法,该反演方法尤其适用于海洋大地电磁研究.该方法首先反演得到一维初始模型,进而依此反演三维电导率结构,并且这两次反演中均考虑了表层三维地形变化.该方法测试了含有不同地形变化(凹陷、平滑变化、槽形和方形高原地形)和不同三维棋盘类型异常(尖锐或平滑横向电导率变化)的三维电导率模型.文章比较了基于所提出方法获得初始模型和基于地形校正方法得到的初始模型,还对基于本研究方法得到的三维反演结果与基于不同的均匀初始模型得到的反演结果进行了比较.利用新引入的模型矢量参数的方向信息讨论了这些反演的结果,验证了该方法的性能和有效性.文章还揭示了新引入的模型向量参数可用于显示反演的收敛性,将有助于选择合适的反演模型.     

任意形状水平接地导线源瞬变电磁法一维正反演研究

本文发展了一种适应于任意形状水平接地导线源瞬变电磁法的一维正反演方法,可用于长偏移距、短偏移距、多通道测量接地导线源瞬变电磁数据.正演误差通常在1%以内.弧形导线源与直导线源的正演对比表明:导线源赤道方向电磁场容易受到导线源形态的影响,而轴向方向电场所受影响较小.采用修改的矩阵传播法求取水平电场和垂直磁感应场的敏感度.结果表明:相比扰动法,在层数越多时,矩阵传播法优势越明显,当层数达到64层时,效率提高近30倍.反演方法采用正则化Gauss-Newton迭代法实现.反演结果表明:单纯使用磁感应场时间导数进行反演对高导异常层恢复良好,而对低导异常层重构并不理想,且用反演模型生成的电场预测数据与原始电场数据差距较大.使用单一接收点电场进行反演结果也并不理想,而当使用多个接收点处电场值进行共同反演时,高导异常层与低导异常层均能得到较好的体现,相应电场及磁感应场的预测数据与原始数据均吻合的比较好.对有磁导率异常的模型进行反演表明,电场与磁感应场共同反演能够较好地体现地层电导率与磁导率的变化规律.     

电阻率和速度随机分布的MT与地震联合反演

在已有研究成果的基础上,为了适应物性参数剧烈变化的复杂模型并满足联合反演的要求,开发了速度和电阻率随机分布共网格单元模型的建模技术.基于这种统一的物性随机分布的网格介质模型,利用有限元方法和改进的射线追踪法分别正演计算大地电磁场和地震走时,结合改进的模拟退火算法,研究实现了电阻率和速度随机分布条件下的大地电磁与地震资料的同步联合反演.对物性界面不完全一致和物性变化剧烈的带地形复杂模型的试验,表明了该方法在精细反演复杂电阻率和速度结构方面的效果,克服了以往研究局限于简单模型的不足.对地震资料品质差的地区开展的实际资料联合反演,表明了方法的适用性,先验信息约束下的联合反演提高了反演精度.     

瞬变电磁横磁场响应特征与探测能力分析

瞬变电磁法是重建地下电阻率等电性结构的重要方法.传统磁性源和电性源瞬变电磁法主要观测横电极化场,横电极化场仅对良导目标敏感,对高阻目标的分辨能力有限.横磁极化场对高阻目标具有较强的分辨能力,但未得到有效利用.双线源瞬变电磁法可以增强观测电场中横磁极化场的占比,但对该方法的响应特征和分辨能力缺乏系统性的研究.为此,本文以双线源为例开展瞬变电磁横磁场响应特征与分辨能力分析.双线源瞬变电磁水平电场的响应强度要小于传统接地导线源,在发射源的中垂线上,层状大地模型的响应为零,观测的水平电场响应只能由地下的三维目标体产生.分别提取双线源和传统接地导线源激发电磁场中的横磁场和横电场,双线源瞬变电磁场中的横磁场占比要大于传统接地导线源,特别是在中晚期,横磁场远大于横电场,横磁场占比得到明显增强.通过均方根差和三维数值模拟的计算,双线源瞬变电磁水平电场显示出相较于传统接地导线源更强的高阻目标分辨能力,特别是在赤道向,水平电场对高阻目标分辨能力的增强效果更加明显.     

CSAMT三维正演数值模拟研究进展

可控源大地电磁(CSAMT)资料的三维正、反演问题已成为国际地球内部电磁感应领域研究的前沿课题.本文介绍了可控源音频大地电磁法中三种主要的数值模拟正演方法,即有限元法、有限差分法,积分方程法,比较了这三种方法的优缺点.积分方程法只需对异常区进行剖分,仅需计算小体积异常区的场,计算速度快,但只适合模拟简单模型,精确度也较低;有限元法与有限差分法虽然精确度较高,但要求对全部区进行离散化,占用的计算机容量较大,计算时间长,因此基于并行算法的三维电磁场正演研究可能是可控源音频大地电磁法未来的发展趋势.     

地震前近震中区地电场比值异常研究

大地电场长短极距比值方法是利用大地电场变化与变化磁场的关系,遵从介质中的麦克斯韦方程,当场源足够远时,在各向同性、均匀的连续介质中,同一测向的长、短极距观测到的地电场值理论上应该是一样的.     

地面可控源频率测深三维非线性共轭梯度反演

讨论了地面可控源电磁勘探三维非线性共轭梯度反演的可行性以及反演过程中考虑场源的必要性.反演采用非线性共轭梯度反演方法.反演过程中,模型响应利用交错网格有限差分技术计算.反演数据采用与发射源平行的电场x分量E_x.利用层状导电模型作为背景,设计了两个理论模型进行数值试验:第一个模型中包含两个电阻率异常,以检验反演的有效性;第二个模型中,在测区外设置了一个低阻异常,以考察源的信息在反演中的作用.两个模型的反演分别从层状背景模型开始,迭代120次后终止.数值试验结果表明,(1)非线性共轭梯度反演所获得的电阻率分布和理论模型吻合较好;(2)非线性共轭梯度算法收敛速度较慢,需要较多的迭代次数完成反演;(3)对于可控源频率电磁勘探,必须考虑源位置信息.因此,本文采用考虑场源信息的地面可控源非线性共轭梯度反演方法能完成真正意义上的可控源频率电磁测深数据的反演.     

2.5维起伏地表条件下频率域地空电磁正演模拟

频率域地空电磁探测方法是指在地面布设人工场源,在空中测量电磁场的一种高效的地球物理勘探技术.该方法具有大范围、高通过性、快速测量的优势,尤其适合崎岖山地、沙漠、沼泽、海陆交互带等复杂地貌区域的资源勘查.但是这些地区的地形起伏通常较大,因此分析地形对地空电磁响应的影响具有重要意义.本文利用有限元法对频率域地空电磁响应进行了正演计算,分析了起伏地表条件下的频率域地空电磁响应特征.首先利用傅里叶变换将2.5维问题转化成二维问题,利用伽辽金加权余量法推导了相应的离散有限元方程组.采用任意四边形单元对区域进行不均匀网格剖分,源和异常体附近网格加密处理,保证计算精度,远离目标区域网格逐渐稀疏,模拟无穷远边界,降低对计算资源的要求.在单元内进行插值,将有限元方程组变换为线性方程组,采用总场算法,利用具有一定面积的伪δ函数表达源电流分布,源项近似为分布在以电偶极源为中心的25个节点上.通过求解线性方程组得到波数域电磁响应,再对波数域电磁场响应进行反傅里叶变换从而获得空间域2.5维频率域电磁场值.通过对比2.5维正演结果与均匀半空间解析解,验证了本文算法的精度,同时本文还对地空电磁场与地面电磁场的响应特性进行了对比.     

Joint 3D inversion of multiple electromagnetic datasets

Electromagnetic methods are routinely applied to image the subsurface from shallow to regional structures. Individual electromagnetic methods differ in their sensitivities towards resistive and conductive structures and in their exploration depths. If a good balance between different electromagnetic data can be be found, joint 3D inversion of multiple electromagnetic datasets can result in significantly better resolution of subsurface structures than the individual inversions. We present a weighting algorithm to combine magnetotelluric, controlled source electromagnetic, and geoelectric data. Magnetotelluric data are generally more sensitive to regional conductive structures, whereas controlled source electromagnetic and geoelectric data are better suited to recover more shallow and resistive structures. Our new scheme is based on weighting individual components of the total data gradient after each model update. Norms of individual data residuals are used to assess how much of the total data gradient must be assigned to each method to achieve a balanced contribution of all datasets for the joint inverse model. Synthetic inversion tests demonstrate advantages of joint inversion in general and also the influence of the weighting. In our tests, the controlled source electromagnetic data gradients are larger than those of the magnetotelluric and geoelectric datasets. Consequently, direct joint inversion of controlled source electromagnetic, magnetotelluric, and geoelectric data results in models that are mostly dominated by structures required by the controlled source electromagnetic data. Applying the new adaptive weighting scheme results in an inversion model that fits the data better and resembles more the original model. We used the modular system electromagnetic as a framework to implement the new joint inversion and briefly describe the new modules for forward modelling and their interfaces to the modular system electromagnetic package.     

Inversion of band-limited TEM responses

It is shown that the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is characterized by strong amplitude-modulated transmitters operating in the target bandwidth of transient electromagnetic (TEM) measurements. As these transmitters cause significant noise in TEM soundings, it is mandatory to band-limit the input signals to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and thereby the depth of exploration. Band-limitation will distort the TEM responses, which leads to erroneous inversion results if the applied low-pass filters are not accounted for in the inversion scheme. We incorporate the low-pass filters in the inversion scheme and test the inversion approach on theoretical and field data. Inversion of band-limited theoretical responses results in recovery of erroneous resistivity models if the filters are not included in the inversion scheme. By contrast, inversion of band-limited theoretical and field data, for which the applied low-pass filters are included in the inversion scheme, leads to recovery of similar resistivity models, independent of the applied cut-off frequencies.     

有限元直接迭代算法及其在线源频率域电磁响应计算中的应用

采用有限元直接迭代算法实现了线源频率域测深电磁响应的二维正演计算. 首先给出了线源正演问题的有限元直接迭代格式,然后由迭代法进行求解. 在处理奇异源问题上,采用向内递推的组合网格技巧,在源点附近可进行局部加密,并实现粗细网格的对接,从而较好地解决了奇异源附近的计算问题. 还提出一种迭代求取全区视电阻率的方法,避免了远近区的划分. 通过对均匀半空间、层状介质和二维模型电磁响应的计算,获得了与大地电磁测深相似的视电阻率曲线,验证了算法的正确性;通过对计算结果的分析,在理论上说明了线源频率域近区测深的可行性.     

3D LBFGS inversion of controlled source extremely low frequency electromagnetic data

The controlled source extremely low frequency (CSELF) electromagnetic method is characterized by extremely long and powerful sources and a huge measurement range. Its electromagnetic field can therefore be affected by the ionosphere and displacement current. Research on 3D forward modeling and inversion of CSELF electromagnetic data is currently in its infancy. This paper makes exploratory attempts to firstly calculate the 1D extremely low frequency electromagnetic field under ionosphere-air-earth coupling circumstances, and secondly analyze the propagation characteristics of the background electromagnetic field. The 3D staggered-grid finite difference scheme for solving for the secondary electric field is adopted and incorporated with the 1D modeling algorithm to complete 3D forward modeling. Considering that surveys can be carried out in the near field and transition zone for lower frequencies, the 3D Limited-memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (LBFGS) inversion of CSELF electromagnetic data is presented (in which the sources, or primary fields, are included), with the aim of directly inverting the impedance data, regardless of where it is acquired. Derivation of the objective functional gradient is the core component in the inversion. Synthetic tests indicate that the well-chosen approximation to the Hessian can significantly speed up the inversion. The model responses corresponding to the coexistence of conductive and resistive blocks show that the off-diagonal components of tensor impedance are much more sensitive to the resistivity variation than the diagonal components. In comparison with conventional scalar inversion, tensor inversion is superior in the recoveries of electric anomalies and background resistivity.     

Pitfalls of 1D inversion of small-loop electromagnetic data for detecting man-made objects

In order to interpret field data from small-loop electromagnetic (EM) instruments with fixed source–receiver separation, 1D inversion method is commonly used due to its efficiency with regard to computation costs. This application of 1D inversion is based on the assumption that small-offset broadband EM signals are insensitive to lateral resistivity variation. However, this assumption can be false when isolated conductive bodies such as man-made objects are embedded in the earth. Thus, we need to clarify the applicability of the 1D inversion method for small-loop EM data. In order to systematically analyze this conventional inversion approach, we developed a 2D EM inversion algorithm and verified this algorithm with a synthetic EM data set. 1D and 2D inversions were applied to synthetic and field EM data sets. The comparison of these inversion results shows that the resistivity distribution of the subsurface constructed by the 1D inversion approach can be distorted when the earth contains man-made objects, because they induce drastic variation of the resistivity distribution. By analyzing the integrated sensitivity of the small-loop EM method, we found that this pitfall of 1D inversion may be caused by the considerable sensitivity of the small-loop EM responses to lateral resistivity variation. However, the application of our 2D inversion algorithm to synthetic and field EM data sets demonstrate that the pitfall of 1D inversion due to man-made objects can be successfully alleviated. Thus, 2D EM inversion is strongly recommended for detecting conductive isolated bodies, such as man-made objects, whereas this approach may not always be essential for interpreting the EM field data.     

Navigating marine electromagnetic transmitters using dipole field geometry

The marine controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) technique has been adopted by the hydrocarbon industry to characterize the resistivity of targets identified from seismic data prior to drilling. Over the years, marine controlled source electromagnetic has matured to the point that four‐dimensional or time lapse surveys and monitoring could be applied to hydrocarbon reservoirs in production, or to monitor the sequestration of carbon dioxide. Marine controlled source electromagnetic surveys have also been used to target shallow resistors such as gas hydrates. These novel uses of the technique require very well constrained transmitter and receiver geometry in order to make meaningful and accurate geologic interpretations of the data. Current navigation in marine controlled source electromagnetic surveys utilize a long base line, or a short base line, acoustic navigation system to locate the transmitter and seafloor receivers. If these systems fail, then rudimentary navigation is possible by assuming the transmitter follows in the ship's track. However, these navigational assumptions are insufficient to capture the detailed orientation and position of the transmitter required for both shallow targets and repeat surveys. In circumstances when acoustic navigation systems fail we propose the use of an inversion algorithm that solves for transmitter geometry. This algorithm utilizes the transmitter's electromagnetic dipole radiation pattern as recorded by stationary, close range (<1000 m), receivers in order to model the geometry of the transmitter. We test the code with a synthetic model and validate it with data from a well navigated controlled source electromagnetic survey over the Scarborough gas field in Australia.     

时空阵列混场源电磁法理论及模拟研究

针对电磁勘探中的混场源输入条件,提出了一种时空阵列混场源电磁勘探方法.假设输入端同时包含天然电磁场源和可控人工场源,输出端进行多站同步观测;基于多输入-多输出系统的分析方法,推导了混场源条件下的时空阵列方程组.提出了系统响应的求解策略,一次性获得所有同步测道对各个场源独立激励时的响应,并分别求取了大地电磁法及可控源电磁法的各种解释参数.在此理论基础上,设计了针对性的施工方案;可控人工场源的选择形式多样,其类型、数量、激励方式及布设位置等不受限制,所有场源的激励可同时进行,无需分步;测区内各测站的布设方式灵活,可根据需要布设单分量测道或多分量测道;同时在测区外布设张量远参考站.利用数值模拟方法,论证了方法的有效性,并与常规方法进行了对比.结果表明,本方法不仅可提高人工场响应的处理精度,还具有一次野外数据采集,可同时获得天然场及人工场电磁响应结果的突出特点,进而提高采集效率,压制噪声影响;本方法集合了天然场源电磁法和人工场源电磁法的优点,为实现不同类型频率域电磁测深方法数据的统一处理提供了思路.     

陆地可控源电磁法探测效果的频率响应

陆地可控源电磁法的观测资料可依据频段范围近似地划分为近区场、中间区场及远区场,但采用测量相互正交电、磁分量,并计算视电阻率的资料处理方式只适用于远区场数据.为更有效地利用陆地可控源电磁法不同区间场的观测资料,本文结合三维数值模拟技术并采用电场分量直接进行反演的策略,对不同区间电场的响应特征与探测效果进行了分析.数值模拟结果表明:近区电场的异常响应最明显,异常响应不随频率发生显著变化,但纵向分辨能力差;远区电场异常响应随频率发生显著变化,其探测深度取决于频率的高低;中间区场较为复杂,地表电场异常响应的等值线中心并不是位于异常体中心正上方,而是在沿场传播方向上向异常体与围岩的分界面处偏移,并且发现中间区场资料的加入会影响反演结果的准确性.综合合成数据和野外实测资料的反演结果,发现结合近区场和远区场资料而舍弃中间区场资料的反演效果更佳,这为陆地可控源电磁法资料的反演解释提供了一种有效途径.